ʻO Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - Palani mea kākau, akeakamai, mea aʻo a mea hana keaka, nāna i hoʻokumu i ka "Encyclopedia, a i ʻole Explanatory Dictionary of Science, Arts and Crafts." ʻO ka lālā hanohano haole o ka St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Diderot, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou he moʻolelo pōkole o Denis Diderot.
Kawaihae o Diderot
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Denis Diderot ma ka lā 5 ʻOkakopa 1713 ma ke kūlanakauhale Palani ʻo Langres. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka waiter poʻo ʻo Didier Diderot a me kāna wahine ʻo Angelica Wigneron. Ma waho o Denis, he 5 mau keiki hou a kona mau mākua, a ua make he ʻelua o lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻōpio.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
I ka wā kamaliʻi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Diderot e hōʻike i nā mākaukau maikaʻi loa e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa. Makemake nā mākua i kā lāua keiki e hoʻohui i kona ola me ka hale pule.
I ka manawa ma kahi o 13 mau makahiki ʻo Denis, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ka Lyceum Katolika, nāna i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā kāhuna pule i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma hope ua lilo ʻo ia i haumana ma ke Kula Nui ʻo Jesuit ma Langres, kahi i loaʻa ai iā ia kahi Master of Arts in Philosophy.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomau ʻo Denis Diderot i kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui dʻArcourt ma ke Kulanui o Palisa. I ka makahiki 22, hōʻole ʻo ia e komo i ke kahunapule, hoʻoholo e alualu i kahi kēkelē kānāwai. Eia naʻe, ua lilo koke kona hoihoi i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kānāwai.
I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, makemake ʻo Diderot e lilo i mea kākau a me ka mea unuhi. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi no ka hōʻole ʻana e lawe i kekahi o nā ʻoihana naʻauao, hōʻole kona makuakāne iā ia. I ka makahiki 1749, lilo ʻo Denis i ka hopohopo me ka haipule.
Ma muli paha o ka make ʻana o kona kaikuahine aloha ʻo Angelica, ka mea i lilo i nun, no ka hana nui i ka wā o ka hana akua ma ka luakini.
Nā puke a me ka hale keaka
I nā makahiki 1940 mua, ua pili ʻo Denis Diderot i ka unuhi ʻana i nā hana Pelekane i ka ʻōlelo Palani. I ka makahiki 1746 ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna puke mua, Nā Manaʻo Philosophical. I loko o ia mea, ua kūkākūkā ka mea kākau i ka hoʻolaulea o ke kumu me ka manaʻo.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Denis me ka ʻole o ke aʻo, e luku ka manaʻo, akā no ke kumu e pono ai ka kaohi. He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo he kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka deism - kahi ʻano haipule a me ke akeakamai e hoʻomaopopo i ka noho ʻana o ke Akua a me ka hana ʻana o ka honua e ia, akā hōʻole i ka hapa nui o nā hanana kupua a me ka mystical, hōʻike Akua a me ka dogmatism hoʻomana.
ʻO ka hopena, i kēia hana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Diderot i nā manaʻo he nui e hōʻino ana i ka hoʻomaloka a me ka hoʻomana Kalikiano. ʻIke ʻia kāna manaʻo haipule ma ka puke The Skeptic's Walk (1747).
Ua like kēia kuʻikahi i ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o deist, atheist a me pantheist e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke akua. Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia mea i komo i ke kamaʻilio i kāna pono ponoʻī a me nā pono ʻole, ma muli o kekahi mau ʻoiaʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia ʻo The Skeptic's Walk a hiki i ka makahiki 1830.
Ua aʻo aku nā luna iā Denis Diderot inā hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hāʻawi i kēia puke "heretical", e hoʻouna lākou iā ia i ka hale paʻahao, a e pau nā palapala kākau āpau i ke ahi. ua hoʻopaʻahao ʻia naʻe ka mea akeakamai, akā ʻaʻole no "Walk", akā no kāna hana "He Leta ma ka makapō no ka poʻe hiki ke ʻike."
