Pehea ke ano o Farani? A he manaʻo nui ka Hale Eiffel i ka poʻe Palani? He mea ʻole ʻo Farani ke ʻole ʻo Paris, a he mea ʻole ʻo Paris ke ʻole ka Eiffel Tower! ʻOiai ʻo Paris ka puʻuwai o Palani, no laila ʻo ka Eiffel Tower ka puʻuwai o Palisa ponoʻī. ʻAno ʻē ke noʻonoʻo, akā aia kekahi mau manawa ke makemake lākou e hoʻonele i kēia kūlanakauhale i kona puʻuwai.
ʻO ka moʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Hale Eiffel
I ka makahiki 1886, ua mākaukau ʻo Palani no ka World Exhibition, kahi i hoʻolālā ʻia ai e hōʻike i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā hana ʻenehana o ka Palani Repubalika ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i hala ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka Bastille (1789) a me 10 mau makahiki mai ka lā o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Repubalika ʻEkolu ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a ka Pelekikena i koho ʻia e ka National. hālāwai. Aia kahi makemake nui i kahi kūkulu i hiki ke lilo i puka komo i ka hōʻike a pūʻiwa pū me ka mea maoli. E hoʻomau kēia kia i ka hoʻomanaʻo o kekahi, ma ke ʻano he mea e hōʻike ai i kekahi o nā hōʻailona o ka Great French Revolution - ʻaʻole ia no kahi mea e kū ai ma ke kahua o ka Bastille i inaina ʻia. He mea ʻole ia e wāwahi ʻia ka piʻo komo i 20-30 mau makahiki, ʻo ka mea nui e waiho iā ia i ka hoʻomanaʻo.
Ma kahi o 700 mau papahana i manaʻo ʻia: hāʻawi nā mea hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa i kā lākou lawelawe, i waena o lākou ʻaʻole ʻo Palani wale nō, akā hāʻawi ke komisina i ka makemake i ka papahana o ka ʻenekini alahaka ʻo Alexander Gustave Eiffel. Aia kekahi mau lono ua "kūleʻa" ʻo ia i kēia papahana mai kekahi mea kālai kiʻi Arab kahiko, akā ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke hōʻoia i kēia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he hapalua kenekulia wale nō ma hope o ka 300-mika Eiffel Tower, no laila ke hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka lace French Chantilly kaulana, ua komo paʻa i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o Paris a me Palani ponoʻī, e hoʻomau nei i ka inoa o kāna mea nāna i hana.
Ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā mea hana maoli o ka papahana Eiffel Tower, ʻaʻole ia he mea weliweli loa. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻolālā Arab i kū, akā aia he ʻenekini ʻelua, ʻo Maurice Kehlen lāua ʻo Emile Nugier, nā limahana o ka Eiffel, nāna i hoʻomohala i kēia papahana ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ʻepekema a me ʻenehana ʻenehana hou - biomimetics a i ʻole bionics. ʻO ke kumu o kēia (Biomimetics - English) kuhikuhi i loko o ka hōʻaiʻē ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo waiwai mai ke kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo i loko o ke kālai hale i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā a me nā hana kūkulu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia ʻenehana ʻike i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale a me nā alahaka.
Hoʻohana pinepine ka kūlohelohe i nā hanana perforated e kūkulu i nā iwi iwi māmā a ikaika hoʻi o kāna mau "keʻena". ʻO kahi laʻana, no nā iʻa kai hohonu a i nā ʻenepe kai, radiolarians (protozoa) a me nā hōkū kai. ʻAʻole wale ka nui o nā hāʻina hoʻolālā skeletal e pīhoihoi nei, akā ʻo ka "mālama waiwai" i kā lākou kūkulu ʻana, a me ka ikaika nui o nā hale i hiki ke kū i ke kaomi hydrostatic gigantic o kahi nui o ka wai.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo pono e nā ʻenekini hoʻolālā ʻōpio Palani ke hana nei i kahi papahana no ka hale kiaʻi hou no ka puka o ka World Exhibition o Palani. ʻO ka iwi o ka iʻa hōkū ke kumu. A ʻo kēia hale nani kahi laʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka ʻepekema hou o biomimetics (bionics) i ka hoʻolālā.
Ke hana pū nei nā ʻenekini me Gustave Eiffel i kā lākou papahana ponoʻī no ʻelua kumu maʻalahi:
- ʻO nā hoʻolālā kūkulu hou i kēlā manawa ʻoi aku ka makaʻu i nā lālā o ke komisina ma mua o ka ʻume ʻia e kā lākou ʻano maʻamau.
