He lua pele ikaika ʻo Vesuvius ma ka pae ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea weliweli loa ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kona mau hoanoho mokupuni ʻo Etna a me Stromboli. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole makaʻu ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i kēia mauna pahū, ʻoiai ke kiaʻi mau nei ka ʻepekema i ka hana o nā pōhaku pele a mākaukau lākou e pane koke i ka hana hiki. I loko o kona mōʻaukala, ua lilo pinepine ʻo Vesuvius i kumu o ka luku nui ʻia ʻana, akā ʻo kēia ka mea i haʻaheo ai ka poʻe ʻItalia i ko lākou palena ʻāina kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka ʻike ākea e pili ana iā Mount Vesuvius
No ka poʻe ʻike ʻole i kahi o nā lua pele weliweli loa o ka honua, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo aia aia ia i ʻItalia. ʻO nā kaulike ʻāina he 40 ° 49′17 ″ s. sh. 14 ° 25′32 ″ ma. ʻO ka latitude i kuhikuhi ʻia a me ka loa ma nā kekelē no ka wahi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka lua pele, aia ia ma Napela, ma ka moku ʻo Campania.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe loa o kēia mauna pahū 1281 mau mika. Pili ʻo Vesuvius i ka ʻōnaehana mauna ʻo Apennine. I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau cone, aia ka lua o ia mau mea, a ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe ka mea kahiko loa, me ka inoa Somma. He anawaena o ka lua pele he 750 mau mika a me ka hohonu o 200 mau mika. Hōʻike ke kolu o ke kone mai kēlā me kēia manawa a nalowale hou ma hope o ka pele hou ʻana.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Vesuvius i nā phonolites, trachytes, a me nā tephrites. Hoʻokumu ʻia kona ʻohana e nā papa o ka pele a me ka tuff, kahi e momona ai ka lepo o ka lua pele a me ka ʻāina ma nā wahi e kokoke ana iā ia. Ulu kahi ulu lāʻau paina ma nā pali, a ulu nā māla waina a me nā hua hua ʻē aʻe i ka wāwae.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoi loa o ka pele ma mua o kanalima mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻohe kānalua o ka ʻepekema e pili ana i ka hana a i ʻole ka make o ka lua pele. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pahū ikaika me ka nāwaliwali o ka hana, akā ʻaʻole i emi ka hana o loko o ka lua pele i kēia lā, e hōʻike nei e hiki i kekahi pahū ke hana i kēlā me kēia manawa.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi stratovolcano
ʻIʻike ʻia ʻo Volcano Vesuvius ma ke ʻano he nui loa ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka ʻāina nui. Kū ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mauna kaʻawale, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kāʻei o ke Kaiwaenahonua. Wahi a ka helu ʻana o nā lua pele, ua hana ʻia kēia ma kahi o 25 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo ka ʻike nō hoʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka wā o nā pāhū mua i hana ʻia. Ma kahi o ka hoʻomaka o ka hana a Vesuvius i manaʻo ʻia 7100-6900 BC.
Ma kahi pae mua o kona kū ʻana mai, he stre ikaika ka stratovolcano i kapa ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Somma. Ua koe kona mau koena i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka lua pele o kēia manawa e waiho nei ma ka peninsula. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka mauna ka ʻāina ʻokoʻa, a ma hope wale nō o kekahi mau pele i lilo ai i ʻāpana o Napela.
ʻO ka nui o ka hōʻaiʻē i ke aʻo ʻana iā Vesuvius no Alfred Ritman, nāna i waiho i kahi kuhiakau o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā lavas potassium potassium kiʻekiʻe. Mai kāna hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā cones, ʻike ʻia ua hana ʻia kēia ma muli o ka asimilation o dolomites. ʻO nā papa o ka lā i hoʻi i nā wā mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka iwi honua i kahua paʻa no ka pōhaku.
Nā ʻano o ka pele
No kēlā me kēia lua pele, aia kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o ka lawena i ka manawa o ka pele, akā ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e like me Vesuvius. ʻO kēia ke kumu o kāna hana maikaʻi ʻole. I loko o nā makahiki o kāna hana, ua hoʻololi mua i ke ʻano o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke wānana mua i ke ʻano e hōʻike ai iā ia iho i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma waena o nā ʻano o nā pele i ʻike ʻia no ka mōʻaukala o kona ola ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea:
- Plinian;
- pahū;
- effusion;
- effusion-pahū;
- ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau.
ʻO ka pele hope loa o ka ʻano Plinian ma ka makahiki 79 AD. Kuhi ʻia kēia ʻano e nā ejections ikaika o ka magma kiʻekiʻe i ka lani, a me ka ua mai ka lehu, kahi e uhi ai i nā ʻāina āpau. ʻAʻole i hana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻokuʻu pahū, akā i ko mākou au hiki iā ʻoe ke helu i nā hanana he ʻumikūmālua o kēia ʻano, a ʻo ka hopena i hiki mai i ka makahiki 1689.