Noho ʻo Diderot ma kahi o 5 mau mahina i ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana. I loko o kēia moʻomeheu, ua ʻimi ʻo ia iā John Milton's Paradise Lost, e lawe ana i nā kahakaha ma nā palena. Ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, ua lawe hou ʻo ia i ke kākau ʻana.
He hoihoi ia i kona manaʻo politika, ua pili ʻo Denis i ke kumumanaʻo o ka absolutism mālamalama. E like me Voltaire, kānalua ʻo ia i ka lehulehu i makemake nui ʻia, a i kona manaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonā i nā pilikia politika a me ka pono. Ua kapa ʻo ia ka mōʻī i ke ʻano aupuni maikaʻi loa. I ka manawa like, ua koi ʻia ka mōʻī e loaʻa nā ʻike ʻepekema a me nā akeakamai a pau.
I ka makahiki 1750, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Diderot i ka pou o ka hoʻoponopono o ka puke kūmole Pelekane mana o ka Enlightenment - "Encyclopedia, a i ʻole Explanatory Dictionary of Science, Arts and Crafts." Ma loko o 16 mau makahiki o ka hana ma ka puke noiʻi, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o kekahi mau haneli waiwai, akeakamai, politika a me nā haipule.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi pū me Denis, nā mea aʻo kaulana e like me Voltaire, Jean Leron dʻAlembert, Paul Henri Holbach, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe i hana i ka kākau ʻana i kēia hana. 28 o nā 35 puke o ka Encyclopedia i hoʻoponopono ʻia e Diderot.
ʻO ka hana pū ʻana me ka mea hoʻopuka André le Breton i pau ma muli o ka mea ʻo ia, me ka ʻae ʻole o Denis, ua kāpae i nā manaʻo "weliweli" i loko o nā ʻatikala. Ua huhū ka mea akeakamai me nā hana a Breton, e hoʻoholo ana e haʻalele i kēia hana nui.
I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻomaka ka moʻomeheu Diderot e nānā nui i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākau i nā hana keaka a pili pinepine ʻo ia i ka pili ʻohana.
ʻO kahi laʻana, i ke keaka "Keiki Illegitimate" (1757), ua hōʻike ka mea kākau i ka pilikia o nā keiki kūpono ʻole, a ma "Makua o ka ʻohana" (1758), ua kūkākūkā ʻo ia i ke koho ʻana o ka wahine ma ke kauoha a ka puʻuwai, ʻaʻole ma ka koi o ka makuakāne.
I kēlā au, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hale keaka i kiʻekiʻena (pōpilikia) a me lalo (comedy). Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kahi ʻano hana keaka hou, e kāhea ana - "ʻano koʻikoʻi." ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano keʻa ma waena o ka pōpilikia a me ka hoʻomākeʻaka, ka mea i hoʻomaka ʻia e kāhea ʻia - hana keaka.
Ma waho o ke kākau ʻana i nā moʻolelo akeakamai, nā hana keaka a me nā puke noʻeau, ua paʻi ʻo Denis Diderot i nā hana noʻeau he nui. ʻO ka mea i makemake nui ʻia ʻo ia ka puke "Jacques the Fatalist and His Master", ke kamaʻilio "Rameau Nephew" a me ka moʻolelo "The Nun".
I loko o nā makahiki o kāna moʻomeheu hana, ua lilo ʻo Diderot i mea kākau o nā aphorism he nui, e like me:
- "Kū ke kanaka i ka noʻonoʻo ke kū ʻo ia i ka heluhelu ʻana."
- "Mai hele i nā wehewehe inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo."
- "E hoʻonele pinepine ke aloha i ka manaʻo o ka mea iā ia, a hāʻawi aku i ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole."
- "Ma hea ʻoe e ʻike ai iā ʻoe iho, e lilo nā kānaka i mea lapuwale ma mua ou."
- "ʻO ke ola o ka poʻe hewa piha i ka hopohopo," etc.
