Voltaire (inoa hānau ʻO François-Marie Arouet) - kekahi o nā akeakamai a me nā kumu aʻo Farani nui o ke kenekulia 18, ka haku mele, mea kākau prose, satirist, mea pōpilikia, ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka mea hoʻolaha. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu pono o ka inoa pseudonym "Voltaire".
Ua piha ka moʻolelo pilikino ʻo Voltaire i nā mea hoihoi. Nui a hewahewa nā piʻi a me nā lalo, akā naʻe, ua paʻa paʻa ka inoa o ka mea akeakamai i ka mōʻaukala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Voltaire.
Ko kā Voltaire moʻomeheu
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Voltaire ma ka lā 21 Nowemapa 1694 ma Palisa. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka luna ʻO François Marie Arouet.
ʻO ka makuahine o ka mea noʻonoʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo Marie Margaret Daumard, i hele mai kahi ʻohana hanohano. I ka huina, he ʻelima mau keiki a nā mākua o Voltaire.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Voltaire he keiki nāwaliwali i hiki ʻole i kona makuahine a me kona makuakāne ke manaʻoʻiʻo hiki i ke keikikāne ke ola. Ua kāhea lākou i kahi kahuna, me ka manaʻo e make ana kā lāua keiki. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokele ke keiki i waho.
I ka hala ʻana o 7 mau makahiki o Voltaire, ua make kona makuahine. ʻO kēia ka pōʻino mua loa i kāna puke moʻomanaʻo.
ʻO ka hopena, ua hāʻule a hānai ʻia ka mālama ʻana a kāna keiki ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o ka makuakāne. ʻAʻole i launa pinepine ʻo Voltaire me kona makua, a ʻo ka hopena he mau hakakā hou i waena o lāua.
Ma hope o ka holo ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Voltaire e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke koleke ʻo Jesuit. I nā makahiki i hala aku, ua inaina ʻo ia i nā Jesuits, ka mea i paʻa i nā kuʻuna haipule ma mua o ko ke kanaka ola.
Ma hope, ua hoʻonohonoho kona makuakāne iā Voltaire ma kahi keʻena loio, akā ua ʻike koke ke kāne he mea hoihoi ʻole nā mea pili kānāwai iā ia. Ma kahi o ia, ua hauʻoli nui ʻo ia i ke kākau ʻana i nā hana ʻano ʻakaʻaka like ʻole.
Palapala
I ka makahiki 18, ua kākau ʻo Voltaire i kāna pāʻani mua. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kākau ʻana, e loaʻa ana iā ia kahi kūlana maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he mōʻī hoʻomākeʻaka.
ʻO ka hopena, makaʻu kekahi mau mea kākau a me nā mea hanohano e ʻike i nā hana a Voltaire, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai lākou i kahi kukui maikaʻi ʻole.
I ka makahiki 1717, ua uku ke kanaka Pelekane witty i ke kumu kūʻai no kāna mau hoʻomākeʻaka nui. ʻO ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻana i ka kuhina a me kāna kaikamahine, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Voltaire a hoʻouna ʻia i ka Bastille.
ʻOiai i loko o ka hale paʻahao, hoʻomau ka mea kākau i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina (ʻike i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā puke). I ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai, ua kaulana ʻo Voltaire mahalo i kāna pāʻani "Oedipus", kahi i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūloko.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua paʻi ka mea kākau moʻolelo ma kahi o 30 mau pōʻino hou aʻe, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā papa mele Farani. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua puka mai nā leka, nā huaʻōlelo a me nā ʻalani mai lalo o kāna peni. I nā hana a ka Palani, hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka pōpilikia me ka hoʻomākeʻaka.
I ka makahiki 1728 ua paʻi ʻo Voltaire i kāna moʻolelo "Henriad", kahi āna i hōʻino ai me ka wiwo ʻole i nā mōʻī despotic no ko lākou hilinaʻi fanatical i ke Akua.
2 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua paʻi ka luna akeakamai i ka mele ʻo "The Virgin of Orleans", a lilo ia i hana nui loa i kāna puke moʻokalaleo. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ua ʻae ʻia ka mele no ka paʻi ʻana ma 32 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o kona helehelena, ma mua o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana i nā mana inoa ʻole.
Ua kamaʻilio ka Maid o Orleans e pili ana i ka heroine Farani kaulana ʻo Jeanne dʻArc. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e pili nui iā Jeanne e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana politika a me nā hale hoʻomana.
Ua kākau pū ʻo Voltaire i ke ʻano o ka prose akeakamai, e koi ana i ka mea heluhelu e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ke ola, nā loina o ka pono, ka hana a ke kaiāulu a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Ma waena o nā hana kūleʻa a Voltaire i manaʻo ʻia he moʻolelo pōkole ʻo "Candide, a i ʻole Optimism", ʻo ia i ka manawa pōkole loa i lilo i mea kūʻai aku honua. No kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e paʻi ma muli o ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo sarcastic a me nā kamaʻilio kolohe.
