ʻO Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa - Physicist Soviet, ʻenekinia a me nā mea hoʻolale. V. Lomonosov (1959). He lālā ʻo ia no ka USSR Academy of Science, ka Royal Society of London a me ka US National Academy of Science. Chevalier o 6 mau Kauoha a Lenin.
Nui nā mea hoihoi i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Pyotr Kapitsa e hoʻopūʻiwa ai iā ʻoe.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Peter Kapitsa.
ʻO Biography o Peter Kapitsa
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Petr Kapitsa ma Iune 26 (Iulai 8) 1894 ma Kronstadt. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana aʻo.
ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Leonid Petrovich, he ʻenekini pūʻali koa, a ʻo kona makuahine ʻo Olga Ieronimovna, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo folklore a me nā keiki.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
I ka piha ʻana o 11 mau makahiki iā Peter, ua hoʻouna kona mau mākua iā ia i ka hale haʻuki. ʻO ka kumuhana paʻakikī loa no ke keikikāne ka Lākina, ka mea hiki ʻole iā ia ke haku.
No kēia kumu, ua hoʻohuli ʻo Kapitsa i ke Kronstadt School. Ma aneʻi i loaʻa iā ia nā māka kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau, puka puka me ka hanohano.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua noʻonoʻo nui ke kanaka ʻōpio i kona ola e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hopena, ua komo ʻo ia i ka St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute ma ke Keʻena ʻo Electromekanika.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hana ka haumāna loea i ka physicist kaulana ʻo Abram Ioffe e hoʻolohe iā ia iho. Ua hāʻawi ke kumu iā ia i kahi hana ma kāna keʻena hoʻokolohua.
Ua hana ʻo Ioffe i ka mea maikaʻi loa e hoʻolilo iā Pyotr Kapitsa i loea i loea loa. Eia kekahi, i ka makahiki 1914 ua kōkua ʻo ia iā ia e haʻalele no Sekotia. Ma kēia ʻāina i hopu ʻia ai ka haumāna e ke Kaua Honua Mua (1914-1918).
Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina, ua hiki ʻo Kapitsa e hoʻi i ka home, a ma hope ua hele ʻo ia i mua. Ua hana ka ʻōpio physicist ma ke ʻano he kalaiwa i kahi kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa.
I ka makahiki 1916, ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Pyotr Kapitsa, a laila hoʻi ʻo ia i St. Petersburg, kahi i hoʻomau ai ʻo ia i ka hana ʻepekema. I loko o kēlā manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino i paʻi ʻia ai kāna ʻatikala mua.
Ka hana ʻepekema
Ma mua o ka pale ʻana i kāna palapala puka, ua ʻike ʻo Ioffe ua hana ʻo Peter ma ka Roentgenological and Radiological Institute. Eia hou, ua kōkua ke alakaʻi iā ia e hele i nā ʻāina ʻē i mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike hou.
He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā manawa he hana paʻakikī loa e loaʻa ka ʻae e huakaʻi i nā ʻāina ʻē. Mahalo wale i ka hana a Maxim Gorky, ʻae ʻia ʻo Kapitsa e hele i Pelekane Nui.
Ma Beritania, ua lilo kahi haumāna Lūkini i limahana o ka Cavendish Laboratory. ʻO kāna alakaʻi ʻo ia ka physicist nui ʻo Ernest Rutherford. Ma hope o 2 mau mahina, he limahana ʻo Peter ma Cambridge.
I kēlā me kēia lā ua hoʻomohala ka ʻepekema ʻōpio i kāna mau talena, e hōʻike ana i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike theoretical a me ka hana. Hoʻomaka ʻo Kapitsa e hoʻokolokolo hohonu i ka hana o superstrong magnetic field, e hana nei i nā hoʻokolohua he nui.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana mua a ka physicist ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka manawa manamana o kahi ʻoma i loko o kahi māno ʻume mākea inhomogeneous, pū me Nikolai Semenov. Ua loaʻa ka noiʻi ma ka hoʻokolohua Stern-Gerlach.
I ka makahiki 28, ua kūleʻa ʻo Pyotr Kapitsa i kāna pepa kauka, a 3 mau makahiki ma hope ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo ia i hope alakaʻi o ka keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka noiʻi ʻume mākenēki.
Ma hope, he lālā ʻo Peter Leonidovich o ka Royal Society of London. I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i nā hoʻololi nukelea a me ka palaho radioactive.
Hoʻokele ʻo Kapitsa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā pono hana e ʻae ai i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā māla mana ikaika. ʻO ka hopena, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā hana kiʻekiʻe ma kēia wahi, ʻoi aku i nā mea ma mua ona.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia nā hana a ka ʻepekema Lūkia i ʻike ʻia e Lev Landau ponoʻī.
No ka hoʻomau ʻana i kāna hana, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Pyotr Kapitsa e hoʻi i Lūkia, ʻoiai ua koi ʻia nā kūlana kūpono no ke aʻo ʻana i ka physics haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Ua hauʻoli nā mana Soviet i ka hoʻi ʻana mai o ka ʻepekema. Eia naʻe, ua kau ʻo Kapitsa i hoʻokahi kūlana: e ʻae iā ia e haʻalele i ka Soviet Union i kēlā me kēia manawa.
Ua ʻike koke ʻia ua kāpae ke aupuni Soviet iā Peter Kapitsa visa Pelekane. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe ona kuleana e haʻalele iā Lūkia.
Ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻepekema Pelekane i nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻohuli i nā hana pono ʻole a ke alakaʻi Soviet, akā ʻaʻole kūleʻa kā lākou mau hoʻāʻo ʻana a pau.
Ma 1935, ua lilo ʻo Petr Leonidovich i poʻo no ka Institute for Physical Problems ma ka Russian Academy of Science. Ua aloha nui ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema ʻaʻole ka mea hoʻopunipuni a nā mana Soviet i hoʻokū iā ia i kāna hana.
Ua noi ʻo Kapitsa i nā pono hana āna i hana ai ma ʻEnelani. Ua haʻalele i ka mea e hana nei, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Rutherford ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā pono hana i ka Soviet Union.
Hoʻomau ka mea kālaiʻike i nā hoʻokolohua i ke kahua o nā māla ikaika ikaika. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i ka turbine o ka hoʻouka ʻana, mahalo i hoʻonui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka liquefaction ea. Hōʻoluʻolu ʻia ʻo Helium i kahi expander.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ka hoʻohana ʻia o ia ʻano pono ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēia lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka moʻolelo pilikino o Pyotr Kapitsa ka hanana o ka helium superfluidity.
ʻO ka nele o ka viscosity o ka mea i nā mahana ma lalo o 2 ° C kahi hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. No laila, kū aʻe ka physics o nā wai kuantum.
Ua ukali loa nā luna Soviet i ka hana a ka ʻepekema. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia e komo i ka hana ʻana o ka pōpoki atomic.
He mea nui e hoʻokūpaʻa ua hōʻole ʻo Petr Kapitsa e hana pū, ʻoiai nā noi e pono ai nona. ʻO ka hopena, ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hana ʻepekema a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i 8 mau makahiki o ka paʻa hale.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Kapitsa e hōʻea i nā mea e hana nei. Koke hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ma kona dacha. Ma laila ʻo ia i alakaʻi ai i nā hoʻokolohua a hoʻopaʻa i ka ikehu thermonuclear.
Ua hiki iā Pyotr Kapitsa ke hoʻomaka hou i kāna hana ʻepekema ma hope wale nō o ka make ʻana o Stalin. I kēlā manawa e aʻo ana ʻo ia i ka pāmahana pāmahana kiʻekiʻe.
Ma hope, ma ke kumu o nā hana a ka physicist, kūkulu ʻia kahi reactor thermonuclear. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoihoi ʻo Kapitsa i nā waiwai o ka uila pōpō, nā mīkini uila a me ka plasma.
I ka makahiki 71, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Pyotr Kapitsa i ka mekala Niels Bohr, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia ma Denmark. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua laki ʻo ia e kipa aku iā ʻAmelika.
Ma 1978 ua loaʻa ʻo Kapitsa i ka Nobel Prize in Physics no kāna noiʻi ʻana i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
Ua kapa ʻia ka physicist "Kapitsa's pendulum" - kahi hanana mechanical e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa ma waho o nā kūlana kaulike. Hōʻike ka hopena Kapitza-Dirac i ka lūlū ʻana o nā electron i kahi o kahi nalu electromagnetic.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻO ka wahine mua a Peter ʻo Nadezhda Chernosvitova, āna i male ai i ka makahiki 22. I loko o kēia male, he kāne kā lāua kāne ʻo Jerome a me kahi kaikamahine ʻo Nadezhda.
Ke holo maikaʻi nei nā mea āpau a hiki i ka manawa i maʻi ai ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ʻo Kapitsa, i ka maʻi flu Spanish. ʻO ka hopena, ua make kāna wahine a me kāna mau keiki ʻelua mai kēia maʻi weliweli.
Ua kōkua ʻia ʻo Peter Kapitsa e ola i kēia pōpilikia e kona makuahine, nāna i hana i nā mea āpau e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o kāna keiki.
I ka hāʻule o 1926, ua hālāwai ka physicist iā Anna Krylova, ʻo ia ke kaikamahine a kekahi o kāna mau hoa. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka hoihoi pū, no ka hopena a lākou i hoʻoholo ai e male i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.
I kēia male, he 2 mau keiki kāne a ka wahine - ʻo Sergey lāua ʻo Andrey. Me Anna, ua ola ʻo Peter i 57 mau makahiki. No kāna kāne, ʻaʻole ka wahine he wahine pono wale nō, akā he mea kōkua pū kekahi i kāna hana ʻepekema.
I kona manawa kaʻawale, makemake nui ʻo Kapitsa i ka chess, ka hana uaki a me ke kamana.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Peter Leonidovich e ukali i ke kaila āna i hoʻomohala ai i kona wā e ola ana ma Pelekane Nui. Ua lilo ʻo ia i ka paka a makemake ʻo ia e komo i nā lole tweed.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua noho ʻo Kapitsa i kahi hale kaila Pelekane.
Make
A hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, ua hōʻike ka ʻepekema Lūkini i ka hoihoi i ka ʻepekema. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hana i ka hale hana a me ke poʻo i ka Institute for Physical Problems.
He mau pule ʻelua ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua loaʻa ka maʻi ahulau i ka ʻumekula. Ua make ʻo Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa i ka lā 8 ʻApelila 1984, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻole i ka makahiki 89.
I loko o kona ola, he mea hakakā ka physicist no ka maluhia. Kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻepekema Lūkia a me ʻAmelika. I ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia, ua hoʻokumu ka Russian Academy of Science i ka mekala gula P. L. Kapitsa.
Nā kiʻi na Petr Kapitsa
