ʻO kā Mikhail Sholokhov puke "Quiet Don" kekahi o nā hana nui loa ʻaʻole wale ma Lūkia, akā no nā palapala honua holoʻokoʻa. Kākau ʻia i ke ʻano o ka realism, kahi puke e pili ana i ke ola Cossack i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua a me ke Kaua Kivila i hoʻolilo iā Sholokhov i mea kākau kaulana honua.
Ua hiki iā Sholokhov ke hoʻohuli i ka moʻolelo o ke ola o kahi stratum liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe i kahi epic canvas e hōʻike ana i nā loli hohonu i nā ʻuhane o nā poʻe āpau i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haunaele a me nā politika. ʻO nā huapalapala o "Quiet Don" i kākau kupaianaha loa ʻia, ʻaʻohe koa ʻeleʻele "ʻeleʻele" a me "keʻokeʻo" i loko o ka puke. Ua hoʻokele ka mea kākau, a hiki i ka Soviet Union i ka wā kākau o The Quiet Don, e hōʻalo i nā loiloi "ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo" o nā hanana mōʻaukala.
ʻO ke poʻomanaʻo nui o ka puke, ʻo ia nō ke kaua, i ulu a lilo i kipi, a laila, ulu aʻe i kaua hou. Akā i loko o "Quiet Don" hiki i ka mea kākau ke nānā i nā pilikia o ka huli pono, a me ka pilina ma waena o nā makuakāne a me nā keiki, aia kahi wahi i loko o ka puke no nā mele aloha. A ʻo ka pilikia nui ka pilikia o ke koho, e kū mau ana i nā hāmeʻe o ka puke. Eia kekahi, koho pinepine lākou i nā mea ʻino ʻelua, a i kekahi manawa kūpono kūpono ke koho ʻia, kaohi ʻia e nā kūlana kūwaho.
1. ʻO Sholokhov iā ia iho, i loko o kahi ninaninau a me nā moʻolelo autobiography, i manaʻo ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ma ka puke "Quiet Don" a ʻOkakopa 1925. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia kahi noiʻi akahele ʻana i nā palapala kākau a ka mea kākau. ʻOiai, i ka hāʻule o 1925, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Sholokhov e kākau i kahi hana e pili ana i ka hopena o nā Cossacks i nā makahiki kipi. Akā, ma muli o nā sketch, hiki i kēia hana ke lilo i moʻolelo nui loa - ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka nui o kāna nui ma mua o 100 mau ʻaoʻao. Ke ʻike nei hiki ke hōʻike wale ʻia ke kumuhana i kahi hana i ʻoi aku ka nui, ua haʻalele ka mea kākau i ka hana ma ka huaʻōlelo āna i hoʻomaka ai. Ua kia ʻo Sholokhov i ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana i nā mea maoli. Ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma "Quiet Don" i kāna mana i Vyoshenskaya ma Nowemapa 6, 1926. A ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka helu ʻana o ka pepa hakahaka. No nā kumu maopopo, ua hala ʻo Sholokhov iā Nowemapa 7. Ua ʻike ʻia nā laina mua o ka puke ma Nowemapa 8. ʻO ka hana ma ka ʻāpana mua o ka puke moʻolelo i hoʻopau ʻia ma Iune 12, 1927.
2. Wahi a nā helu a ka mōʻaukala kaulana, ka mea kākau a me ka mea noiʻi o nā hana a M. Sholokhov Sergei Semanov, 883 mau mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka puke "Quiet Don". ʻO 251 o lākou he mau mōʻaukala maoli. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe noiʻi o ke kope ʻo "Quiet Don" i ka manaʻo o Sholokhov e wehewehe i kekahi mau kakini hou aku, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka puke. A i ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua kū pinepine nā hopena o nā mea maoli me Sholokhov i ke ola. No laila, ʻo ke alakaʻi o ka haunaele i Vyoshenskaya, ʻo Pavel Kudinov, i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia i loko o ka puke ma lalo o kona inoa ponoʻī, ua holo aku i Bulgaria ma hope o ka pio ʻana o ka haunaele. I ka 1944, ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā pūʻali koa Soviet i ka ʻāina, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Kudinov a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia he 10 mau makahiki i nā kahua hoʻomoana. Ma hope o kāna hoʻopaʻi ʻana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻo ia i Bulgaria, akā ua hiki ke launa me MA Sholokhov mai laila a hiki i Vyoshenskaya. Ua hiki i ka mea kākau ke hoʻolauna iā ia iho i ka puke - i kona wā ʻōpio 14, noho ʻo ia ma Vyoshenskaya i ka hale kokoke i ka wahine kāne make a ka luna Cossack Drozdov i hoʻomāinoino i ka mea kamaʻilio me ʻIvan Serdinov.
3. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana ʻaʻole ʻo Sholokhov ka mea kākau maoli o "Quiet Don" i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1928, i ka manawa i hoʻomaloʻo ʻole ai ka ʻīnika ma nā kope o ka makasina "ʻOkakopa", kahi i paʻi ʻia ai nā puke mua ʻelua. ʻO Aleksandr Serafimovich, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoponopono ana iā Oktyabr, i wehewehe i nā lono me ka lili, a noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻouka kaua e hoʻolaha ʻia e hoʻonohonoho ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua paʻi ʻia kēia puke no ʻeono mau mahina, a ʻaʻohe o ka manawa o ka poʻe loiloi e nānā pono i ka huaʻōlelo a i ʻole ka papahana o ka hana. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono ʻana paha o ka hoʻouka kaua he mea nui paha ia. ʻAʻole i hui pū ʻia nā mea kākau Soviet i kēlā mau makahiki i ka Writers 'Union (ua hana ʻia kēia ma 1934), akā aia i loko o nā ʻumi ʻumi ʻiona ʻiona a me nā hui like ʻole. ʻO ka hana nui o ka hapa nui o kēia mau hui ʻo ka hounding o nā mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka poʻe i makemake e luku i kahi hoa hana i ka hana ma waena o ka poʻe akamai i ka hana, ua lawa i nā manawa āpau.
4. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia, mai ka polū, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Sholokhov no ka plagiarism ma muli o kona wā ʻōpio a me kona kumu - i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia ai ka puke ʻaʻole ʻo ia 23 mau makahiki, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea i noho ai i kahi hohonu, i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu o ke kapitala, panalāʻau. Mai ka manaʻo o ka helu, 23 ʻaʻole maoli he makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki o ka maluhia ma ka Lūkini Lūkini, pono e ulu nui nā keiki, koe wale nō nā makahiki o nā kipi a me ke Kaua Kivila. ʻO nā hoa o Sholokhov - nā mea i hiki ke ola a hiki i kēia au - he ola koleka. Ua kauoha lākou i nā pūʻali koa nui, hoʻokele i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana a me nā luna ʻāina. Akā no nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka lehulehu "maʻemaʻe", nona nā keiki i ka makahiki 25 ma hope o ke puka ʻana mai ke kulanui e hoʻomaka nei e ʻike i ka mea e hana ai, ʻo Sholokhov ma 23 kahi ʻōpio ʻike ʻole. No kēlā poʻe i ka ʻoihana, ʻo kēia ka makahiki o ke oʻo.
5. ʻO ka ikaika o kā Sholokhov hana ma "Quiet Don" hiki ke ʻike akāka ʻia mai ka leka a ka mea kākau, ka mea i hana ma kona ʻāina hānau, ma ke kauhale o Bukanovskaya, me nā luna hoʻoponopono o Moscow. I ka mua, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Mikhail Alexandrovich e kākau i kahi puke i 9 mau ʻāpana, 40 - 45 mau pepa i paʻi ʻia. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hana like ma nā ʻāpana 8, akā ma 90 mau ʻāpana i paʻi ʻia. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka uku. ʻO ka helu mua he 100 rubles no kēlā me kēia pepa i paʻi ʻia, a ʻo ka hopena, ua loaʻa iā Sholokhov he 325 rubles i kēlā me kēia mea. E kūlike ka waiwai i hopena i ka hua paʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka pepa A4 o 14 i kahi momomo me hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua ke kau ʻana.
