ʻO ka Mariana Trench (a i ʻole ʻo Mariana Trench) kahi wahi hohonu loa o ka honua. Aia ia ma ke kaʻe komohana o ka Moana Pākīpika, 200 mau mile hikina o ka Mariana Archipelago.
ʻO ka Paradoxically, ʻike nui ke kanaka i nā mea huna o ka ākea a i ʻole nā kuahiwi ma mua o ka hohonu o ka moana. A ʻo kekahi o nā wahi pohihihi a ʻike ʻole ʻia ma kā mākou honua ka Mariana Trench. No laila he aha kā mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana iā ia?
ʻO Mariana Trench - ka lalo o ka honua
I ka makahiki 1875, ua ʻike ka poʻe holokai o ka British corvette Challenger i kahi ma ka Moana Pākīpika kahi i lalo ʻole ai. Kilomika ma ka kilomita hele aku ke kaula o ka hailona i kai, akā ʻaʻohe lalo! A ma ka hohonu o 8184 mau mika wale nō i kū ai ka iho o ke kaula. ʻO kēia kahi i wehe ʻia ai ka māwae hohonu loa ma ka Honua. Ua kapa ʻia ka Mariana Trench ma hope o nā mokupuni kokoke. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona kinona (i ke ʻano o ka crescent) a me kahi o ka pūnaewele hohonu, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Challenger Abyss". Aia ia ma 340 km hema o ka mokupuni ʻo Guam a aia nā koina 11 ° 22 's. lat., 142 ° 35 'hikina etc.
Mai ia manawa, ua kapa ʻia kēia kaumaha kai hohonu ʻo "ka hā hā", "ʻo ka ʻōpū o Gaia", "ʻo ka lalo o ka honua". Ua hoʻāʻo lōʻihi nā mea nānā kai e ʻike i kona hohonu maoli. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā makahiki i nā manaʻo like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma kahi hohonu o ka hohonu, piʻi ka mānoanoa o ka wai ke hoʻokokoke ia i lalo, no laila hoʻololi nā waiwai o ke kani mai ke kani leo i loko. Ke hoʻohana pū nei me nā barometers kani echo a me nā thermometers ma nā pae like ʻole, i ka makahiki 2011 ka hoʻonohonoho hohonu o ka Challenger Abyss i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 10994 ± 40 mika. ʻO kēia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mauna Everest a me kekahi mau mile ʻelua mai luna.
ʻO ke kaomi ma lalo o ke kahawai lalo o ka wai ma kahi o 1100 mau lewa, a i ʻole 108.6 MPa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa kai hohonu no kahi hohonu o 6-7 tausani mika. I loko o ka manawa i hala ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kahawai hohonu loa, ua hiki ke kiʻi kūleʻa i kona lalo i ʻehā mau manawa.
I ka makahiki 1960, ʻo ka Trieste hohonu kai hohonu no ka manawa mua o ka honua i iho i lalo o ka Mariana Trench ma ka Challenger Abyss me ʻelua mau ohua ma luna o ka moku: US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo kai o Kuikilana ʻo Jacques Picard.
ʻO kā lākou mau nānā ʻana i alakaʻi ai i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ola o ke ola ma lalo o ke kaona. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kahe o ka wai he mea nui i ke kaiaola: ma muli o ia mea, hōʻole nā mana nukelea e hoʻolei i nā ʻōpala radioactive ma lalo o ka Mariana Gap.
I nā makahiki 90, ua hoʻokolokolo ka Kepani huakaʻi unmanned "Kaiko" i ka auwai, i lawe ʻia mai nā hāpana lalo o ka sludge, kahi i loaʻa ai nā koʻohune, nā ilo, nā ʻōpala, a me nā kiʻi o kahi honua ʻike ʻole ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa.
I ka makahiki 2009, ua lanakila ka lopako ʻAmelike ʻo Nereus i ka hohonu, e hāpai ana i nā hāpana o ka silt, nā minelala, nā laʻana o nā holoholona hohonu a me nā kiʻi o nā kamaʻāina o nā hohonu ʻike ʻole ʻia mai lalo.
I ka 2012, ʻo James Cameron, ka mea kākau o Titanic, Terminator a me Avatar, i luʻu wale i ka hohonu hohonu. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i mau hola he 6 ma lalo e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā laʻana o ka lepo, nā minelala, nā holoholona, a me ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi a me ke kiʻi wikiō 3D. Ma muli o kēia kumuwaiwai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo "Challenge to the Abyss".
ʻIke kupaianaha
I ka ʻauwaha, ma kahi o 4 mau mile ka hohonu, aia ka lua pele ʻo Daikoku e hū ana i ka luaipele, e paila i 187 ° C i kahi kaumaha liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka loko wale nō luaipele wale nō i ʻike ʻia ma ka mahina ʻo Iupita - Io.
