ʻO Sandro Botticelli (inoa maoli ʻO Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi; 1445-1510) - Palani Italia, kekahi o nā haku ʻōlinolino o ka Renaissance, kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ke kula pena kiʻi ʻo Florentine. ʻO ka mea kākau o nā kiʻi pena "Puna", "Venus a me Mars" a nāna i lawe mai iā ia i kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa "The Birth of Venus".
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Botticelli, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Sandro Botticelli.
Kawaihae o Botticelli
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Sandro Botticelli ma ka lā 1 Malaki 1445 ma Florence. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka hana kālailai ʻo Mariano di Giovanni Filipepi a me kāna wahine ʻo Smeralda. ʻO ia ka muli loa o nā keiki kāne ʻehā i kona mau mākua.
ʻAʻohe ʻae a nā mea kākau moʻolelo a Sandro e pili ana i ke kumu o kona inoa. Wahi a kekahi mana, ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa kapakapa "Botticelli" (keg) mai kona kaikuaʻana ʻo Giovanni, he kanaka momona. Wahi a kekahi, pili ia i nā hana kālepa o nā kaikuaʻana 2.
ʻAʻole i lilo koke ʻo Sandro i mea pena kiʻi. I kona wā ʻōpio, ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻonaninani no kekahi mau makahiki ʻelua me ka haku Antonio. Ma ke ala, manaʻo kekahi mau loea i loaʻa i ka kāne kona inoa hope mai iā ia.
I nā makahiki 1460 mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Botticelli i ke aʻo ʻana i ka pena me Fra Filippo Lhio. No 5 mau makahiki ua aʻo ʻo ia e pena, e nānā pono ana i ke ʻano o ke kumu, ka mea nāna i hoʻohui i ka hoʻololi ʻekolu o nā puke i kahi mokulele.
Ma hope o kēlā, ʻo kā Sandro alakaʻi ʻo Andrea Verrocchio. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka haumāna haumāna ʻo Verrocchio ʻo Leonardo da Vinci, ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia e kekahi. Ma hope o 2 mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Botticelli e hana kūʻokoʻa i kāna mau mea hana.
Paʻi kiʻi
I ko Sandro ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna hale hana ponoʻī. ʻO kāna hana nui mua i kapa ʻia ʻo The Allegory of Power (1470), kahi mea āna i kākau ai no ka ʻĀha Hoʻokena Merchant kūloko. I kēia manawa i kāna puke moʻomanaʻo, ua hele mai ke keiki a Botticelli ʻo Filippino - ke keiki a kāna kumu mua.
Ua pena ʻo Sandro i nā kahakaha he nui me Madonnas, i waena o nā mea i makemake nui ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻo "Madonna o ka Eucharist". I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kāna kaila ponoʻī: kahi palette mālamalama a me ka hoʻolilo ʻana o nā ʻili i nā aka ocher.
I loko o kāna mau pena kiʻi, ua hiki i Botticelli ke hōʻike akāka a hōʻike pōkole hoʻi i ka hana keaka o ka pā, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia me nā manaʻo a me ka neʻe. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea āpau i nā canvases mua o ka Italia, me ke diptych - "The Return of Judith" a me "Ke ʻImi ʻana i ke Kino o Holofernes".
ʻO ke kiʻi hapa-ʻōlohelohe ʻo Sandro i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka pena kiʻi "Saint Sebastian", i hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o ka hale pule o Santa Maria Maggiore i ka makahiki 1474. I ka makahiki aʻe ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hana kaulana "Adoration of the Magi", kahi i hōʻike ai iā ia iho.
I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua lilo a kaulana ʻo Botticelli i mea pena kiʻi pena akamai. ʻO nā kiʻi pena kaulana loa a ka haku ma kēia ʻano ʻo "Portrait of a Unknown Man with the Cosimo Medici Medal", a me kekahi mau kiʻi o Giuliano Medici a me nā kaikamahine kūloko.
Ua hoʻolaha aku ka kaulana o ka mea pena talena ma ʻō aku o nā palena o Florence. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā kauoha he nui, a ʻo ka hopena a Pope Sixtus IV i aʻo ai e pili ana iā ia. Ua hāʻawi aku ke alakaʻi o ka hale pule Katolika iā ia e pena i kona hale pule ponoʻī ma ka hale aliʻi Roma.
I ka makahiki 1481, ua hōʻea ʻo Sandro Botticelli i Roma, kahi āna i hoʻomaka ai e hana. Ua hana pū kekahi me nā mea pena kaulana ʻē aʻe me ia, e like me Ghirlandaio, Rosselli a me Perugino.
Ua pena ʻo Sandro i kahi hapa o nā paia o ka Sistine Chapel. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o 3 frescoes: "The Punishment of Korea, Dathan and Aviron", "The Temptation of Christ" a me "The Calling of Moses".
