ʻO ke ola o kekahi mea pena kālena piha i nā contrad contradicts. ʻO ka lua, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i nā mea āpau, akā ʻaʻohe o kahi ʻāpana berena. E ʻike ʻia kekahi mea akamai inā hānau ʻia lākou i 50 mau makahiki ma mua a ma hope paha, a koi ʻia e noho i ke aka o kahi hoa hana ʻoi aku ke akamai. A i ʻole Ilya Repin - ua ola ʻo ia i kahi ola hana hua nui kupanaha, akā i ka manawa like ua laki ʻole ʻo ia me kona mau ʻohana - pāʻani mau kāna mau wahine, e like me ka kākau ʻana o nā biographers, "nā puke pōkole" ma ka ʻaoʻao.
No laila ʻo ke ola o ka mea pena kiʻi ʻaʻole ia he palaki wale i kona lima ʻākau, akā he alahele i kona hema (ma ke ala, ʻo Auguste Renoir, ua haki kona lima ʻākau, ua huli i kona hema, a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o kāna hana). A ʻo ka hoʻoulu maʻemaʻe ka nui o kekahi.
1. ʻO ka pena nui loa o nā pena pena aila "koʻikoʻi" ʻo ia ʻo "Paradise" a Tintoretto. ʻO kona ana he 22.6 x 9.1 mau mika. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka haku mele, ʻaʻole maoli ka haku i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hauʻoli mau loa e kali nei i ka poʻe i loko o paradaiso. Me ka huina canvas wahi o ma kahi o 200 m2 Ua kau ʻo Tintoretto ma luna o 130 mau huapalapala ma luna ona - "Paradise" ke ʻano o ke kaʻa subway i ka hola wikiwiki. ʻO ka pena kiʻi ponoʻī ma Venice ma ka Hale Aliʻi ʻo Doge. I Lūkia, ma St. Petersburg, aia kahi mana o ka pena, pena ʻia e kahi haumāna o Tintoretto. Mai kēlā manawa i kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi pena o kēia au, ua helu ʻia ka lōʻihi i nā kilomita, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ia ʻano mea pena.
2. Hiki iā Leonardo da Vinci ke manaʻo ʻia he "makuakāne" ka pena ʻana i ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hapanui o ka poʻe. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i haku i ka ʻenehana sfumato. ʻO nā contour o nā kiʻi, pena ʻia e hoʻohana ana i kēia hana, e nānā iki i kahi blurry, kūlohelohe nā kiʻi ponoʻī a mai hōʻeha i nā maka, e like me nā kahakaha o ko Leonardo mua. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hana ka haku nui me ka lahilahi o ka lahilahi, a me nā ʻāpana micron o ka pena. No laila, ʻoi aku ke ola o kāna mau hāmeʻe.
Nā laina palupalu i kahi pena pena na Leonardo da Vinci
3. He mea kupaianaha ia, akā no 20 mau makahiki mai 1500 a 1520, ʻekolu o nā mea pena kiʻi nui i hana like i nā kūlanakauhale Italia: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael a me Michelangelo. ʻO Leonardo ka hānau mua o lākou, ka muli loa o Raphael. I ka manawa like, ua ola ʻo Rafael iā Leonardo, ʻo 31 kona mau makahiki ma mua ona, ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō. Raphael
4. ʻAʻole malihini ka poʻe pena kiʻi nui i ka makemake. I ka makahiki 1504, ma Florence, ua hoʻoili ʻia kahi kaua ma waena o Michelangelo lāua ʻo Leonardo da Vinci. ʻO nā mea hana lima, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū kekahi i kekahi, pono lākou e pena i ʻelua mau paia ʻē aʻe o ka hale hālāwai ʻo Florentine. Ua makemake ʻo Da Vinci e lanakila nui a akamai loa ʻo ia me ka pena ʻana o nā pena, a hoʻomaka ka maloʻo a palupalu kāna fresco i waenakonu o ka hana. I ka manawa like, hoʻolauna ʻo Michelangelo i ka pepa pahu - i ke pena ʻana he mea ia e like me ke kaha kiʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole kahi hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi o kahi hana e hiki mai ana - e nānā i nā queues. Ua nalowale ʻo Leonardo - ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna hana a haʻalele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻo Michelangelo i kāna hana. Ua kāhea koke ʻia ʻo ia e ka Pope, a i kēlā manawa ua ʻaʻa kekahi e haʻalele i kēlā pilikia. A ua luku ʻia ka pepa pahu kaulana e kahi fanatic.