Pili pili ka moʻolelo pilikino ʻo Diderot me Lūkia, a i ʻole me Catherine II. I ka wā i aʻo ai ka mōʻī wahine i nā pilikia pilikia o ka mea Farani, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia e kūʻai i kāna hale waihona puke a hoʻonoho iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea nānā me ka uku makahiki o 1,000 livres. Nui ka hoihoi ua uku ʻo Catherine i ka mea akeakamai i mua no 25 mau makahiki o ka lawelawe ma mua.
I ka hāʻule o 1773, ua hōʻea ʻo Denis Diderot i Lūkia, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o 5 mau mahina. I loko o kēia wā, ua kamaʻilio ka mōʻī wahine me ka mea aʻo Farani ma aneane i kēlā me kēia lā.
Kūkākūkā pinepine lākou i nā pilikia politika. ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana nui ka hoʻololi ʻana o Lūkia i mokuʻāina kūpono. I ka manawa like, kānalua ka wahine i ko Diderot manaʻo. I kāna kākau leka ʻana me ka diplomat ʻo Louis-Philippe Segur, ua kākau ʻo ia inā e hoʻomohala ʻo Russia e like me ke ʻano o ke akeakamai, ke kakali nei ʻo ia.
Ke ola pilikino
I ka makahiki 1743 ua hoʻomaka ʻo Denis i ke aloha me ke kaikamahine haʻahaʻa, ʻo Anne-Antoinette Champion. Ke makemake nei e male iā ia, ua noi ke kāne i ka hoʻomaikaʻi o kona makuakāne.
Eia naʻe, i ka manawa i ʻike ai ʻo Diderot Sr. e pili ana i kēia, ʻaʻole wale ʻo ia i ʻae i ka male, akā ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi "leka me kahi sila" - ka hopu extrajudicial o kāna keiki. ʻO kēia ka mea i hopu ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ua kanaka ʻōpio nei i ka hale mōneka.
Ma hope o kekahi mau pule, ua pakele ʻo Denis mai ka mōneka. I Nowemapa o ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua male malū nā ipo i kekahi o nā hale pule ʻo Palisa. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka Diderot Sr. i ʻike ai e pili ana i kēia male 6 mau makahiki wale nō.
I kēia hui ʻana, he ʻehā keiki a ka wahine, a he ʻekolu o lākou i make i ka wā kamaliʻi. ʻO Maria-Angelica wale nō ka mea i ola, a ma hope lilo i mea hoʻokani pila ʻoihana. ʻAʻole hiki iā Denis Diderot ke kāhea ʻia he kāne ʻohana maikaʻi.
Ua hoʻopunipuni pinepine ke kāne i kāna wahine me nā wahine like ʻole, e like me ka mea kākau ʻo Madeleine de Puisier, ke kaikamahine a ka mea pena Palani ʻo Jeannie-Catherine de Meaux a, ʻo Sophie Voland nō hoʻi. ʻO Louise-Henrietta ka inoa maoli o Volan, ʻoiai ka inoa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Sophie" i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e Denis, ka mea i mahalo i kona ʻike a me kāna ʻike wikiwiki.
Ua kākau nā mea aloha i kekahi i kekahi ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki, a hiki i ka make ʻana o Volan. Mahalo i ka helu ʻana o nā leka, maopopo leʻa ua hoʻouna aku ka mea akeakamai i nā leka he 553 iā Sophie, a he 1876 i koe a hiki i kēia lā. Ma hope mai, ua kūʻai ʻia mai kēia mau leka e Catherine 2, me ka waihona puke o ka akeakamai o Palani.
Make
Ua make ʻo Denis Diderot ma ka lā 31 Iulai 1784 i ka makahiki 70. ʻO ke kumu o kona make ʻana he emysemema, kahi maʻi o ka maʻi hanu. Ua kanu ʻia ke kino o ka mea noʻonoʻo i ka hale pule o St. Roch.
Minamina, i waenakonu o ka French Revolution Revolution o 1789, ua luku ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu āpau i ka hale pule. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe loea i kahi kikoʻī o nā koena o ka mea aʻo.
Nā kiʻi ʻo Diderot