- ʻO ka inoa o ka mea hana alahaka ʻo Alexander Gustov i ʻike ʻia e Palani a hauʻoli i ka mahalo kūpono, a ʻo nā inoa ʻo Nugier lāua ʻo Kehlen ʻaʻole i "kaupaona" i kekahi mea. A hiki i ka inoa o Eiffel ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he ki wale no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau papaʻaʻa wiwo ʻole.
No laila, ʻo ka ʻike a Alexander Gustov Eiffel i hoʻohana ai i ka papahana o kahi kuhi ala ʻArabia a i ʻole ka papahana o kona poʻe manaʻo like "i ka pouli" ua lilo ia i mea nui ʻole.
Hoʻohui mākou ʻaʻole i hoʻohana wale ʻo Eiffel i ka papahana o kāna ʻenekini, ua hana pono ʻo ia i kekahi mau hoʻoponopono i nā kiʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna ʻike waiwai i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke alahaka a me nā hana kūikawā i hoʻomohala ʻia e ia, kahi i hiki ai ke hoʻoikaika i ke ʻano o ka hale kiaʻi a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ea kūikawā.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau hana kūikawā i ka ʻike ʻepekema o ke polopeka o Anatomia ʻo Herman von Meyer, ka mea, he 40 mau makahiki ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Hale Eiffel, ua kākau ʻia kahi ʻike hoihoi: ua uhi ʻia ke poʻo o ka femur kanaka me kahi pūnaewele maikaʻi o nā iwi liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi i ka ukana ma ka iwi i kahi ala kupaianaha. Mahalo i kēia hoʻohele hou ʻana, ʻaʻole haki ke femur o ke kanaka ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ke kino a kūpaʻa i nā kaumaha nui, ʻoiai komo ia i ka hui i kahi kihi. A loaʻa kēia ʻōnaehana i kahi ʻano geometric koʻikoʻi.
I ka makahiki 1866, ua hōʻuluʻulu kahi ʻenekinia mai Switzerland mai, ʻo Karl Kuhlman, i ke kahua ʻepekema ʻepekema no ka wehe ʻana o ke polofesa o ke anatomy, a Gustav Eiffel i hoʻohana ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahaka - ka lawe ukana me nā kākoʻo i kāwili ʻia. Ua noi ʻo ia i ke ʻano like no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano paʻakikī e like me ka hale kiaʻi ʻekolu haneli mika.
No laila, he hana mana maoli kēia hale kiaʻi o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka ʻenehana o ka 19 kenekulia i kēlā me kēia ʻano.
ʻO wai ka mea i kūkulu i ka Hale Eiffel
No laila, i ka hoʻomaka mua o 1886, ua kau inoa ke kulanakauhale o Palisa o ke kolu o ka Lepupalika Palani a me Alexander Gustave Eiffel i kahi ʻaelike kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kēia mau helu:
- Ma waena o 2 mau makahiki a me 6 mau mahina, ua koi ʻia ka Eiffel e kūkulu i hale kiaʻi kūwa e kū pono ana i ke alahaka ʻo Jena. ʻO ka Seine ma ka Champ de Mars e like me nā kiʻi āna i noi ai.
- E hāʻawi ʻo Eiffel i ka hale kiaʻi no ka hoʻohana pilikino ma ka hopena o ke kūkulu ʻana no kahi mau makahiki 25.
- E hoʻolako iā Eiffel me kahi kālā kālā no ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hale kiaʻi mai ka moʻohelu kālā o ke kūlanakauhale i ka nui o 1.5 miliona francs i ke gula, a e 25% o ka huina kālā kūkulu o 7.8 miliona francs.
No 2 mau makahiki, 2 mahina a me 5 mau lā, 300 mau limahana, e like me ka mea a lākou i ʻōlelo ai, "me ka absenteeism a me nā lā hoʻomaha", hana nui a hiki i Malaki 31, 1889 (ma lalo o 26 mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana) ʻo ka wehe nui o ka hale nui loa, a laila lilo i hōʻailona o Palani hou.
ʻAʻole kōkua ʻia ia ʻano kūkulu holomua e nā kiʻi kikoʻī a kikoʻī wale nō, akā me ka hoʻohana ʻia o ka hao Ural. I nā kenekulia 18 a me 19, ua ʻike a pau o ʻEulopa i ka huaʻōlelo "Yekaterinburg" mahalo i kēia metala. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ka hana o ka hale kiaʻi i ke kila (ʻikepili kalapona ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2%), akā he hao hao kūikawā i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā kapuahi Ural no ka Iron Lady. ʻO ka Iron Lady kahi inoa ʻē aʻe no ka piʻo komo ma mua o ka kāhea ʻia ʻana ʻo Eiffel Tower.
Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o nā mea hao, no laila ua pena ʻia ka hale kiaʻi me ke kala i hana ʻia i lawe ʻia he 60 mau tona. Mai ia manawa, i kēlā me kēia 7 mau makahiki i mālama ʻia ai ka Hale Eiffel a pena ʻia me ke ʻano like o ke "keleawe", a i kēlā me kēia 7 mau makahiki he 60 mau tona kala i lilo i kēia. ʻO ke kino o ka hale kiaʻi e kaupaona ana ma kahi o 7.3 tone, ʻoiai ka nui o ke kaupaona, me ke kahua paʻa, he 10 100 mau tona! Ua helu pū ʻia ka helu o nā ʻanuʻu - 1 tausani 710 pcs.
Hoʻolālā Arch a me ka māla
Hana ʻia ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa i ke ʻano o kahi pyramid i ʻoki ʻia me kahi ʻaoʻao o 129.2 m, me nā kolamu kihi e piʻi aʻe a hana, e like me ka hoʻolālā, kahi kiʻekiʻe (57.63 m) kia. Ma kēia "kaupaku" i paʻa i ka paʻa o ka anuu mua, kahi o ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao kokoke i 46 m. Ma kēia paepae, e like me ka papa lewa, ua kūkulu hou ʻia nā keʻena he nui o kahi hale ʻaina nui me nā puka hōʻikeʻike nui, mai kahi i wehe ʻia ai kahi ʻike nani o nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā a pau o Palisa. ʻOiai kēlā, ʻo ka ʻike mai ka hale kiaʻi ma ka palena Seine me ke alahaka ʻo Pont de Jena i hoʻohiwahiwa loa ʻia. Akā kahi ākea ʻōmaʻomaʻo nunui - kahi paka ma ke Kahua o Mars, me kahi ʻāpana o 21 a ʻoi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ia manawa.
ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻolālā hou i ka papa parade mua o ke Kula Koa Koa Aliʻi ma kahi pāka lehulehu i kū i ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea hoʻolālā a me ka māla ʻo Jean Camille Formiget wale nō i ka makahiki 1908. He 20 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kēia mau hoʻolālā a pau! ʻOkoʻa i ke kaha paʻa o nā kaha kiʻi, e like me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Hale Eiffel, ua loli ka hoʻolālā o ka paka i nā manawa he nui ʻole.
ʻO ka pā, i hoʻolālā mua ʻia i loko o kahi kaila Pelekane koʻikoʻi, ua ulu iki i ka wā o kāna kūkulu ʻana (24 hectares), a, i ke komo ʻana i ka ʻuhane o Farani manuahi, ua "noho" ke aupuni a ka lehulehu i waena o nā lālani lahilahi o nā lāʻau koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāpana i wehewehe pono ʻia, ka nui o nā pua pua a me " nā waihona wai kauhale, a he mea hoʻohui i nā punawai Pelekane.
ʻIke hoihoi e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana
ʻO ka pae nui o ke kūkulu ʻana ʻaʻole ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka "lace kila" iā ia iho, no kahi o 3 miliona mau hao rivets-i hoʻohana ʻia, akā ʻo ke kūpaʻa paʻa o ka waihona a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pae papamoe maikaʻi loa o ka hale ma kahi 1.6 hectare square. He 8 mau mahina wale nō "me ka huelo" e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā pahu hāmama o ka hale kiaʻi a hāʻawi iā ia i ke ʻano pōʻai, a hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hapa ka lōʻihi o ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kahua paʻa.
Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka wehewehe o ka papahana, kau ke kahua i ka hohonu o 5 mau mika ma lalo o ka pae o ke kahawai ʻo Seine, 100 mau poloka pōhaku 10 m ka manoanoa i waiho ʻia i ka lua o ke kahua, a ua kūkulu ʻia he 16 mau kākoʻo ikaika i loko o kēia mau palaka, ʻo ia ka iwi ʻehā o nā hale kiaʻi. kahi e ku ai ka Hale Eiffel. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi pono uila i kēlā me kēia wāwae o ka "lede", e ʻae ai i ka "madam" e mālama i ke kaulike a me ke kūlana kaulike. ʻO ka hiki ke hāpai o kēlā me kēia hāmeʻa he 800 tone.