6. ʻO ka paʻi ʻana o ka puke mua o "Quiet Don" i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma ka hoʻohana kuʻuna ʻana i nā mea inu ikaika. Ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe o ka hale kūʻai, nāna i kūʻai mai nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu, aia kahi hale kūʻai ʻo "Caucasus". I loko o ia mea, ua kūʻai koke ʻo Mikhail Alexandrovich i kahi Kubanka, kahi burka, ka palaoa, ke kāʻei, ka pālule a me nā pahi. Aia i loko o kēia mau lole i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ka uhi o ka lua o ka puke i paʻi ʻia e Roman-Gazeta.
7. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka ʻōpio kupaianaha o ka mea kākau o The Quiet Don, ka mea i piha i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ka puke, ua hōʻole loa ʻia e nā helu helu moʻokalaleo wale nō. Ua kākau ʻo Alexander Fadeev iā "Spill" i ka makahiki 22. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Leonid Leonov i ka makahiki like i ke akamai. ʻO Nikolai Gogol 22 mau makahiki iā ia i kākau ai i nā ahiahi ma kahi mahiʻai kokoke i Dikanka. Ua kaulana ʻo Sergei Yesenin ma 23 ma ka pae o nā hōkū popa i kēia manawa. Ua hala mua ka mea hōʻāhewa ʻo Nikolai Dobrolyubov i ka makahiki 25, ua hiki ke komo i ka moʻolelo o nā puke Lūkia. A ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea kākau a me nā mea haku mele a pau ke kaena i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kūlana. A hiki i ka hopena o kona ola, mālama ʻo ʻIvan Bunin, e like me Sholokhov, i ʻehā mau papa i ka hale haʻuki. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia ʻo Leonov hoʻokahi i ke kula nui. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i maʻa me ka hana, hiki i kekahi ke koho mai ke poʻo inoa o kā Maxim Gorky puke "ʻO kaʻu mau Kulanui" ʻaʻole i hana ka mea kākau me nā kulanui kahiko.
8. Ua hiamoe ka nalu mua o nā hoʻopiʻi no ka plagiarism ma hope o ke komisina kūikawā, i hana ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Maria Ulyanova, i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kikoʻī o ka puke "Quiet Don" mai Sholokhov, a ua hoʻokumu pono ʻole ʻia ka mea kākau o Mikhail Alexandrovich. I kāna hopena, paʻi ʻia ma Pravda, ua noi ke komisina i nā kamaʻāina e kōkua e ʻike i ke kumu o nā lono ʻōlelo hōʻino. ʻO kahi piʻi liʻiliʻi o nā "hōʻike" ʻaʻole ka Shopolhov ka mea kākau o ka puke, akā ʻo kahi mea kākau kaulana ʻo Fyodor Kryukov, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1930, akā ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻonohonoho, ua make koke ka hoʻouka kaua
9. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo "Quiet Don" e unuhi ʻia ma kahi ʻē kokoke koke ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o nā puke ma ka Soviet Union (i ka makahiki 1930, ʻaʻole i lilo nā kope kope i fetish). Ua paʻi ʻia ka unuhi mua ma Kelemania i ka makahiki 1929. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka puke moʻolelo ma Palani, Kuekene, Holland a me Sepania. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Conservative Great Britain i ka heluhelu ʻana iā Quiet Don ma 1934. ʻO ia kahi ʻano i Kelemania a me Palani ʻo kā Sholokhov hana i paʻi ʻia i loko o nā puke ʻokoʻa, a ma nā kahakai ʻo Foggy Albion “Quiet Don” i paʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana o ka pule Sunday o ka Sunday Times.
