Mai kona wā i hoʻomaka ai, ʻo Novgorod Kremlin kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ka ʻenekinia pūʻali koa. Aia ia ma kona panalāʻau e ʻike ʻia nā wahi kaulana e like me ka Monument of Millennium of Russia, St. Sophia Cathedral, a me ka Chl Vladychnaya.
ʻO nā paia o ka pā kaua me ka lōʻihi o ka liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kilomita i ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 15 mika, a ʻo nā hale kiaʻi he ʻumikūmālua o ke kenekulia 15, ʻeiwa wale nō i koe a hiki i kēia lā. I kēia manawa ʻo Detinets (e kapa ʻia ʻo Kremlin), nona ka wahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 12 hectares, pale ʻia e UNESCO a he ʻāpana ia o ka hale hōʻikeʻike kūloko o ke kūlanakauhale, nona nā kiʻi nani e hoʻokipa ai i nā malihini kipa o ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka moʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Novgorod Kremlin
ʻAʻohe ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka wā i kūkulu ʻia ai kēia ensemble kuhikuhipuʻuone, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ia i ka makahiki hea. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua o ia mea mai ka makahiki 1044, no ka mea, ʻo ka hiapo a Yaroslav the Wise, ʻo Prince of Novgorod Vladimir i kūkulu i ka hale paʻa mua. Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe mea i ola mai ia mea, akā i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā ʻoka i nā lāʻau ʻoka, no nā koena paha o kēia pā kaua o ka makahiki 11.
Ua manaʻo ʻia he hale ikaika a paʻa wale ia i hoʻokahi manawa e ke aliʻi Polotsk: ua puhi ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana a ʻaihue i ka hale pule ʻo St. Sophia. Ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ʻo Detinets e ke keiki a Vladimir Monomakh - Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. ʻO ia ka manawa i hiki aku ai ka hale paʻa Novgorod i nā ana i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
I ka waena o ke kenekulia 12, ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka mana o ka mayor o Novgorod, ua neʻe ke keiki aliʻi i kona wahi noho i Rurikovo Gorodishche, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o ʻekolu mau kenekulia a me ka hapa. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka Novgorod Kremlin i kēlā manawa i noho ʻia e ka ʻaha o ka ʻekepopa, nāna ke kuleana o ka waihona a me ka kaohi i nā kaupaona a me nā ana. Ma ka panalāʻau o kona hale noho he nui nā hale pule a me nā kūkulu waiwai.
Ma ke ala, ma lalo o Archb Bishop Vasily ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pōhaku Kremlin, akā ʻo ka pani piha ʻana o ka ensemble lāʻau i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka waena wale nō o 15 kenekulia. ʻO ka pōhaku pōhaku kēpau o ia manawa ua ola ʻāpana a hiki i kēia lā, no ka laʻana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka Granovita (Vladychnaya) keʻena.
Ua loaʻa ka ensemble kuhikuhipuʻuone i kahi ʻoi aku a ʻoi aku paha o ka nānā hou o kēia manawa ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka Novgorod Republic me ke poʻo aliʻi o Moscow. A laila, i loko o nā kaua, ua hele a paʻa nā mea kaua, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka hale paʻa kahiko ke hoʻopaʻa no ka wā lōʻihi i kēlā mau ʻano. ʻO nā kumuwaiwai moʻolelo o ia manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia ua hana hou ʻia e like me nā hiʻohiʻona kahiko, akā ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua kūkulu hou ʻia ka hale paʻa.
I ka hoʻomaka mua o ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Peter I i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo no ka paʻa ʻana o Detinets, a laila hoʻoponopono ʻia nā hale kiaʻi a me nā paia. I ka waena o ke kenekulia e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka monumona Mileniuma o Lūkia. I kēlā manawa, pono e hoʻihoʻi i kahi ʻāpana o ka paia ma mua o 150 mau mika ka lōʻihi, i hāʻule koke ma mua.
I ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, ua hōʻeha nui ka Novgorod Kremlin, e like me ke kūlanakauhale ponoʻī, mai nā kaua a me nā pū. Ua hiolo ka hale lole o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Spasskaya, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi pōkā ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kokuy. Mai ia manawa, ʻaʻole i kū ka hoʻihoʻi hou o ka hele mua o ka hale paʻa: me ka hoʻohui i ke kūkulu hou ʻana, hana mau nā ʻeli ʻana ma laila, i hoʻolālā ʻia e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka wā i hala o ka hale paʻa.
Pūʻulu
Kaulana ka hui kuhikuhipuʻuone o Veliky Novgorod no ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he hale paʻa Lūkini mua e kūkulu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōhaku ʻulaʻula. Manaʻo ʻia, e pili ana i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano kikoʻī, hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale me nā niho i ke ʻano o ka huapalapala M (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka manu nūnū) i hoʻomaka. He mea hoʻonaninani wale kēia mea.
Ua kono ʻia nā mea kālaiʻike mai Italia a me nā limahana mai Kelemania no ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO ka puʻukaua ka mea i koho ʻia no Detinets, kūpono kūpono no ke kaua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pū kī pū. ʻAʻohe o nā pōpō o nā pūkuniahi i hanaʻino i nā hale kiaʻi, ʻo ke kumu o ka pale pale āpau. Ua puni ʻo Detinets i nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e kahi auwai hohonu e alakaʻi ana i ka muliwai Volkhov.
ʻO nā hale kiaʻi ponoʻī i hana ʻia i pae kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke poʻo loa, hiki i ke kiaʻi ke ʻike pono ma kahi lōʻihi, no laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻenemi ma mua o kona hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka Novgorod Kremlin. Hoʻopili ikaika nā hale o nā hale kiaʻi i luna, no laila e hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻia ka uahi ʻawahia mai ka pū. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou no ke komo ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻīpuka ko lākou. Ma loko, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā luakini o ka puka pā iā lākou. Aia nā kumu i loko o nā hale paʻahao i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hale paʻahao, hale waiho hale a i ʻole nā waihona waiwai no ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai.
