ʻO Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - Kelemānia makemakika, mīkini, physicist, astronomer a me ana. ʻO kekahi o nā makemakika nui loa i ka mōʻaukala o nā kānaka, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ke aliʻi o nā makemakika".
Laureate o ka Medal Copley, he haole lālā o ka Kuekene a me St. Petersburg Academies of Science, ka English Royal Society.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia ma kā Biuala moʻolelo pilikino, a mākou e kūkākūkā ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou ka moʻolelo pilikino o Karl Gauss.
Gauss moʻolelo moʻomanaʻo
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Karl Gauss ma ka lā 30 ʻApelila 1777 ma ke kūlanakauhale Kelemania ʻo Göttingen. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana maʻalahi a heluhelu ʻole.
ʻO ka makuakāne o ka makemakika, ʻo Gebhard Dietrich Gauss, i hana ma ke ʻano he māla a me ka mea hana brick, a ʻo kona makuahine, ʻo Dorothea Benz, ke kaikamahine a ka mea kūkulu hale.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Karl Gauss e hōʻike i ka hiki i ka wā ʻōpio. I ka wā he 3 mau makahiki o ke keiki, ua akamai ʻo ia i ka heluhelu a me ke kākau ʻana.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka makahiki 3, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Karl i nā hewa a kona makuakāne i kona wā i unuhi ai a i hoʻohui ai i nā helu.
Hana ke keikikāne i nā helu like ʻole i kona poʻo me ka maʻalahi kupaianaha, me ka ʻole o ka helu ʻana a me nā hāmeʻa ʻē aʻe.
Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua lilo ʻo Martin Bartels i kumu na Gauss, nāna e aʻo iā Nikolai Lobachevsky. Ua ʻike koke ʻo ia i ke kālena launa ʻole ma loko o ke keiki a hiki ke loaʻa iā ia kahi haumana.
Mahalo i kēia, ua hiki iā Karl ke puka kula mai ke koleke āna i aʻo ai i ka manawa 1792-1795.
I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hoihoi ka moʻomeheu o ke kanaka ʻōpio wale nō i ka makemakika, akā i ka moʻokalaleo, ka heluhelu ʻana i nā hana Pelekane a me Palani ma ke kumu. Eia hou, ua ʻike maopopo ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo Lākina, kahi i kākau ai i kāna mau hana he nui.
I kona mau makahiki haumāna, ua noiʻi nui ʻo Karl Gauss i nā hana a Newton, Euler a me Lagrange. ʻOiai ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ke kānāwai o ka pānaʻi like ʻana o nā koena quadratic, ka mea hiki ʻole iā Euler ke hana.
Eia kekahi, ua alakaʻi ke kanaka i ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula o ka "mahele maʻamau o nā hewa."
Ka hana ʻepekema
I ka makahiki 1795 ua komo ʻo Karl i ke Kulanui o Göttingen, kahi i aʻo ai no 3 mau makahiki. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hana ʻo ia i nā ʻike like ʻole.
Ua hiki iā Gauss ke kūkulu i 17-gon me kahi panana a me kahi lula, a ua hoʻoholo i ka pilikia o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā polygons maʻamau. I ka manawa like, makemake ʻo ia i nā hana elliptic, ka geometry non-Euclidean a me nā quaternions, āna i ʻike ai 30 mau makahiki ma mua o Hamilton.
ʻOiai e kākau ana i kāna mau hana, ua wehewehe mau ʻo Karl Gauss i kāna mau manaʻo i ke kikoʻī, e hōʻalo nei i nā formact abstract a me nā ʻōlelo haʻahaʻa.
I 1801 ua paʻi ka makemakika i kāna hana kaulana ʻO Arithmetic Investigations. Uhi ʻia i nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole o ka makemakika, me ke kumumanaʻo helu.
I kēlā manawa ua lilo ʻo Gauss i mea kōkua polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Braunschweig, a ma hope ua koho ʻia i lālā like o ka St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
I ka makahiki 24, ua ulu ʻo Karl i ka hoihoi i ka hōkū. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā mekanika lani, nā kaho o nā paneta liʻiliʻi a me nā mea pili ʻole. Ua hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i kahi ala e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea orbital mai 3 mau ʻike piha.
Ma hope koke iho, ua kamaʻilio ʻia ʻo Gauss e pili ana i ka holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa. Ua kono aku nā mokuʻāina he nui iā ia e hana, e like me Lūkia.
Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo Karl i polopeka ma Göttingen a ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i poʻo no ka Observatory Göttingen.