5. Ua ulu aʻe ka mea pena Lūkia poʻokela ʻo Karl Bryullov i kahi ʻohana o nā mea pena kiʻi hoʻoilina - ʻaʻole wale kona makuakāne a me kona kupuna kāne i pili i nā hana noʻeau, akā ʻo kona mau ʻanakala pū kekahi. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina, hoʻokele ikaika kāna makuakāne iā Charles. Ma waena o nā makana nā meaʻai, inā hoʻopau ʻo Karl i ka hana ("E kaha i ʻelua mau kakini kakini, e loaʻa ʻoe i ka ʻaina awakea"). A ma waena o nā hoʻopaʻi ka niho. I ka manawa i kuʻi ka makuakāne i ke keiki kāne a no laila ua kuli ʻo ia i hoʻokahi pepeiao. Ua hele ka ʻepekema no ka wā e hiki mai ana: ua ulu ʻo Bryullov i mea kaha kiʻi ʻoi loa. ʻO kāna pena kiʻi "The Last Day of Pompeii" i hana i kahi haʻalulu nui ma Italia i hoʻolei ka lehulehu o ka poʻe i nā pua i kona mau wāwae ma nā alanui i Bryullov, a ua kapa ʻia e ka mea haku mele ʻo Yevgeny Baratynsky ka hōʻike o ka pena ma ʻItalia ka lā mua o ka pena Lūkini.
K. Bryullov. "Ka lā hope o Pompeii"
6. “ʻAʻole wau he kālena. Ke hana nui nei wau, ”i pane aku ai ʻo Ilya Repin i kahi manawa mahalo i kekahi o kona mau hoaloha. ʻAʻole paha he maʻalea ka mea pena kiʻi - ua hana ʻo ia i kona ola a pau, akā maopopo leʻa kāna tālena. A ua maʻa ʻo ia i ka hana mai ka wā kamaliʻi - ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea āpau ke loaʻa 100 rubles ma ke pena ʻana i nā hua Easter. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūleʻa ("Barge Haulers" lilo i mea manaʻo kūwaho), ʻaʻole ʻo Repin i ukali i ke alakaʻi a ka lehulehu, akā ua hoʻokō pono i kāna mau manaʻo. Ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo ia no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke kipi, a laila no ka reactary, akā ua hoʻomau ʻo Ilya Efimovich i ka hana. Ua kāhea ʻo ia i ke kāhea ʻana o nā loiloi i manure liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ia e komo i ke ʻano kālaihonua, akā e hoʻopuehu ʻia e ka makani.
ʻAneʻane piha nā kiʻi pena a Repin
7. ʻO Peter Paul Rubens kahi kālena ʻaʻole wale ma ka pena ʻana. ʻO ka mea kākau o 1,500 kiʻi pena i diplomat maikaʻi loa. Eia kekahi, he ʻano ʻokoʻa kāna mau hana i kēia manawa ua hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "diplomat i nā lole kīwila" - he mau kānalua kāna mau hoa pili e pili ana i ka mea a me ka hana a Rubens e hana nei. ʻO ka mea pena kiʻi, i ka mea nui, ua hele mai i ka hoʻopuni ʻia ʻo La Rochelle no ke kūkākūkā ʻana me Cardinal Richelieu (i kēia manawa ke ulu nei ka hana o ka puke "The Three Musketeers"). Ua manaʻo pū ʻo Rubens i kahi hālāwai me ka ʻelele Pelekane, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hele mai no ka pepehi kanaka ʻana o ke Duke o Buckingham.
ʻO Rubens Kiʻi-iho
8. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kekahi ʻano Mozart mai ka pena ʻana ka mea pena Lūkini ʻo ʻIvana Aivazovsky. Maʻalahi loa ka hana a ka mea pena kiʻi kai poʻokela loa - i kona wā e ola ana ua pena ʻo ia ma mua o 6,000 canvases. Kaulana ʻo Aivazovsky i nā pōʻai āpau o ke kaiāulu Lūkia, mahalo nui ʻia ʻo ia e nā ʻemepela (ua noho ʻo Ivan Alexandrovich i ʻehā). Me kahi huila a me kahi palaki, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻo Aivazovsky, akā ua piʻi aʻe hoʻi i ke kūlana o ka ʻaha kūkā mokuʻāina maoli (ka mayor ma ke kūlanakauhale nui, ka luna nui a me ka Admiral hope). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia kēia kūlana e like me ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe.
Ua kākau wale ʻo I. Aivazovsky e pili ana i ke kai. "Kahawai o Napela"
9. ʻO ke kauoha mua loa i loaʻa iā Leonardo da Vinci - ka pena ʻana i kekahi o nā mōneka ma Milana - ua hōʻike ʻia, e waiho mālie, ka hana a ka mea pena kiʻi. Ma kaʻae ʻana e hoʻopau i ka hana no kekahi nui i loko o 8 mau mahina, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Leonardo he haʻahaʻa loa ke kumukūʻai. Ua hoʻonui nā mōneka i ka nui o ka uku, akā ʻaʻole like me ka makemake o ka mea pena kiʻi. ʻO ka pena "Madonna of the Rocks" i pena ʻia, akā ua mālama ʻo da Vinci iā ia nona iho. He 20 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, akā paʻa ka canvas i ka mōneka.