I ka 2 mau kilomita mai ka papa honua e huluhulu nei nā "mea puhaka ʻeleʻele" - nā kumuwaiwai o ka wai geothermal me ka hydrogen sulfide a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i pili i ka wai anuanu, lilo i mau sulfide ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai sulphide e like me ke ʻano o ka uahi ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka mahana o ka wai ma ke kiko o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a hōʻea i 450 ° C. ʻAʻole hoʻolapalapa ke kai a puni no ka nui o ka wai (150 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka papa.
Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ke kahawai he "poʻe puhipaka keʻokeʻo" - nā geysers e hoʻopuehu i ka wai kalapona kalapona ma nā mahana o 70-80 ° С. Hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema aia ia i loko o nā "boiler" geothermal e pono ai i kekahi ke nānā i nā kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua. "Hoʻomehana" nā wai wela i ke kai hau, e kākoʻo ana i ke ola i ka hohonu - ʻo ka mahana ma lalo o ka Mariana Trench ma kahi o 1-3 ° C.
ʻO ke ola ma waho o ke ola
Me he mea lā i loko o kahi lewa o ka pouli piha, hāmau, anuanu anuanu a me ke kaomi ʻole hiki ʻole, ola ʻole i ke kaumaha. Akā hōʻike nā haʻawina o ke kaumaha i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē: aia nā mea ola kokoke 11 mau mile ma lalo o ka wai.
Uhi ʻia ka lalo o ka lua me kahi papa mānoanoa o ka mucus mai nā sediment meaola e iho mai ana mai nā papa o luna o ke kai no nā haneli he mau makahiki i hala. ʻO Mucus kahi wahi ulu maikaʻi loa no nā koʻohune barrophilic e hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka meaʻai no ka protozoa a me nā meaola multicellular. ʻO ke koʻohune, lilo i meaʻai no nā meaola paʻakikī.
He kū hoʻokahi ke kaiaolaola o ke kahawai o lalo o ka wai. Ua hiki i nā mea ola ke hoʻopili i kahi ʻano pākino, luku ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka ʻole o ka mālamalama, kahi liʻiliʻi o ka oxygen a me kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻona. ʻO ke ola i nā kūlana kūpono ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina o ka lua hohonu i kahi ʻano makaʻu a maka ʻole hoʻi.
He waha kupaianaha kā ka iʻa hohonu, noho me nā niho lōʻihi lōʻihi. Ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ko lākou mau kino (2 a 30 cm). Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona nui, e like me ka amoeba-xenophyophore, e piʻi ana i 10 cm ke anawaena. ʻO ka manō hua puaʻa a me ka manō goblin, e noho ana ma kahi hohonu o 2000 mika, a piʻi i 5-6 mau mika ka lōʻihi.
Noho nā lunamaka o nā ʻano meaola like ʻole i nā hohonu like ʻole. ʻO ka hohonu o ka poʻe e noho ana i ka hohonu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou mau lālā o ka hihi, e ʻae iā lākou e kiʻi i kahi aniani o ka mālamalama i ke kino o ka mea pio i ka pouli piha. Hiki i kekahi poʻe ponoʻī ke hana i ke kukui kuhikuhi. ʻAʻole nele nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i nā ʻona o ka ʻike, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā lālā o ka pā a me ka radar. Me ka māhuahua ʻana o ka hohonu, nalowale ka poʻe o lalo o ka wai i ko lākou kala, nā aniani o nā kino o ka hapa nui o lākou.
Ma nā pali kahi e noho ai nā "puhaka ʻeleʻele", e noho ana nā mollusks, kahi i aʻo ai e hoʻopau i nā sulfides a me ka hydrogen sulphide, he mea make ia na lākou. A, he mea pohihihi ia i nā ʻepekema, i nā kūlana o ke kaomi nui ma lalo, ua hoʻokau kupanaha lākou i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou pūpū mineral. Hōʻike nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka Mariana Trench i nā ʻano like. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā hāpana manuā i ka nui o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pāhawewe a me nā mea ʻona.
Minamina, make nā mea hohonu o ke kai ma muli o ka loli i nā hoʻāʻo e lawe iā lākou i luna. Mahalo wale i nā kaʻa kai hohonu o kēia au i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka poʻe noho o ke kaumaha i ko lākou kūlohelohe. ʻO nā lunamaka o nā holoholona, ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka ʻepekema, ua ʻike ʻia.
Nā mea huna a me nā mea pohihihi o ka "ʻōpū o Gaia"
ʻO kahi hohonu hohonu, e like me nā hanana ʻike ʻole ʻia, uhi ʻia i ka nui o nā mea huna a me nā mea pohihihi. He aha kāna mea e hūnā ai i kona hohonu? Ua ʻōlelo ka ʻepekema Kepanī ʻoiai e hānai nei i ka manō goblin, ua ʻike lākou i ka manō he 25 mau mika ka lōʻihi e ʻānai ana i nā goblins. ʻO kahi moʻo nui o kēia nui he manō megalodon wale nō, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻaneʻane 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Hōʻoia kēia e nā mea i loaʻa i nā niho megalodon ma kahi kokoke i ka Mariana Trench, nona nā makahiki i hoʻi mai 11 mau makahiki wale nō. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e mālama ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau moʻohe i loko o ka hohonu o ka lua.