Ke hoʻouka nei i ka papa haʻahaʻa, hoʻolauna ʻia kahi hoʻohui i ka papahana - 4 elevator, a piʻi i ka pae ʻelua. Ma hope, ua hoʻomaka kekahi - ka ʻelima kūlita - e holo mai ka lua a i ke kolu o ka pae. Ua ʻike ʻia ka lima o ka elepeka ma hope o ka uila ʻana o ka hale kiaʻi i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20. I kēia manawa, ua hana nā mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻehā i ka traction hydraulic.
ʻIke hoihoi e pili ana i nā lewa
I ka wā i noho ai nā pūʻali koa o Kelemania fascist iā Palani, ʻaʻole hiki i nā Kelemania ke kau i kā lākou hae kolo i ka piko o ka hale kiaʻi - no kekahi kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, hana ʻole nā hāpai kiʻekiʻe āpau. A aia lākou i kēia mokuʻāina no nā makahiki 4 e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia ka swastika ma ka pae o ka papahele ʻelua, kahi i hiki ai i nā ʻanuʻu. Ua ʻōlelo ʻino loa ke kūʻē kūʻē ʻana iā Palani: "Ua lanakila ʻo Hitler i ka ʻāina ʻo Palani, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki iā ia ke hahau i ka puʻuwai."
He aha hou aʻe ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hale kiaʻi?
Pono mākou e hōʻoia maoli ʻaʻole ʻo ka Eiffel Tower i lilo koke i "puʻuwai o Palisa". I ka hoʻomaka o ke kūkulu ʻana, a ʻoiai ma hope o ka wehe ʻana (Malaki 31, 1889) ka hale kiaʻi, hoʻomālamalama ʻia e nā kukui (10,000 mau ipukukui me nā kala o ka hae Farani), a me nā ipukukui aniani ikaika, i lilo ia mea hanohano a hanohano, he nui ka poʻe e hōʻole nei i ka nani ʻē aʻe o ka Hale Eiffel.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea kaulana e like me ʻO Victor Hugo a me Paul Marie Verlaine, ʻo Arthur Rimbaud lāua ʻo Guy de Maupassant i huli aku i ka keʻena o ke kiaʻāina o Palisa me ke koi huhū e holoi i ka maka o ka ʻāina ʻo Palisa i kahi kīnā o ka inika, e hoʻopino nei i nā alanui ʻōlinolino o Palisa me kona ʻano hoʻopailua. "
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo kāna pūlima ponoʻī no kēia hoʻopiʻi, akā, ʻaʻole i pale iā Maupassant mai ka malihini pinepine o ka hale ʻaina aniani ma ka papahele ʻelua o ka hale kiaʻi. Ua namunamu ʻo Maupassant ʻo ia wale nō kahi ma ke kūlanakauhale mai kahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka "monster in the nuts" a me ka "skeleton of screws". Akā, maʻalea ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui, a, maʻalea ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui!
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma ke ʻano he mea punahele kaulana, ʻaʻole hiki iā Maupassant ke hōʻole iā ia iho i ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻōlua i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a hoʻomaʻalili ʻia i ka hau, ka waiū palupalu onaona me nā hua caraway, hoʻomohala ʻia i ka asparagus ʻōpio me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka maloʻo maloʻo maloʻo a ʻaʻole e holoi i kēia "keu" āpau me kahi kīʻaha kukui waina hua waina.
ʻO ka meaʻai o ka hale ʻaina ʻo Eiffel Tower a hiki i kēia lā ke waiho nei i kahi waiwai nui ʻole i nā kīʻaha Palani maoli, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻai ʻana o ka haku puke kaulana i laila kahi kāleka kipa o ka hale ʻaina.
Ma ka papahele ʻelua like, aia nā pahu wai me ka aila mīkini no nā mīkini uila. Ma ka papa ʻekolu, ma ka paepae huinahalike, ua lawa ka hakahaka no ka hale kilo hōkū a me ka meteorological. A ʻo ka paepae liʻiliʻi hope loa, ma kahi o 1.4 m wale nō, lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo no ka hale kukui e ʻālohilohi mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 300 m.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mika o ka Eiffel Tower i kēlā manawa ma kahi o 312 m, a ʻike ʻia ke kukui o ka hale kukui i kahi mamao o 10 km. Ma hope o ke kuapo ʻana i nā ipukukui me nā uila, hoʻomaka ka hale kukui e "kuʻi" a hiki i 70 km!
Inā makemake a makemake ʻole paha nā mea aloha i nā hana noʻeau Palani maikaʻi i kēia "lede", no Gustave Eiffel, ua uku piha ʻia kāna pepa i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a wiwo ʻole hoʻi no nā hana a me nā lilo a ka mea kālai kiʻi ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki. I loko o 6 mau mahina wale nō o ka World Exhibition, ua kipa ʻia kahi manaʻo kamahaʻo o ka mea kūkulu alahaka e 2 miliona mau kānaka pīhoihoi, ka mea i maloʻo ʻole kahe ma hope o ka pani ʻana o nā hale hōʻikeʻike.