ʻO nā hanana āpau o nā meʻe o ka puke i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻana i ke kaiāulu, nā luna a me nā alakaʻi haipule.
Ua kākau ʻeleʻele ka hale pule Katolika Roma i ka puke, akā ʻaʻole kēia i pale iā ia mai ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūʻali koa nui o ka poʻe mahalo, e like me Pushkin, Flaubert a me Dostoevsky.
Akeakamai
Ma ka moʻolelo o 1725-1726. ua ala aʻe kahi hakakā ma waena o Voltaire a me ka hanohano de Rogan. Ua kuʻi ka hope i ke akeakamai no ka ʻaʻa e hoʻomāʻewaʻewa iā ia.
ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻouna hou ʻia ʻo Voltaire i ka Bastille. No laila, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ka mea noʻonoʻo e kona ʻike ponoʻī o ka bias a me ka pono ʻole o ke kaiāulu. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, lilo ʻo ia i mea pale nui i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻoponopono kaiāulu.
I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, ua kipaku ʻia ʻo Voltaire i ʻEnelani e ke kauoha a ke poʻo o ka mokuʻāina. Ma laila ʻo ia i hui ai me nā mea manaʻo he nui i hōʻoia iā ia me ke kōkua ʻole o ka hale pule ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokokoke aku i ke Akua.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua paʻi ʻo Voltaire iā Philosophical Letters, kahi i hāpai ai i nā manaʻo o John Locke, me ka hōʻole ʻana i ka akeakamai materialistic.
I kāna hana, ua kamaʻilio ka mea kākau e pili ana i ke kaulike, palekana a me ke kūʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hāʻawi i kahi pane kikoʻī i ka nīnau o ke ola o ke ola ma hope o ka make.
ʻOiai ʻo Voltaire i hoʻohewa nui i nā kuʻuna a me nā kāhuna pule, ʻaʻole ia i kākoʻo i ka hoʻomaloka akua. He deist ka mea noʻonoʻo - kahi manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ola o kahi mea hana, kahi e hōʻole ʻia ai nā ʻīlio a me nā hana mana.
Ke ola pilikino
Ma waho o ke kākau ʻana, makemake ʻo Voltaire i ka pāʻani mū kākela. Ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki, ʻo kona hoa hakakā ka Jesuit Adam, me ia i pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani he mau kaukani.
ʻO ka mea aloha a ka mea Palani kaulana ka Marquis du Châtelet, ka mea makemake i ka makemakika a me ka physics. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka manawa hoʻokahi e hana ana ke kaikamahine i ka unuhi o kekahi o nā hana a Isaac Newton.
He wahine male ka marquise, akā ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻokō nā kuleana āpau i kāna kāne ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka pinepine ke kaikamahine i nā aloha aloha pōkole me nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa.
Hoʻokumu ʻo Du Châtelet i Voltaire i ke aloha i nā kaulike a me nā pilikia paʻakikī a nā ʻōpio i hoʻoholo pinepine ai.
I ka makahiki 1749, ua make kekahi wahine ma hope o ka hānau ʻana he keiki, a lilo ia i mea pōʻino maoli no ka mea noʻonoʻo. No kekahi manawa ua lilo kona hoihoi i ke ola, e hāʻule ana i loko o kahi kaumaha hohonu.
Kakaikahi ka poʻe i ʻike he miliona miliona ko Voltaire. ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpio, ua loaʻa iā ia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo maikaʻi he nui mai nā panakō, nāna i aʻo iā ia pehea e hoʻokele pono ai i ka kapitala.
I ka makahiki he kanahā, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo Walter i kahi waiwai nui loa ma ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā pono hana no ka pūʻali koa a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kālā e kūʻai ai i nā moku.
Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano hana noʻeau, a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā mai nā hana ipu lepo ma kāna waiwai ma Switzerland.
Make
I kona wā ʻelemakule, mahalo nui ʻia ʻo Voltaire. ʻO nā poʻe kālai'āina kaulana, nā lehulehu a me nā moʻomeheu i makemake e kamaʻilio pū me ia.
Ua launa pū ka mea akeakamai me nā poʻo o nā mokuʻāina like ʻole, me Catherine II a me ka mōʻī Prusia ʻo Frederick II.
Ua make ʻo Voltaire ma ka lā 30 o Mei, 1778 ma Palisa i kona makahiki he 83. Ma hope, ua hoʻohuli ʻia kona mau koena i ka Parisian Pantheon, kahi lākou i kēia lā.