10. Ua loaʻa i nā pōkā emigre ʻo "Quiet Don" me ka pīhoihoi ʻole ma mua no nā palapala Soviet. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i pili ka hopena i ka puke i nā makemake politika. A ʻo nā mōʻī monarchists, a me nā mea kākoʻo, a me nā ʻenemi o ke aupuni Soviet ua kamaʻilio wale lākou e pili ana i ka puke ma nā leo maikaʻi. ʻO nā lono o ka plagiarism i kū aʻe ua hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻia a poina ʻia. Ma hope wale nō o ka hele ʻana o ka poʻe malihini o ka hanauna mua, no ka hapa nui, i kahi honua ʻē aʻe, ua milo hou kā lākou mau keiki a me nā moʻopuna i ka huila o ka hōʻino.
11. ʻAʻole mālama ʻo Sholokhov i nā mea hoʻomākaukau no kāna hana. I ka mua, ua puhi ʻo ia i nā kiʻi kikoʻī, nā sketches, nā memo, a pēlā aku, no ka mea makaʻu ʻo ia i ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻia mai nā hoa hana - ʻōlelo lākou, ʻōlelo lākou, ke hoʻomākaukau nei ʻo ia no nā mea kahiko. A laila ua lilo i mea maʻamau, hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nānā mai ka NKVD. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻano maʻamau a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe, ua puhi ʻo Mikhail Alexandrovich i nā mea āna i makemake ʻole ai i ka lehu. Mālama wale ʻo ia i ka mana hope loa o ka palapala a me kāna mana typewritten. Ua hele mai kēia maʻamau ma ke kumu kūʻai nui i ka mea kākau.
12. Ua kū aʻe kahi nalu hou o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka plagiarism ma ke Komohana a ua kiʻi ʻia e ka poʻe ʻike Soviet dissident ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka Nobel Prize iā M. A Sholokhov. Minamina, ʻaʻohe mea e pale aku ai i kēia hoʻouka kaua - ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā kikoʻī o The Quiet Don. ʻO ke kikoʻī kākau lima, i mālama ʻia ma Vyoshenskaya, i hāʻawi ʻia e Sholokhov i ka NKVD kūloko, akā ʻo ka ʻoihana ʻāpana, e like me ka hale o Sholokhov, ua pōpilikia ʻia. Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka waihona ma nā alanui, a ua hoʻokele nā koa Red Army i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kahi mea maoli mai nā leaflets. Aia he 135 mau pepa, ʻo ia ka minuscule no kahi palapala o kahi puke nui.
13. ʻO ka hopena o kahi kikoʻī "maʻemaʻe" e like ia me ka papa o kahi hana keu. Ma hope i ka 1929, ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i ka palapala i ke komisina o Maria Ulyanova, ua waiho ʻo Sholokhov me kāna hoa aloha ka mea kākau ʻo Vasily Kuvashev, nona ka hale i noho ai i kona hōʻea ʻana i Moscow. I ka hoʻomaka o ke kaua, ua hele ʻo Kuvashev i mua a, e like me kāna wahine, lawe pū me ia i ka palapala. I ka makahiki 1941, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Kuvashev a make i ka maʻi palū ma kahi pio o kahi hoʻomoana kaua ma Kelemania. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua nalo ka palapala. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka palapala i mua. (ʻO wai e huki i kahi palapala volumous i mua i kahi ʻeke duffel?). E moe ana ʻo ia ma ke keʻena o Kuvashev. Ua huhū nui ka wahine a ka mea kākau ʻo Matilda Chebanova iā Sholokhov, ka mea, i kona manaʻo, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻolilo o kāna kāne mai ka pēpē i kahi wahi ʻoi aku ka weliweli. Eia naʻe, ua lawe pio ʻia ʻo Kuvashev, ʻaʻole he koa hele wāwae hou, akā e lilo ana, ma lalo o ke kākoʻo o Sholokhov, kahi mea kākau kaua a me kahi luna, a ʻo ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole ia i kōkua iā ia - ua hoʻopuni ʻia kahi pūʻali koa holoʻokoʻa. ʻO Chebanova, ka mea a nā keiki a Sholokhov i kapa ai ʻo "ʻAnakē Motya," a haehae pū kekahi mai nā leka o mua a kāna kāne i nā wahi kahi āna i hoihoi ai inā ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka palapala iā Sholokhov. I nā makahiki o perestroika, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Chebanova e kūʻai aku i ka palapala o The Quiet Don me ka mediation o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Lev Kolodny. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai ma mua he $ 50,000, a laila ua piʻi aʻe i $ 500,000. I ka makahiki 1997, ʻaʻohe o ke ʻano ʻano kālā ke Academy of Science. Ua make ʻo Proka lāua ʻo Chebanova a me kāna kaikamahine i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO ke kaikamahine a Chebanova, ka mea i hoʻoilina i ka waiwai o ka mea i make, hāʻawi i ka palapala o The Quiet Don i ka Academy of Science no kahi makana he $ 50,000. Ua hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1999. Ua hala nā makahiki 15 mai ka make ʻana o Sholokhov. He paʻakikī e haʻi i nā makahiki o ke ola i lawe ʻia ka hoʻomaʻau mai ka mea kākau.