I kēia lā, nā hale Novgorod Kremlin:
- ʻO kekahi o nā hale pule Lūkia kahiko loa - Hale Pule Nui ʻo Sophia, ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana ma 1045. ʻO kāna belfry kekahi o nā hana kahiko loa o kēia ʻano, a ʻo kekahi o nā mea nui loa. ʻAʻohe mea like me ia i kēia manawa ma Lūkia. Ma ke ala, hāʻawi ia i kahi nānā kupaianaha, i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi he nui o ka Kremlin.
- Keena alo ʻO ia kahi hale kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā hana haipule nui a ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia i mau keʻena no ka ʻai pono a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi, ke keʻena o ka pīhopa a me kahi lumi no ka mālama ʻana i nā ipu o ka hale pule. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia wale nō ka hale Gothic ma Rūsia.
- Monument "Milenio o Rusia".
- Hale kiaʻi uaki, hiki i 40 mika i ke kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ia me he hale kiaʻi ahi.
- ʻEiwa mau hale kiaʻi, hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai nā wehewehe moʻolelo e kū ana ma waho o ka laina o nā paia paʻa. Kupaianaha lākou āpau no kā lākou ʻāpana aloha a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.
ʻO nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka Novgorod Kremlin
Pili nā kaʻao he nui, nā mea huna a me nā mea hoihoi i ka hana ʻana o Kremlin a me ka ensemble kuhikuhipuʻuone, kekahi o ia mau mea e pili ana i ka inoa ʻana o kēia wahi me ka huaʻōlelo "detinets" ʻokoʻa. Nīnau ka poʻe kipa he nui iā lākou iho no ke aha i kapa ʻia ai ka Kremlin ʻo Detinets a he aha ke ʻano o kēia huaʻōlelo? I Rukia Kahiko, ʻo kēia ka inoa o ka hale paʻa, kahi e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā paia a me kahi moat. Ma hope iho, hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo "Kremlin" e hoʻohana ma kahi. Manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka huaʻōlelo i Novgorod a me Pskov i nā kumuwaiwai. Mai ka hope, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, nalowale ʻo ia, no laila ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e pili wale i nā dialectism Novgorod.
ʻAʻohe kikoʻī kikoʻī mai kahi huaʻōlelo "detinets" i hele mai ai. Manaʻo kekahi philologists pili ia me ka manaʻo o "keiki" (nā waiwai i nā hanana weliweli "hana" a hūnā paha i loko o ka hale paʻa) a i ʻole "kupuna kāne", ʻoiai ma aneʻi i ʻākoakoa nā ʻelemākule e hoʻonā i nā pilikia nui no ke kaiāulu.
Eia kekahi mau ʻike hoihoi hou aʻe e pili ana i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo hale o ka hanana.
- ʻo ka bele nui nui loa o ke kenekulia 18 kaupaona ma kahi o 26 tone;
- i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana, ua loaʻa kahi ʻōkuhi lāʻau maoli, mahalo i ka hā ʻole o ka lāʻau. Loaʻa iā ia nā lāʻau ʻoka, uhi ʻia me ka honua a ʻā maikaʻi hoʻi;
- ʻo nā inoa o kekahi mau hale kiaʻi i haku wale ʻia e nā mōʻaukala a i ʻole nā mea kākau moʻolelo kūloko, no ka mea ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai a i ʻole nā moʻolelo moʻolelo;
- i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻomaka ka hale pule o ka Intercession e lilo i luakini hale paʻahao, ʻoiai ʻo ka hale kiaʻi ponoʻī aʻe kahi hale paʻahao.
E kipa aku i Detinets
ʻO nā hola hāmama ʻo Kremlin ʻae ʻoe e hele ma luna ona mai ke kakahiaka nui (6 mau hola) a i ke aumoe, akā ma nā pūnaewele pākahi e loli ka manawa kipa. Kumukūʻai kaukaʻi i ka mea a ka mākaʻikaʻi e makemake ai e kipa, akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe lākou. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kumukūʻai o ke kipa ʻana i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o nā Hana Hou no nā mākua he 200 rubles. Loaʻa i kahi likiki he 30% uku ho'ēmi, e komo pū ana me ke kipa ʻana i nā wahi hoihoi i ka manawa hoʻokahi: ʻo ka hale hōʻikeʻike a me ka Chaced Facet. Aia kekahi mau lā i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi aupuni i makemake ʻia no kekahi mau ʻano o nā kamaʻāina a hiki iā ʻoe ke hele mai i Detinets me ka uku ʻole. ʻAe ʻia nā mea kipa e kiʻi i nā kiʻi, hāʻawi ʻia nā alakaʻi leo a i ʻole nā huakaʻi no ka hoʻohana.
Paipai mākou e nānā i ka Astrakhan Kremlin.
I kēia manawa ʻo Novgorod Kremlin kahi kikowaena moʻomeheu e ʻumeʻume i nā mākaʻikaʻi he nui i nā huakaʻi ʻaʻole wale mai Russia, akā mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. He hale ia kahi e waiho ai nā hōʻike nui o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Novgorod, kahi e ʻike ai nā mea kipa: kahi waihona a me kahi kaiāulu philharmonic, kahi kula ʻoihana a me nā mele. He mea ʻokoʻa a kūmua ka ensemble Kremlin, no ka mea, ma aneʻi ʻoe e ʻike ai i ka hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mea koa a me nā mea kīwila.