Hele pū ka hū ʻana o ka pele me ka kahe o ka pele mai ka lua pele a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili. No ka lua pele ʻo Vesuvius, ʻo kēia ka ʻano o ka pele i kū pinepine. Eia nō naʻe, hele pinepine ʻia me nā pahū, kahi, e like me kou ʻike, i ka wā o ka pele i hala. Ua hoʻopaʻa ka moʻolelo i nā moʻolelo o ka hana o ka stratovolcano, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi iā ia iho i nā ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, akā ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano hihia mai ka 16 mau kenekulia.
Paipai mākou e heluhelu e pili ana i ka lua pele ʻo Teide.
Nā hopena mai ka hana o ka lua pele
A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā hana maʻamau e pili ana i ka hana a Vesuvius, akā ʻike maopopo ʻia aia ma waena o nā pahū nui aia kahi lepe, kahi e hiki ai ke kapa ʻia ka mauna e hiamoe ana. Akā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole kū ka poʻe lua pele i ka nānā ʻana i ka lawena o ka magma i nā papa o loko o ka cone.
ʻO ka pele nui loa i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Plinian hope loa ia, i kū ʻia ma 79 AD. ʻO kēia ka lā o ka make ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Pompeii a me nā kūlanakauhale kahiko e kokoke ana iā Vesuvius. Aia nā moʻolelo kū i ka moʻaukala i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kēia hanana, akā manaʻo ka ʻepekema he kaʻao maʻamau kēia ʻaʻohe ona hōʻike hōʻikeʻike. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hiki ke loaʻa nā hōʻike o ka hilinaʻi o kēia mau ʻike, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana i archaeological ua loaʻa iā lākou nā koena o nā kūlanakauhale a me ko lākou poʻe noho. Hoʻopiha ka pele i ka wā o ka hū o Plinian i ka gas, a no laila ʻaʻole i pala nā kino, akā paʻa wale ka hau.
ʻO ka hanana i hana ʻia ma 1944 i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hauʻoli. A laila luku ʻia ka pele i ʻelua kūlanakauhale. ʻOiai ka punawai pele mana me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 500 mau mika, ua pale ʻia nā pohō nui - 27 wale nō ka poʻe i make. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i kekahi pahū hou aʻe, a lilo ia i pōʻino no ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia ka lā o ka pele, mai ka mahina ʻo Iulai 1805 i hiki mai kahi ʻōlaʻi, no laila i ala ai ka luaipele ʻo Vesuvius. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua aneane pau loa ʻo Napela i ka luku ʻia, he 25 a ʻoi paha mau kānaka i lilo i ko lākou ola.
Nā mea hoihoi e pili ana iā Vesuvius
He nui ka poʻe e moemoeā no ka naʻi ʻana o ka lua pele, akā ʻo ka piʻi mua ʻana o Vesuvius i ka makahiki 1788. Mai ia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā wehewehe he nui o kēia mau wahi a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, mai nā pali a ma ka wāwae. I kēia lā, nui ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ʻike i ka ʻāina nui a me nā ʻāina hea ka lua pele weliweli, no ka mea, no laila lākou e kipa pinepine ai iā ʻItalia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Napela. ʻOiai ʻo Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy i ʻōlelo ʻo Vesuvius i kāna puke pai.
Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoihoi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua nānā nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā pono kūpono no ka piʻi ʻana i ka mauna weliweli. ʻO ka mea mua, ua kau ʻia kahi funicular, i ʻike ʻia ma aneʻi i 1880. ʻO ka kaulana o ka hoʻokalakupua ka nui loa i hele mai ka poʻe i kēia wahi e lanakila wale iā Vesuvius. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka 1944 ka pele i kumu o ka luku ʻia o nā pono hāpai.
Ma kahi he ʻumi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokau hou ʻia kahi ʻano hāpai i luna o nā pali: kēia manawa o kahi ʻano noho. Ua makemake nui ʻia ia e nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i moemoeā e kiʻi i kiʻi mai ka lua pele, akā ʻo ke ōlaʻi i 1980 ua hōʻino loa ia, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻomaka e hoʻihoʻi i ka hāpai. I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke piʻi i ka mauna Vesuvius ma ka wāwae wale nō. Ua waiho ʻia ke ala a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o hoʻokahi kilomita, kahi i hoʻokau ʻia kahi wahi kaʻa nui. ʻAe ʻia nā hele wāwae ma ke kuahiwi i kekahi mau manawa a me nā ala i kau ʻia.
