ʻO Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1823-1870) - Kumu Lūkini, mea kākau, mea hoʻokumu o ka pedagogy ʻepekema ma Lūkia. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi ʻōnaehana pedagogical maikaʻi, a ua lilo i mea kākau o kekahi mau hana ʻepekema a me nā hana a nā keiki.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Ushinsky, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Konstantin Ushinsky.
Kawaihae o Ushinsky
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky ma Pepeluali 19 (Malaki 3) 1823 ma Tula. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi luna hoʻomaha loa a me ka luna Dmitry Grigorievich a me kāna wahine ʻo Lyubov Stepanovna.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻAneʻane ma hope koke iho o ka hānau ʻana o Konstantin, ua koho ʻia kona makuakāne i luna kānāwai i ke kaona liʻiliʻi ʻo Novgorod-Seversky (ka moku ʻo Chernigov). ʻO ka hopena, ma aneʻi i hala ka wā kamaliʻi a pau o ke kumu e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka ulia pōpilikia mua ma kā Biohinsky moʻolelo pilikino i ka makahiki 11 - ua make kona makuahine, ka mea i aloha i kāna keiki kāne a ua komo i kāna aʻo ʻana. Mahalo i ka hoʻomākaukau home maikaʻi, ʻaʻole paʻakikī no ke keikikāne e komo i ka hale haʻuki a, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka papa 3 koke.
Ua ʻōlelo nui ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky i ke alakaʻi o ka hale hoʻoikaika kino, ʻo Ilya Timkovsky. Wahi a ia, ua pīhoihoi maoli ke kanaka i ka ʻepekema a ua hoʻāʻo e hana i nā mea āpau e hiki ai i nā haumāna ke loaʻa ke aʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka palapala hōʻoia, ua komo ke keiki he 17 makahiki i ke Kulanui ʻo Moscow, e koho ana i ka ʻāpana kū kānāwai. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hoihoi i ka akeakamai, jurisprudence a me nā palapala. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala puka, ua noho ke kāne ma kona kulanui home e hoʻomākaukau no kahi ʻoihana.
I kēlā mau makahiki, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Ushinsky i nā pilikia o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā makaʻāinana, ka poʻe no ka hapa nui i hoʻomau i ka heluhelu ʻole. I ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Konstantin i moho no nā ʻepekema loio, ua hele ʻo ia i Yaroslavl, kahi i ka makahiki 1846 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo ma ka Demidov Lyceum.
Maʻalahi loa ka pilina ma waena o nā kumu a me nā haumāna a me ka ʻoluʻolu. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Ushinsky e hōʻalo i nā hana like ʻole i loko o ka lumi papa, kahi i hoʻonāukiuki ai ka huhū ma waena o ke alakaʻi o ka lyceum. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kiaʻi malū ma luna ona.
Ma muli o ka hoʻohewa pinepine ʻana a me nā hakakā me kāna poʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Konstantin Dmitrievich e haʻalele i ka Lyceum i ka makahiki 1849. I nā makahiki i hala aku o kāna moʻolelo pilikanaka, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ola ma ka unuhi ʻana i nā ʻatikala haole a me nā loiloi i nā paʻi.
Ma ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ushinsky e haʻalele i St. Ma laila ʻo ia i hana ai ma ke ʻano he luna liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻOihana o ka ʻUhane a me nā Haole ʻessionslelo ʻē, a ua hana pū pū kekahi me nā puke Sovremennik a me ka Waihona Puke no ka Heluhelu ʻana.
ʻAglelo Aʻoaʻo
I ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Ushinsky i 31, ua kōkua ʻia ʻo ia e loaʻa kahi hana ma ka Gatchina Orphanage Institute, kahi i aʻo ai ʻo ia i nā puke Lūkini. Ua kū ʻo ia i ka hana o ke aʻo ʻana i nā haumāna i ka ʻuhane o ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka "mōʻī a me ka ʻāina makua."
Ma ke keʻena, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā kaʻina koʻikoʻi, ua hana lākou i ka aʻo ʻana i nā luna kūpono. Ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā haumāna no ka hana hewa iki. Eia hou, ua hōʻino nā haumāna kekahi i kekahi, ma muli o kahi pilina anuanu ma waena o lākou.
Ma kahi o ʻeono mau mahina ma hope mai, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Ushinsky i ke kūlana o ka luna nānā. I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mana ākea, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻonohonoho i ke kaʻina hana aʻo i mea e nalowale ai ka hōʻino ʻana, ka ʻaihue a me kekahi inaina.