Ma hope mai ua hoʻololi ʻia nā helu helu hewa a pau o Gustav a me kāna mau ʻenekini ma mua o ka pono: ʻo ka hale kiaʻi he 8,600 tone, i hana ʻia me 12,000 mau ʻāpana metala i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻaʻole wale i neʻe i ka wā e piholo ai kāna mau pylons kokoke i 1 m ma lalo o ka wai i ka wā o ka wai hāpau 1910. a i ka makahiki hoʻokahi ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano kūpono ʻaʻole ia e nihi me nā kānaka 12,000 ma kāna mau papahele 3.
- I ka 1910, ma hope o kēia kahawai, he mea nui ia e luku ai i ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel, kahi i hoʻomalu ai i nā poʻe kūpilikiʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka manawa i 70 mau makahiki, a laila, ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo piha ʻana i ke olakino o ka Hale Eiffel, i 100.
- I ka makahiki 1921, ua hoʻomaka ka hale kiaʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka hoʻolele leo ʻana, a mai ka 1935 - a me ka hoʻolele ʻōlelo kīwī hoʻi.
- I ka 1957, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe e kahi telemast e 12 m a me kona nui "kiʻekiʻe" 323 m 30 cm.
- No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, a hiki i ka makahiki 1931, ʻo ka "lace lace" ʻo Palani ka hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua, a ʻo ke kūkulu wale ʻia ʻana o ka Hale Chrysler ma Nu Ioka i haki kēia moʻolelo.
- I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mālamalama o waho o kēia mea kahakaha e kahi ʻōnaehana e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka hale kiaʻi mai loko mai, e hoʻolilo ana i ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel ʻaʻole wale wale nō, akā, he hoʻokalakupua maoli nō ia, keu hoʻi i ka wā hoʻomaha a me ka pō.
I kēlā me kēia makahiki ka hōʻailona o Palani, loaʻa i ka puʻuwai o Palisa he 6 miliona mau malihini kipa. ʻO nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma kāna paepae nānā 3 he hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ia no kēlā me kēia mākaʻikaʻi. ʻOiai kahi kiʻi ma hope ona he haʻaheo, ʻaʻole ia no ka mea ʻole aia kekahi mau kope liʻiliʻi o ia ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua.
ʻO ka hale kiaʻi ʻoi loa o Gustav Eiffel, aia paha ma Belarus, ma ke kauhale o Palisa, ka moku ʻo Vitebsk. ʻO 30 wale nō kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia hale kiaʻi, akā kū hoʻokahi ia i hana ʻia i nā papa lāʻau.
Paipai mākou e nānā iā Big Ben.
Aia kekahi Hale Eiffel ma Lūkia. ʻEkolu o lākou:
- ʻO Irkutsk. Kiʻekiʻe - 13 m.
- Krasnoyarsk. Kiʻekiʻe - 16 m.
- ʻO ke kauhale o Palisa, ka ʻāina ʻo Chelyabinsk. Kiʻekiʻena - 50 m. No nā mea lawelawe kelepona a he hale kiaʻi ʻoihana hana maoli ia i ka ʻāina.
Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa e kiʻi i kahi visa huakaʻi, ʻike iā Paris a ... ʻAʻole, mai make! A make me ka ʻoliʻoli a kiʻi i nā kiʻi o nā ʻike o Palisa mai ka Hale Eiffel ponoʻī, ʻo ka mea pōmaikaʻi, i ka lā mālamalama, ʻike ʻia ke kūlanakauhale no 140 km. Mai Champs Elysees a i ka puʻuwai o Palisa - he kīloi wale nō o ka pōhaku - 25 min. ma ka wāwae.
ʻO ka ʻike no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi
Wahi kamaʻilio - Champ de Mars, ka ʻāina o ka Bastille ma mua.
ʻO nā hola wehe o ka "Iron Lady" e like mau ia: i kēlā me kēia lā, mai ka waena o Iune a i ka hopena o ʻAukake, e wehe ana ma 9:00, e pani ana ma 00:00. I ka hoʻoilo, e wehe ana i ka 9:30, e pani ana ma ka hola 23:00.
ʻO ka ʻōkuhi wale nō o nā limahana lawelawe he 350 hiki ke pale aku i ka Lē Hoa mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā malihini kipa aʻe, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia i hiki.
