ʻO ka mea nui, hele pū ka waina me kekahi kanaka mai ka manawa a kekahi o ko mākou mau kūpuna prehistoric ʻai i nā hua pala a manaʻo i kahi euphoria wā pōkole ma hope o kēlā. Ke hōʻike nei i kona hauʻoli me kona mau hoa ʻohana, ua lilo kēia meʻe ʻike ʻole ʻia i kūpuna o ka hana wāina.
Hoʻomaka ka poʻe e ʻai i ka wai hua waina huʻihuʻi (hū ʻia) i ka wā ma hope. Akā ʻaʻole nō i lōʻihi loa e hoʻoholo inā no hea ka inoa o ka inu. Ua koi nā Armenians, nā Georiania a me nā Roma i ka hoʻokūkū. Ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkia, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "waina", ʻo ia paha, no Latin. Ua loaʻa ka hōʻaiʻē maopopo ma Lūkia i kahi expansive, i kahi hiki, ka wehewehe ʻana: ua hoʻomaka ka waina e kāhea i nā mea ʻona āpau i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka pia. ʻO ka meʻe o ka moʻolelo "The Golden Calf" i kāhea i kahi ʻōmole vodka "he hapaha o ka waina berena". Eia naʻe, e hoʻomanaʻo kākou i nā momona e pili ana i ka waina i kāna wehewehe kūlike ʻana me he mea inu lā i hana ʻia mai nā hua waina hu.
1. Ke lanakila mau nei ke ola o ke kumu waina. ʻO ka wela o ke aniau, hele ka hohonu o kona aʻa (i kekahi manawa he ʻumi mau mika). ʻO ka hohonu o nā aʻa, ka nui o nā ʻano ulu a lākou, ʻo ka nui o ka mineralization o nā hua e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka mahana a me ka ʻilihune o ka lepo e manaʻo ʻia he pono. ʻO kēia nō hoʻi nā mea o ka waina maikaʻi.
2. Ma ka hale kupapaʻu o Tutankhamun, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka amphorae i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka waina me nā palapala e pili ana i ka manawa o ka hana ʻana o ka mea inu, ka mea hana wāina a me ka loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. A no ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka waina ma ʻAigupita Kahiko, ua make nā mea hana hewa i ka Nile.
3. Aia i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hui Massandra ma ka Crimea he 5 mau hue waina mai ka ʻohi 1775. ʻO kēia waina ʻo Jerez de la Frontera a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mua o ka honua.
4. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻokau ikaika ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka wāina ʻEulopa. ʻO nā ʻano hua i pā ʻia me ka huaola phylloxera, kahi kolo e ʻai i nā aʻa o nā hua waina, i lawe ʻia mai ʻAmelika mai. Hoʻolahalaha ʻo Phyloxera ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa i ka Crimea a hōʻino i nā mea inu waina, a he nui ka poʻe i neʻe i ʻApelika. Ua hiki wale nō ke kūpale me ka phylloxera wale nō ma ke kaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano huawaina ʻEulopa me nā mea ʻAmelika, i pale aku i kēia ʻenekia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke lanakila i ka lanakila piha - ke ulu nei nā mea waina i nā hybrids a i ʻole ke hoʻohana nei i nā lāʻau make.
5. Loaʻa ka hopena antibacterial ikaika i ka waina keʻokeʻo, ʻike ʻole ʻia ke ʻano o ia ʻano. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe i kēia waiwai i ka waiʻona i loko o ka waina - haʻahaʻa loa kona manaʻo. ʻO ka mea nui, aia i ka alo o nā tannins a i ʻole nā kala i ka waina keʻokeʻo.
6. ʻO ka sediment i loko o ke awa kuawaʻa ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona no ka lawe ʻia ʻana me ka ʻōpala. I ke awa maikaʻi, pono ʻo ia e hōʻike i ka makahiki ʻehā o ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ka mea nui ʻaʻole e ninini i kēia waina mai ka ʻōmole. Pono e ninini ʻia i loko o kahi decanter (kapa ʻia ke kaʻina hana he "decantation"), a laila e ninini wale i nā aniani. I nā waina ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ka sediment ma hope a hōʻike pū i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
7. Kakaʻikahi loa nā waina e hoʻomaikaʻi me ka makahiki. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole hoʻomaikaʻi ka waina inu mākaukau me ka ʻelemakule.
8. ʻO nā kumu e kū pololei ʻole ai ka nui o kahi ʻōmole waina maʻamau he 0.75 liters. Wahi a kekahi o nā mana kaulana loa i ka lawe ʻana aku i ka waina mai ʻEnelani a i Palani, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā pahu pahu me ka mana o 900 liters. Ke hoʻololi nei i nā ʻōmole, lilo i 100 mau pahu o 12 mau ʻōmole i kēlā me kēia. Wahi a ka mana ʻelua, ua ninini ʻia ka Palani "Bordeaux" a me ka Spanish "Rioja" i nā pahu o 225 liters. ʻO kēia he 300 ʻōmole o 0.75 i kēlā me kēia.
9. ʻO kahi kumu nui e hōʻike iā ʻoe iho ma ke ʻano he connoisseur e hoʻohana pono i nā huaʻōlelo "bouquet" a me "aroma". E waiho maʻalahi, ʻo "ʻala" ka pilau o nā hua waina a me nā waina ʻōpio; i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi a me ka oʻo, ua kapa ʻia ka pilau "bouquet".