14. Mai ka manaʻo o ka nui o ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia ka mea kākau o The Quiet Don, ʻo Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov ka mea alakaʻi i waena o nā mea kākau Lūkini. Hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo "Russian Shakespeare". E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua ala aʻe ka mea kākau o “Romeo lāua ʻo Juliet” a me nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka honua a ke hoʻohuoi nei ia. Aia nā hui āpau o ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo ma kahi o Shakespeare, ua kākau nā kānaka ʻē aʻe, a hiki i ka Mōʻīwahine Elizabeth. Aia ma kahi o 80 mau mea kākau "maoli" like. Pōkole ka papa inoa a Sholokhov, akā ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia no ka plagiarizing ʻana i hoʻokahi wale nō puke, ʻaʻole kāna mau hana āpau. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā mea kākau maoli o "Quiet Don" i nā makahiki like ʻole e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo A. Serafimovich lāua ʻo F. Kryukov, a me ka mea pena kiʻi a me ka loiloi ʻo Sergei Goloushev, ka makuahōnōwai kāne o Sholokhov (!) Pyotr Gromoslavsky, Andrei Platonov, Nikolai Gumilyov (kī ʻia ma 1921), ʻO Don mea kākau ʻo Victor Sevsky (kī ʻia ma 1920).
15. Ua paʻi hou ʻia ʻo "Quiet Don" 342 manawa i ka USSR wale nō. Kū kaʻawale ka reissue o 1953. ʻO Kirill Potapov ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka paʻi, he hoaaloha na Sholokhov's. ʻIke ʻia, alakaʻi ʻia e nā manaʻo aloha aloha wale, ua hana ʻo Potapov i nā mea hou aʻe ma mua o 400 i ka puke. ʻAʻole pili ka hapanui o nā hana hou a Potapov i kaila a me ka pela ʻana, akā i ka ʻike o ka puke. Ua hana ka mea hoʻoponopono i ka hana hou "ʻulaʻula", "pro-Soviet". ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka hoʻomaka o ka mokuna 9th o ka ʻāpana 5th, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana o nā laina 30, e haʻi ana e pili ana i ka huakaʻi lanakila o ke kipi holoʻokoʻa ma Rūkia. I loko o ka huaʻōlelo o ka puke, ua hoʻohui pū ʻo Potapov i nā leka uila o nā alakaʻi Soviet i ka Don, ʻaʻole i kūpono iki i ka lole o ka moʻolelo. Ua hoʻolilo ka luna hoʻoponopono iā Fyodor Podtyolkov i Bolshevik ahi ma o ka ʻano ʻana i kāna wehewehe a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo i kākau ʻia e Sholokhov ma kahi o 50 mau wahi. Ua huhū loa ka mea kākau o "Quiet Don" i ka hana a Potapov a ua haki ʻo ia i nā pilina me ia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. A lilo ka paʻi ʻana i mea nui ʻole - paʻi ʻia ka puke i kahi paʻi liʻiliʻi loa.