Ma hope koke iho ua ʻike ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky i ka waihona o kekahi o nā mākaʻi mua o ke kula nui. Loaʻa iā ia he nui o nā hana pedagogical i hana i kahi manaʻo paʻa ʻole i ke kāne.
ʻO ka ʻike i loaʻa mai kēia mau puke i hoʻouluulu iā Ushinsky no laila hoʻoholo ʻo ia e kākau i kāna ʻike i ke aʻo. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o kekahi o nā hana maikaʻi loa ma ka pedagogy - "Ma nā pono o ka Pedagogical Literature", ka mea i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano maoli i loko o ke kaiāulu.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahalo nui ʻia, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky e paʻi i nā ʻatikala ma ka "Journal for Education", "Contemporary" a me "Library for Reading".
I ka makahiki 1859, ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kumu i ke kūlana o ka luna nānā papa ma ka Smolny Institute no Noble Maidens, kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā loli maikaʻi. Ma kahi kikoʻī, ua hoʻokō ʻo Ushinsky i ka hoʻopau ʻia o ka mahele kaiapili ma waena o nā haumāna - i loko o ka "hanohano" a me ka "ignoble". ʻO ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻohana bourgeois.
Ua koi aku ua kāne nei e aʻo ʻia nā ʻano hoʻopaʻi ma ka Lūkini. Ua wehe ʻo ia i kahi papa hana aʻo, mahalo i hiki i nā haumāna ke lilo i mau kumu aʻo kūpono. Ua ʻae ʻo ia i nā kaikamahine e kipa i ko lākou mau ʻohana i ka wā hoʻomaha a me nā lā nui.
ʻO Ushinsky ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻolauna o nā hālāwai o nā mea aʻo, e kūkākūkā ana i nā kumuhana like ʻole a me nā manaʻo holomua i ke ʻano o ka naʻauao. Ma o kēia mau hālāwai, hiki i nā kumu ke ʻike i kekahi i kekahi a kaʻana like i ko lākou mau manaʻo.
He mana nui ko Konstantin Ushinsky ma waena o nā hoapili a me nā haumāna, akā ʻaʻole makemake ʻia nā manaʻo hou i ke alakaʻi ʻana o ke kulanui. No laila, i mea e hoʻopau ai i kāna hoa hana "kūpono", ma 1862 ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi ʻoihana i nā ʻāina ʻē no 5 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole i lilo ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻē no Ushinsky. Ua kipa aku ʻo ia i nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa, e nānā ana i nā ʻano kula ʻokoʻa - kindergartens, kula a me nā keiki makua ʻole. Ua kaʻanalike mai ʻo ia i kāna mau mea i ʻike ai i loko o nā puke ʻo "Native Word" a me "World Children's".
ʻAʻole e nalowale kēia mau hana i kā lākou pilina i kēia lā, ke kūpaʻa ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa haneli paʻi hou. Ma waho aʻe o nā hana ʻepekema, ua lilo ʻo Konstantin Dmitrievich i mea kākau o nā moʻolelo kaʻao a me nā moʻolelo no nā keiki. ʻO kāna hana ʻepekema nui hope loa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Man as a subject of education, the experience of pedagogical anthropology." Loaʻa iā ia he 3 puke, ʻo ka mea hope i koe i paʻa ʻole.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻO ka wahine a Ushinsky ʻo Nadezhda Doroshenko, ka mea āna i ʻike ai mai kona wā ʻōpio. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻōpio e mare i ka makahiki 1851. I kēia male, he ʻeono mau keiki a ka wahine: Pavel, Vladimir, Konstantin, Vera, Olga a me Nadezhda.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka mau kaikamahine a Ushinsky i hoʻomau i ka ʻoihana a ko lākou makuakāne, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā ʻoihana aʻo.
Make
I nā makahiki hope o kona ola ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Konstantin Dmitrievich i ʻike ākea ākea. Ua kono ʻia ʻo ia e komo i nā ʻaha kūkā ʻoihana a hōʻike i kona mau manaʻo i ka poʻe. I ka manawa like, hoʻomau ʻo ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna ʻōnaehana aʻo.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hele ke kāne i ka Crimea no ka lapaʻau ʻana, akā ua loaʻa ke anu i ke ala e hele aku ai i ka peninsula. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e noho no ka lapaʻau ʻana ma Odessa, kahi i make ai ma hope. Ua make ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky ma Kekemapa 22, 1870 (Ianuali 3, 1871) i ka makahiki 47.
Nā kiʻi Ushinsky