Eia kekahi, ua pena ʻo ia i nā kiʻi paʻi 11 papal. He mea pīhoihoi ia i ka pena ʻana o Michelangelo i ke kaupaku a me ka paia o ke kuahu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia aʻe, e lilo ka Sistine Chapel i mea kaulana i ka honua.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hana ma ka Vatican, hoʻi ʻo Botticelli i ka home. I ka makahiki 1482 ua hana ʻo ia i ke kiʻi pena kaulana a pohihihi hoʻi "Spring". Wahi a nā mea kākau moʻolelo a ua mea pena nei ua kākau ʻia kēia mea nui ma lalo o ka mana o nā manaʻo o neo-Platonism.
ʻAʻohe o ka wehewehe pono ʻana o "Spring". Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka moʻolelo o ka canvas i haku ʻia e kahi ʻItalia ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka mele "On the Nature of Things" na Lucretius.
ʻO kēia hana, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe ʻelua e Sandro Botticelli - "Pallas a me ka Centaur" a me "The Birth of Venus", na Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco Medici i haku. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe loiloi i kēia mau canvases i ke kūlike a me ka plasticity o nā laina, a me nā ʻano mele i hōʻike ʻia i nā nuances maʻalea.
ʻO ke kiʻi pena "Ka Hānau ʻana o Venus", ʻo ia ka hana kaulana loa a Botticelli, kūpono i ka nānā nui. Ua pena ʻia ma ka canvas e ana ana i ka 172.5 x 278.5 cm. Hōʻike ka canvas i ka moolelo o ka hānau ʻana o ke akua wahine Venus (Greek Aphrodite).
Ma kahi o ka manawa like, pena ʻo Sandro i kāna pena pena aloha like ʻia no Venus a me Mars. Ua kākau ʻia ma ka wahie (69 x 173 cm). I kēia lā, mālama ʻia kēia hana noʻeau i ka London National Gallery.
Ma hope ua hoʻomaka ʻo Botticelli e hana ma ka hōʻike ʻana iā Dante's Divine Comedy. Ma kahi kikoʻī, o nā kaha kiʻi e ola nei, ua ola ke kiʻi "The Abyss of Hell". I loko o nā makahiki o kāna puke moʻomeheu hana, ua kākau ke kāne i nā kiʻi haipule he nui, e like me "Madonna a me Child Enthroned", "Announcement of Chestello", "Madonna me kahi Pomegranate", etc.
I nā makahiki 1490-1500. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Sandro Botticelli e ka mōneka Dominican Girolamo Savonarola, nāna i kāhea i ka poʻe e mihi a me ka pono. Hoʻohui ʻia me nā manaʻo o ka Dominican, ua hoʻololi ka Italia i kona ʻano pena kiʻi. Ua lilo ka laulā o nā kala i mea kāohi ʻia, a ua lanakila nā leo ʻeleʻele ma luna o nā kaʻa.
ʻO kā Savonarola hoʻopiʻi no ka heresy a me kāna hoʻokō ʻana i 1498 ua hoʻohikilele nui ʻo Botticelli. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻohui ʻia ka pouli i kāna hana.
I ka makahiki 1500, ua kākau ka mea akamai "Mystical Christmas" - ke kiʻi nui hope loa na Sandro. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka mea i lilo i hana wale a ka mea pena i kākau ʻia a kau inoa ʻia e ka mea kākau. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ka palapala i kēia mau mea:
"ʻO wau, ʻo Alessandro, i pena i kēia kiʻi i ka makahiki 1500 ma ʻItalia, ka hapalua o ka manawa ma hope o ka manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka mokuna 11 o ka Revelation of John the Theologian, e pili ana i ka lua o ka mauna o ka Apocalypse, i ka manawa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka diabolō no 3.5 mau makahiki. ... A laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia e like me ka mokuna 12, a e ʻike mākou iā ia (e hehi ʻia i ka honua), e like me kēia kiʻi. "
Ke ola pilikino
ʻAneʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Botticelli. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i male a hānau keiki paha. Manaʻo ka poʻe loea he nui ua aloha ke kāne i kahi kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Simonetta Vespucci, ka nani mua o Florence a me ka mea aloha ʻia e Giuliano Medici.
Ua hana ʻo Simonetta ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike no nā kaʻa a Sandro e make ana i ka makahiki 23.
Make
I nā makahiki hope loa o kona ola, ua haʻalele ka haku i nā mea noʻeau a noho i kahi ʻilihune loa. Inā ʻaʻole no ke kōkua o nā hoaaloha, a laila ua make paha ʻo ia i ka pōloli. Ua hala ʻo Sandro Botticelli ma Mei 17, 1510 i ka makahiki 65.
Nā kiʻi pena Botticelli
