ʻO Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - Palani akeakamai, makemakika, mīkini, physicist a me ka physiologist, mea hana i ka geometry anamanaʻo a me nā hōʻailona algebraic o kēia manawa, ka mea kākau o ke ʻano o ke kanalua kānalua i ke akeakamai, ka hana i loko o ka physics, ka mea mua o ka reflexology.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Descartes, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou he moʻolelo pōkole o Rene Descartes.
Kawaihae o Descartes
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo René Descartes ma ke kūlanakauhale Lae o Palani ma ka lā 31 Malaki 1596. He mea hoihoi no ka mea ma hope e kapa ʻia kēia kūlanakauhale ʻo Descartes.
ʻO ka mea akeakamai i ka wā e hiki mai ana mai kahi ʻohana hanohano kahiko, akā ʻilihune. Hoʻohui iā ia, he 2 mau keiki kāne hou a ko Rene mau mākua.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua ulu aʻe ʻo Descartes a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o Judge Joaquim a me kāna wahine ʻo Jeanne Brochard. I ka hala ʻana o Rene i hoʻokahi makahiki, ua hala kona makuahine.
Ma muli o ka hana a kona makuakāne ma Rennes, ʻaʻole iki ʻo ia i ka home. No kēia kumu, hānai ʻia ke keikikāne e kona kupunawahine makuahine.
He keiki nāwaliwali loa ʻo Descartes. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻiʻini nui ʻo ia i ka ʻike like ʻole a aloha nui i ka ʻepekema a ua kāhea ke poʻo o ka ʻohana iā ia "ke akeakamai liʻiliʻi."
Ua loaʻa i ke keiki kāna aʻo mua ma ke koleke ʻo Iesūta ʻo La Flèche, kahi i kau nui ʻia ai ke aʻo ʻana i ka theology.
He pīhoihoi ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike haipule iā Rene, ʻo ka nui o ka kānalua e pili ana i ka poʻe akeakamai kaulana o ia manawa.
I ka makahiki 16, ua puka ʻo Descartes mai ke koleke, a ma hope ua aʻo ʻo ia i ke kānāwai no kekahi manawa ma Poitiers. Lilo i ke kēkelē laepua, ua hele ke kāne ʻōpio i Palisa, kahi i komo ai i ka pūʻali koa. Ua hakakā ʻo René ma Holland, a ua hakakā no kona kūʻokoʻa, a ua komo pū kekahi i ke kaua pōkole no Prague.
I loko o kēlā manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hui ʻo Descartes i ke akeakamai kaulana a me ka makemakika ʻo Isaac Beckmann, nāna i hoʻohuli aʻe i kāna hoʻomohala hou ʻana i ka pilikino.
I ka hoʻi ʻana i Palisa, ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia ʻo Rene e ka Jesuits, ka mea nāna i hōʻino iā ia no ka manaʻo manuahi a hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka heresy. No kēia kumu, ua koi ʻia ka mea akeakamai e haʻalele i kona ʻāina hānau ʻo Palani. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Holani, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻepekema.
Akeakamai
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke akeakamai o Descartes ma ka dualism - kahi manaʻo i haʻi ʻia i 2 mau loina, kūlike ʻole me kekahi a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
Manaʻo ʻo Rene aia kekahi mau mea kūʻokoʻa 2 - kūpono a me nā mea. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o 2 ʻano o nā mea - noʻonoʻo a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Descartes ʻo ke Akua ka mea nāna i hana i nā ʻano ʻelua. Ua hana ʻo ia iā lākou e like me nā kumu a me nā kānāwai like.
Ua noi ka ʻepekema e ʻike i ka honua a puni mākou ma o ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana. I ka manawa like, ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka noʻonoʻo o ke kanaka he kīnā ʻole a haʻahaʻa loa i ka manaʻo hemolele o ka Mea nāna i hana.
Ua lilo nā manaʻo o Descartes i ke kahua o ka ʻike i kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka rationalism.
No ka ʻike i kekahi mea, nīnau pinepine kahi kāne i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia. Ua ola kāna ʻōlelo kaulana a hiki i kēia lā: "Manaʻo wau - no laila, ke ola nei wau."
Kaʻina Descartes
Manaʻo ka ʻepekema he mea kūpono ka ʻike no ka noʻonoʻo wale i kēlā mau hihia ke hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e ka noʻonoʻo wale ʻana. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hōʻemi ʻo ia i nā ala nui ʻehā e ʻike ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
- Pono kekahi e hoʻomaka mai ka mea maopopo loa, ma mua o ka kānalua.
- Pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi nīnau i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e koi ʻia no kāna hopena huahana.
- Pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka me ka mea maʻalahi, neʻe i ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
- I kēlā me kēia pae, koi ʻia e hōʻoia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā hopena i huki ʻia i mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka pahuhopu i ka hopena o ke aʻo ʻana.
Hōʻike nā biographers a Descartes i kēia mau lula, ka mea i pili mau i ka mea akeakamai i ke kākau ʻana i kāna mau hana, hōʻike maopopo i ka makemake o ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa o ka kenekulia 17 e haʻalele i nā lula i hoʻokumu ʻia a kūkulu i kahi ʻepekema maikaʻi, kūpono a kikoʻī hoʻi.
Makemakika a me ke kālaikūlohea
ʻO ka hana akeakamai a me ka makemakika koʻikoʻi o Rene Descartes i manaʻo ʻia he Discourse on Method. Hōʻike ia i nā kumu o ka geometry analitika, a me nā lula no ke aʻo ʻana i nā hāmeʻa optic a me nā phenomena.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka ʻepekema ka mea mua nāna i hoʻokele pono e hana pono i ke kānāwai o ka refaction light. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o ka exponent - ke dash over o ka huaʻōlelo i lawe ʻia ma lalo o ke aʻa, e hoʻomaka ana e hōʻike i nā helu ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā hōʻailona - "x, y, z", a me nā mea mau - e nā hōʻailona "a, b, c".
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo René Descartes i ke ʻano canonical o nā hoʻohālikelike, i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia mau lā e hoʻonā i nā pilikia. Ua hoʻomalu ʻo ia i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i hāʻawi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka physics a me ka makemakika.
Ua nānā nui ʻo Descartes i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hana algebraic a me "mechanical", e kuhikuhi ana ʻaʻohe ala hoʻokahi e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā hana transcendental.
Ua aʻo ke kāne i nā helu maoli, a ma hope hōʻike i ka hoihoi i nā helu paʻakikī. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo o nā aʻa manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia me ka manaʻo o nā helu paʻakikī.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hana a René Descartes e kekahi o nā ʻepekema ʻoi loa o ia manawa. ʻO kāna mau ʻike i hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka hana ʻepekema o Euler a me Newton, a me nā makemakika he nui ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia nō ʻo Descartes i hōʻoia i ka noho ʻana o ke Akua mai kahi manaʻo ʻepekema, e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia e pili ana i ke ola pilikino o ka mea akeakamai. ʻAe kekahi mau mea kākau moʻolelo o Descartes ʻaʻole ʻo ia i male.
I ka wā makua, aloha ke kāne i kahi kauā, a hāpai ʻo ia iā ia a hānau ʻia kahi kaikamahine ʻo Francine. Ua aloha ʻo Rene i kāna kaikamahine ʻē i ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, ka mea i make i ka maʻi ʻulaʻula i ka makahiki 5.
ʻO ka make ʻana o Francine kahi hōʻeha maoli no Descartes a me ka pōʻino nui loa i kona ola.
Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā poʻe o ka makemakika ma ke kaiāulu ua haʻaheo a laconic ʻo ia. Makemake ʻo ia e noho hoʻokahi me ia iho, akā i ka hui o nā hoaaloha hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaha a me ka hana i ke kamaʻilio.
Make
I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia ʻo Descartes no kona noʻonoʻo manuahi a me kāna hana hou i ka ʻepekema.
I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua noho ka ʻepekema ma Stockholm, e ʻae ana i kahi kono mai ka Kuini Kuekene Christina. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma mua o ka lōʻihi o kā lākou leka uila ʻana i nā kumuhana like ʻole.
ʻAneʻane ma hope koke iho o ka neʻe ʻana i Suedena, ua loaʻa i ke akeakamai kahi anuanu maikaʻi a make. Ua make ʻo René Descartes ma Pepeluali 11, 1650 i ka makahiki 53.
I kēia lā aia kahi mana e like me ka mea i make ai ʻo Descartes me ka arsenic. ʻO nā mea nāna i hoʻomaka i kāna pepehi kanaka hiki ke lilo i mau ʻākena o ka hale pule Katolika, ka mea i hoʻowahāwahā iā ia.
Ma hope koke iho o ka make ʻana o René Descartes, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kāna mau hana i loko o ka "Index of Forbidden Books", a ua kauoha ʻo Louis XIV e pāpā i ke aʻo ʻana i kona akeakamai i nā hale aʻo a pau ma Palani.
Nā kiʻi na Descartes