Nui nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā kupapaʻu o nā moʻo nunui i kiola ʻia i uka. ʻOiai e iho ana i ka hohonu o ka luʻu Kelemania "Highfish", ua kū ka luʻu 7 km mai luna. I mea e maopopo ai ke kumu, huli nā mea holo o ka capsule i nā kukui a weliweli loa: ko lākou bathyscaphe, e like me ka nut, e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻūlū i kahi moʻo prehistoric! ʻO kahi wale nō pulse o ke au uila ma o ka ʻili o waho i hiki ke makaʻu i ka monster.
I kekahi manawa hou, i ka wā e komo ai i lalo o ka wai o ʻAmelika i lalo o ka wai, ua hoʻomaka ka lohe ʻana o ka hao i lalo o ka wai. Ua kū ka iho. I ka nānā ʻana i nā pono i hāpai ʻia, ua hoʻololi ʻia ua kāwili ʻia ke kaula uea okaoka titanium (a i ʻānai ʻia), a pelu nā kaola o ka kaʻa o lalo.
I ka 2012, he pahupaʻiwikiō o ke kaʻa lele manuahi ʻo "Titan" mai kahi hohonu o 10 mau kilomita i lawe i kahi kiʻi o nā mea i hana ʻia me ka mea hao, malia paha he UFO. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻopau ʻia ka pilina me ka hāmeʻa.
Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e heluhelu e pili ana i ke kahawai ʻo Halong.
Minamina, ʻaʻohe hōʻike hōʻike pepa o kēia mau mea hoihoi, hoʻokumu wale ʻia ia mau mea ma nā hōʻike ʻike maka wale nō. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia moʻolelo kāna mau mea pā a me nā mea kānalua, nā paio ponoʻī no a me nā mea kūʻē.
Ma mua o ka luʻu makaʻu ʻana i loko o ka ʻauwaha, ua ʻōlelo ʻo James Cameron makemake ʻo ia e ʻike me kona mau maka ponoʻī ma ka hapa iki o nā mea pohihihi o ka Mariana Trench, kahi e nui ai nā lono a me nā kaʻao. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i kekahi mea e ʻoi aku ana i ka palena o ka ʻike.
No laila he aha kā mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana iā ia?
I mea e ʻike ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Mariana Underwater Crevice, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia ia mau kahawai ma nā lihi o ka moana ma lalo o ka mana o nā papa lithospheric e neʻe nei. ʻO nā pā moana, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha o nā mea, "kolo" ma lalo o nā ʻāinapuniʻole, e hana ana i nā hohonu hohonu i nā hono. ʻO ka hohonu ka hui ʻana o ka Pākīpika a me nā pā tectonic Pilipino kokoke i nā mokupuni ʻo Mariana (Mariana Trench). Neʻe ka pā o ka Pākīpika i ka wikiwiki o 3-4 mau kenimika i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a laila e hoʻonui ana i ka hana o ka luaipele ma kona mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua.
Ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o kēia kaumaha hohonu, ua ʻike ʻia nā alahaka ʻehā i kapa ʻia - nā pae mauna kuʻe. Ua kuhi ʻia paha nā kualono ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana lithosfer a me ka luaipele.
ʻO ke aniani ke ʻano V e pili ana, e hoʻonui ākea a piʻi i lalo. ʻO ka laulā ākea o ka canyon ma ka ʻaoʻao ma luna he 69 mau mile, ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea - a 80 mau kilomita. ʻO ka laulā o ka lalo ma waena o nā paia he 5 mau kilomita. ʻO ka pali o nā paia e ʻaneʻane kū aʻe a he 7-8 ° wale nō ia. E piʻi ana ke kaumaha mai ka ʻākau a i ka hema no 2500 mau kilomita. Loaʻa ka hohonu o ka auwaha ma kahi o 10,000 mau mika.
ʻEkolu wale nō poʻe i kipa aku i lalo o ka Mariana Trench a hiki i kēia lā. I ka makahiki 2018, hoʻolālā ʻia kahi luʻu kanaka ʻē aʻe i ka "lalo o ke ao" ma kona ʻāpana hohonu. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka huakaʻi Lūkini kaulana ʻo Fyodor Konyukhov a me ka mea ʻimi polar Artur Chilingarov e hoʻāʻo e lanakila i ke kaumaha a ʻike i ka mea e peʻe ai i kona hohonu. I kēia manawa, ke hana ʻia nei kahi bathyscaphe kai hohonu a ke huki ʻia nei kahi papahana noiʻi.