10. Ua loaʻa kahi kaulana ma Siena a me Perugia, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Raphael ʻōpio e hele i Florence. Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau manaʻo hoʻoikaika ikaika. I ka manawa mua ua hahau ʻia ʻo ia e "David" ʻo Michelangelo, a ma hope iki ua ʻike ʻo ia iā Leonardo e hoʻopau ana iā Mona Lisa. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Raphael e kope i ke kiʻi kaulana mai ka hoʻomanaʻo, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ka leʻaleʻa o kā Gioconda ʻakaʻaka. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi mea hoʻonāukiuki nui e hana - ma hope o kekahi manawa ua kāhea ʻo Michelangelo iā ia "he hana mana o ke kūlohelohe".
Ua makemake nui ʻia ʻo Raphael me nā wahine a puni Italia
11. ʻO ka mea kākau o kekahi mau kiʻi kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo Viktor Vasnetsov, ma ke ʻano hilahila maoli. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻohana ʻilihuna, ua aʻo ma ke kula nui seminā panalāʻau, a i kona hōʻea ʻana i St. Petersburg, ua loʻohia ʻo ia e ka nani o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka paʻa o nā keonimana i lawe i kāna hōʻike komo i ka Academy of Arts. Ua maopopo loa iā Vasnetsov ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻia ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻomaka e ʻike i nā hopena o ka hōʻike. Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana no hoʻokahi makahiki ma ke kula kahakiʻi manuahi, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Vasnetsov iā ia iho a ua hele hou i ka hōʻike komo ma ka Academy. ʻO ia wale nō kāna ʻike e hiki iā ia ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina no hoʻokahi makahiki.
ʻO Viktor Vasnetsov ma ka hana
12. ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo no ka helu o nā kiʻi ponoʻī i kākau ʻia ma waena o nā mea pena kiʻi nui ʻo Rembrandt paha. Ua lawe kēia Dutchman nui i kāna palaki ma mua o 100 mau manawa e hopu iā ia iho. ʻAʻohe narcissism i loko o nā kiʻi ponoʻī he nui. Ua hele ʻo Rembrandt i ke kākau ʻana i nā canvases maikaʻi loa ma o ke aʻo ʻana i nā hāmeʻe a me nā hoʻonohonoho. Ua pena ʻo ia iā ia iho i nā kapa o ka mea wili palaoa a me kahi rake o ka honua, kahi sultan hikina a me kahi mea ʻaihue Hōlani. Ua koho ʻo ia i kekahi manawa i nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa loa.
Rembrandt. Nā kiʻi ponoʻī
13. ʻO ka ʻae nui, ʻaihue nā ʻaihue i nā kiʻi pena na ka mea pena Paniolo Paulo Picasso. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 1,000 mau hana a ka mea hoʻokumu o Cubism e holo nei. ʻAʻole hala hoʻokahi makahiki ʻaʻole e kāʻili ka honua a hoʻi i nā mea nona nā hana a ka mea kākau o ka "Dove of Peace". Hoʻomaopopo ka hoihoi o nā ʻaihue - ʻo nā kiʻi pena he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe loa i kūʻai ʻia aku i ka honua e ʻekolu mau hana a Picasso. Akā i ka 1904, i ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio i Palisa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia no ka ʻaihue ʻana i ka Mona Lisa. ʻO ka hoʻokahuli ʻia o nā kumu o ka pena ʻana i kahi kamaʻilio nui ʻana i ʻōlelo ʻoiai ua puhi ʻia ka Louvre, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻino nui i ka moʻomeheu. Ua lawa kēia no nā mākaʻi e ninaninau i ka mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio.
Pablo Picasso. Palisa, 1904. A keʻimi nei nā mākaʻi iā "Mona Lisa" ...
14. ʻO ka mea pena kiʻi ʻāina poʻokela ʻo Isaac Levitan he mau hoaaloha me ka mea kākau moʻolelo hanohano ʻole ʻo Anton Chekhov. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i hooki ʻo Levitan i ka hana hoaaloha ʻana me nā wahine a puni iā ia, a ua pili loa ka pili aloha. Eia kekahi, ua hele pū nā pilina a pau o Levitan me nā kiʻi kiʻi: e haʻi i kona aloha, ka mea kākau o "Golden Autumn" a me "Above Peace Mau Loa" kī a kau i kahi limu ma nā wāwae o kāna mea i wae ai. ʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ka mea kākau i ka launa aloha ʻana, me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā huakaʻi aloha a kāna hoa aloha ʻo "House with a Mezzanine" iā "Jumping" a me ka pāʻani "The Seagull" me kahi ʻano like, no ka mea ʻo ka pilina ma waena o Levitan lāua ʻo Chekhov i hōʻino pinepine.