10. Kaulana nō ia no ka ʻai mau ʻana o ka waina ʻulaʻula e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka maʻi puʻuwai. I ke kenekulia 21, ua ʻike ʻia aia i loko o nā waina ʻulaʻula kahi resveratol - kahi mea a nā mea kanu e hūnā i mea e hakakā ai nā fungi a me nā mea ʻūlū ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua holoholona i ka resveratol e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kō i ke kō, hoʻoikaika i ka puʻuwai, a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia nā hopena o resveratol i loko o nā kānaka.
11. ʻO ka poʻe i noho ma Caucasus, Sepania, ʻItalia a me Palani e ʻai maʻamau i ka meaʻai me ka nui o nā kolesterol. Eia kekahi, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole lākou e ʻeha i nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka cholesterol. ʻO ke kumu e hoʻopau loa ka waina ʻulaʻula i ke kolesterol mai ke kino.
12. Ma muli o ke aniau maikaʻi ʻole, ua hāʻule ka hana waina i ka honua ma 2017 e 8% a ua hōʻea i 250 miliona hectoliters (100 liters ma 1 hectoliter). ʻO kēia ka helu haʻahaʻa loa mai 1957. Ua inu mākou i nā hectoliters he 242 a puni ka honua no hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO nā alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana ʻo Italia, Palani, Sepania a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
13. I Rūsia, ua heleleʻi nui ka hana waina. ʻO ka manawa hope loa i hana ai nā mea hana wāina Lūkini ma kahi o 3.2 hectoliters ma 2007. Hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka recession i nā kūlana ʻino maikaʻi ʻole.
14. Lawe ʻia hoʻokahi ʻōmole (0.75 litera) ʻōmole waina ma ka awelika ma kahi o 1.2 kg o nā hua waina.
15. ʻO kēlā me kēia waina i ʻono ʻia he "ihu" (honi), "disc" (ka mokulele luna o ka inu i loko o ke kīʻaha), "waimaka" a i ʻole "mau wāwae" (nā kulu wai e kahe ana i nā paia o ke aniani me ka mālie ma mua o ka nui o ka inu) a me "fringe" (waho kaʻe o ka diski). ʻLelo lākou i ke kālailai ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana, hiki i ka mea ʻāʻala ke ʻōlelo nui e pili ana i ka waina me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole.
16. Ma waena wale nō o nā kenekulia 19 i ʻike ʻia nā māla hua waina ma Australia, akā ua holo maikaʻi loa ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa nā mea kanu me nā māla he 40 hectare a ʻoi aku paha i manaʻo ʻia e ke kānāwai he mau mea kālepa liʻiliʻi.
17. Ua kapa ʻia ka waina Champagne ma hope o ka panalāʻau Palani o Champagne, kahi e hana ʻia ai. Akā ʻaʻole kapa ʻia ke awa ma muli o ka ʻāina hānau. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ala aʻe ʻo Pokukala a puni ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Portus Gale (ʻo Porto i kēia manawa), nona ka mauna me nā ana nui e mālama i ka waina. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mauna ʻo "Port Wine". A ʻo ka waina maoli i bapetizo ʻia e ka mea kālepa ʻEnelani, ka mea i ʻike he hiki ke lawe ʻia ka waina paʻa i ka ʻāina home maʻalahi ma mua o nā waina Palani maikaʻi.
18. ʻO nā luina o Christopher Columbus, ka mea i hala i ka waina, ʻike lākou i ke kai Sargasso a hoʻōho ʻoliʻoli: “Sarga! Sarga! ”. No laila ma Sepania ua kāhea lākou i ka mea inu no ka poʻe ʻilihune - wai huawaina i hū ʻia liʻiliʻi. He ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo kona, a e like me ka huʻa ʻana e like me ka papa o ka wai e waiho ana i mua o nā luina. Ma hope ua huli ia ʻaʻole kēia ke kai, a ʻo ka limu e lana ana i loko ona ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i nā hua waina, akā ua koe ka inoa.
19. Ua hāʻawi maoli ʻia nā luina ʻEnelani ma ka huakaʻi holo moana, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka papaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ua liʻiliʻi iki kēia papaʻai: ma ke kauoha a ka Admiralty, hāʻawi ʻia ka mea holina i 1 pint (ma kahi o 0.6 liters) o ka waina, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka lakio o 1: 7, no hoʻokahi pule. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ninini kapu ʻia ka waina i loko o ka wai i mea e pale aku ai i ka hōʻino. ʻAʻole kēia he hana hoʻomāinoino kūikawā a ka poʻe Pelekania - e pili ana i ka waina "mālama" like i nā luina i nā ʻauwaʻa āpau. Pono nā moku i nā luina olakino. Ua make ʻo Sir Francis Drake ponoʻī i ka maʻi maʻi banal i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai rancid.
20. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā submariners Soviet i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui i komo pū me 250 gram o ka waina ʻulaʻula i kēlā me kēia lā me ka holomua ʻole. Ua pono kēia ʻāpana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka paʻa loa o nā moku submarine o ia mau manawa, a ʻaʻohe wahi a nā luina e neʻe ai. Ua paʻakikī kēia i ka hana o ka gastrointestinal tract. No ka hana maʻamau i kēia hana, ua loaʻa i nā submariners i ka waina. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke ola o kēlā ʻano maʻamau e hōʻoia ʻia e nā memoire kahi i hoʻopiʻi ai nā kūpuna o kahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i ka wai ʻona ma kahi o ka waina, a i loaʻa hoʻi iā lākou ka "sour dry" ma kahi o ka ʻulaʻula