I ka makahiki 1809, ua hoʻopau ke kāne i kahi hana hou, nona ke poʻo inoa "Theory of the motion of lani kino." I loko o ia mea, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā kikoʻī i ke kumumanaʻo canonical o ka helu ʻana i nā perturbations orbital.
I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Gauss i ka Paris Academy of Science Prize a me ka Royal Society of London Gold Medal. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kāna mau helu a me nā theorem a puni ka honua, e kāhea ana iā ia "ke aliʻi o ka makemakika".
I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hoʻomau ʻo Karl Gauss e hana i nā mea hou. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i ka moʻo hypergeometric a ua hele mai me ka hōʻoia mua o ka theorem nui o ka algebra.
I ka makahiki 1820 ua ana ʻo Gauss iā Hanover me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau hana kauhau hou. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo ia i hoʻokumu i ka geodesy kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi huaʻōlelo hou i ka ʻepekema - "Gaussian curvature".
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Karl i ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka geometry ʻokoʻa. I 1824 ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i lālā lālā o ka St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
I ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua ʻike ka makemakika i nā helu helu paʻakikī ʻo Gaussian, a ma hope ua paʻi ʻia kekahi puke ʻē aʻe "Ma ke kānāwai laulā hou o ka mīkini", a he nui nā manaʻomanaʻo hou, nā manaʻo a me nā helu kumu.
Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hui ʻo Karl Gauss i ke keiki physicist Wilhelm Weber, me ia i aʻo ʻia ai i ka electromagnetism. Hoʻokumu nā ʻepekema i ka telegraph uila a alakaʻi i kahi moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua.
I ka 1839, ua aʻo kahi kāne 62 makahiki i ka Lūkini. Ua ʻōlelo ka hapa nui o kāna mea kākau moʻolelo ua haku ʻo ia i ka Lūkini no ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa mai iā Lobachevsky, kahi āna i ʻōlelo nui ai.
Ma hope mai, ua kākau ʻo Karl i nā hana he 2 - "Ke kumumanaʻo laulā o nā ikaika o ka hoʻokipa a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana, hana kūlike ʻole i ka square o ka mamao" a me "Diopter noiʻi"
Ua pīhoihoi nā hoa hana o Gauss i kāna hana kupaianaha a me kāna tālena makemakika. I kēlā me kēia kahua āna i hana ai, ua hiki iā ia ke hana i nā mea i loaʻa ma nā wahi āpau a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea i kū i kēia wā.
ʻAʻole hoʻolaha ʻo Karl i nā manaʻo āna i manaʻo ai he "maka" a hoʻopau ʻole paha. Ma muli o ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana o ka hapa nui o kāna mau ʻike ponoʻī, aia ʻo ia ma mua o nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā hana ʻepekema o Karl Gauss i hoʻolilo iā ia i kiʻi i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia ma ke kula makemakika a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka anakahi no ke ana ʻana i ka hoʻokomo magnet i ka ʻōnaehana CGS, kahi ʻōnaehana no ke ana ʻana i nā nui electromagnetic, a ʻo kekahi o nā mea nui astronomical, ka Gaussian mau, i kapa ʻia i kona hanohano.
Ke ola pilikino
Ua male ʻo Karl i ka makahiki 28 he kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Johanna Osthof. I kēia male ʻana, ua hānau ʻia he ʻekolu mau keiki, a he ʻelua i ola - ʻo ke keikikāne ʻo Iosepa a me ke kaikamahine ʻo Minna.
Ua hala ka wahine a Gauss i 4 mau makahiki ma hope o ka male ʻana, ma hope koke iho o ka hānau ʻana o kā lāua keiki ʻekolu.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua male ka ʻepekema iā Wilhelmina Waldeck, kahi hoa aloha o kāna wahine i hala. I kēia hui ʻana, ua hānau he ʻekolu mau keiki hou aʻe.
Ma hope o 21 mau makahiki o ka male, ua make ʻo Wilhelmina. Ua paʻakikī ʻo Gauss i ka haʻalele ʻana i kāna mea i aloha ai, ma muli o ka hopena ua ulu ʻo ia i ka hiamoe nui.
Make
Ua make ʻo Karl Gauss ma ka lā 23 Pepeluali 1855 ma Göttingen i ka makahiki 77. No kāna hāʻawi nui i ka ʻepekema, ua kauoha ke aliʻi nui o Hanover, George 5, i ka palapala ʻana i kahi mekala e hōʻike ana i ka makemakika nui.
Nā Kiʻi Gauss