"ʻO ka Seagull", me he mea lā, ke noʻonoʻo wale nei. ʻO Levitan lāua ʻo Chekhov pū
15. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kiʻi mai luna a lalo, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā peni punawai kaulana, na Francisco Goya i hoʻokumu. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, pena ka mea pena kaulana i ʻelua kiʻi wahine like (manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka prototype ka Duchess o Alba), ʻokoʻa wale nō i ke kekele o ka lole. Hoʻohui ʻo Goya i nā kiʻi me kahi hinge kūikawā, a ʻaʻohe kapa o ka lede me he mea lā he maikaʻi.
F. Goya. "Maja nude"
16. ʻO Valentin Serov kekahi o nā haku kiʻi ʻoi loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka pena Lūkini. Ua ʻike ʻia ka haku o Serov e kāna mau makahiki; ʻaʻohe hopena o ka mea pena kiʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike pehea e lawe ai i ke kālā maikaʻi mai nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā loea loea i ka palaki i loaʻa iā 5 a 10 mau manawa ma mua o kahi haku e makemake mau ana i ke kālā.
17. Ua lilo paha ʻo Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres i mea hoʻokani pila ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kāna kiʻi pena kupaianaha i ka honua. I ka wā ʻōpio, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke tālena maikaʻi a hoʻokani i ka pila i ka Toulouse Opera Orchestra. Ua launa pū ʻo Ingres me Paganini, Cherubini, Liszt a me Berlioz. A i hoʻokahi manawa ua kōkua ke mele iā Ingres e hōʻalo i ka male hauʻoli ʻole. Ua ʻilihune ʻo ia, a ke hoʻomākaukau nei no ke komo ʻana - na ka dowry o ka mea i koho wale ʻia e kōkua iā ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna kūlana kālā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaneʻane i ka pō o ka hoʻopaʻa, ua paio ka poʻe ʻōpio e pili ana i ke mele, a laila ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Ingres i nā mea āpau a haʻalele iā Roma. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua loaʻa iā ia nā male kūleʻa ʻelua, ka pou o ke alakaʻi o ke Kula ʻo Fine Arts ʻo Paris a me ke poʻo inoa o Senatoa o Palani.
18. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ʻIvan Kramskoy i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea pena ma ke ʻano kumu. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻonohonoho o ka Association of Traveling Exhibitions no ka manawa mua i lawe i kahi palaki no ka hoʻopau hou ʻana i nā kiʻi. I ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ʻano hemahema loa nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, a nui loa ke kaulana o ke kiʻi. ʻO ke retoucher maikaʻi ka waiwai o ke kaupaona i ke gula, no laila ua hoʻowalewale ʻia nā loea o kēia hana e kahi keʻena paʻi kiʻi. Ua hana ʻo Kramskoy, i ka makahiki 21, i ka hale hanohano ʻo St. Petersburg me ka haku Denier. A laila wale nō i huli ka mea kākau o "Unknown" i ka pena.
I. Kramskoy. "ʻIke ʻole ʻia"
19. I ka wā ma Louvre ua alakaʻi lākou i kahi hoʻokolohua liʻiliʻi, e kau ana i kekahi kiʻi pena na Eugene Delacroix lāua ʻo Pablo Picasso. ʻO ka pahuhopu e hoʻohālikelike i ka manaʻo o ka pena ʻana mai nā kenekulia 19 a me 20. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka hoʻokolohua e Picasso ponoʻī, nāna i hoʻopuka aʻe ma ka canvas o ka Delacroix "He aha ka mea pena kiʻi!"
20. ʻO Salvador Dali, ʻoiai kāna snobbery āpau a me kāna penchant no ka haʻalulu, he kanaka kūpono ʻole a makaʻu hoʻi ia. ʻO kāna wahine ʻo Gala nāna ma mua o ka wahine a me ke kumu hoʻohālike. Ua hoʻokele ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale loa iā ia mai ka ʻaoʻao waiwai o ka noho ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki iā Dali ke pale pono i nā laka puka nona iho. ʻAʻole loa ʻo ia i hoʻokele kaʻa. ʻOiai, i ka nele o kāna wahine, pono ʻo ia e kūʻai i kahi likiki mokulele nona iho, a ua hopena kēia i kahi epic holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ka ʻike o ka cashier iā ia a aloha nui. Ma kahi kokoke i kona make ʻana, uku hou ʻo Dali i ke kiaʻi kiaʻi, ʻo ia nō kāna mea kalaiwa, no ka mea ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻo ia i ka meaʻai i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka mea pena kiʻi.
ʻO Salvador Dali lāua ʻo Gala ma kahi hālāwai kūkā nūhou
