ʻO ke ola o Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935) i lilo i kumu hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i ka lilo ʻana o ke kanaka i ʻepekema i ka ʻepekema kaulana i loko o nā mea āpau. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Tsiolkovsky ke olakino hao (akā, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe), ʻaʻohe ona kōkua koʻikoʻi mai kona mau mākua i kona wā ʻōpio a me ka loaʻa kālā koʻikoʻi i kona mau makahiki makua, ua hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻia e kāna poʻe o ka wā a ua hoʻohewa ʻia e kāna mau hoa hana ʻepekema. Akā i ka hopena ʻo Konstantin Eduardovich a me kāna mau hoʻoilina i hōʻoia he pololei ka mea moeʻuhane Kaluga.
Mai poina ua hala ʻo Tsiolkovsky i kona wā makua (ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma luna o 60), i ka wā i ʻike ai ʻo Lūkia i kekahi o nā cataclysms nui loa ma kāna mōʻaukala - he mau kipi a me ke Kaua Kivila. Ua hiki i ka ʻepekema ke hoʻomanawanui i kēia mau hoʻāʻo ʻelua, a me ka nalo ʻana o nā keikikāne ʻelua a me kahi kaikamahine. Ua kākau ʻo ia ma mua o 400 mau pepa ʻepekema, ʻoiai ʻo Tsiolkovsky iā ia iho i manaʻo i kāna manaʻo rocket he mea hoihoi, akā ʻo ka pepa hope ʻelua o kāna kumumanaʻo maʻamau, kahi i hui pū ʻia me ka akeakamai.
Ke ʻimi nei ʻo Tsiolkovsky i kahi ala hou no ke kanaka. Kupanaha, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kuhikuhi iā ia i ka poʻe i ola hou mai ke koko a me ka haumia o nā hakakā fratricidal. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha ka manaʻo o ka poʻe iā Tsiolkovsky. He 22 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ukali mua honua Honua ma ka Soviet Union, a 4 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua piʻi ʻo Yuri Gagarin i ka lewa. Akā ua komo pū kēia mau makahiki 22 i 4 mau makahiki o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, a me ka haunaele kūpilikiʻi o ke kūkulu hou ʻia ʻana o hope. ʻO kā Tsiolkovsky mau manaʻo a me ka hana a kāna poʻe ukali a me nā haumāna i lanakila i nā ālai āpau.
1. ʻO Father Konstantin Tsiolkovsky kahi wao nahele. E like me ka nui o nā kūlana aupuni "mauʻu" i Lūkia, e pili ana i nā ululāʻau, ua manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa iā ia kāna meaʻai ponoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Eduard Tsiolkovsky e kāna pono pilikino i kēlā manawa a ua noho wale ia ma kahi uku liʻiliʻi, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he kumu. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole makemake nā mea ulu lāʻau ʻē aʻe i kēlā hoa hana, no laila e neʻe pinepine ʻo Tsiolkovsky. Ma waho o Constantine, he 12 mau keiki a ka ʻohana, ʻo ia ka muli loa o nā keikikāne.
2. ʻO ka ʻilihune o ka ʻohana Tsiolkovsky ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e kēia kaʻina aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka makuahine i hana i ka aʻo i loko o ka ʻohana, ua hoʻoholo ka makuakāne e hāʻawi i nā keiki i kahi haʻi'ōlelo pōkole e pili ana i ka pōʻai o ka Honua. No ke kiʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, ua lawe ʻo ia i ka ʻāpala a, hou ʻana me ka nila kuʻi, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kaʻapuni i kēia nila kuʻi. Pīhoihoi loa nā keiki i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻāpala ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolohe i ka wehewehe a ko lākou makuakāne. Ua huhū ʻo ia, hoʻolei i ka ʻāpala ma luna o ka pākaukau a haʻalele. ʻAi koke ʻia ka hua.
3. I ka makahiki 9, ua maʻi ʻo Kostya liʻiliʻi me ka fiva ʻulaʻula. Ua hoʻololi nui kēia maʻi i ka lohe ʻana o ke keikikāne a hoʻololi maoli i kona ola ma hope. Ua lilo ʻo Tsiolkovsky i mea hui ʻole, a ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻopuni iā ia e hoʻohilahila i ke keikikāne kuli. I ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua make ka makuahine o Tsiolkovsky, kahi hahau hou i ke ʻano o ke keiki kāne. Ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e heluhelu a nui, ua loaʻa ʻo Konstantin i puka nona iho - ka ʻike i loaʻa iā ia i hoʻoikaika ai iā ia. A ʻo ke kuli, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka hopena o kona mau lā, lilo i poka nāna i kipaku iā ia i kona ola a pau.
4. I kēia mau makahiki he 11, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Tsiolkovsky e hana i nā ʻano mīkini like ʻole me kona mau lima ponoʻī. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā pēpē a me nā holo, nā hale a me nā uaki, nā kaʻa ʻūlū a me nā kaʻa. ʻO nā mea e sila ana i ka waki (ma kahi o ka glue) a me ka pepa. I ka makahiki 14, ua hana ʻē ʻo ia i nā neʻe ʻana o nā kaʻaahi a me nā noho huila, kahi i lawelawe ʻia ai nā puna me he "motoka". I ka makahiki 16, ua ʻākoakoa kūʻokoʻa ʻo Konstantin i kahi lathe.
5. Ua noho ʻo Tsiolkovsky ma Moscow no ʻekolu mau makahiki. ʻO nā kālā akahai i hoʻouna ʻia mai iā ia mai ka home, ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia iho, a ʻo ia nō kahi i ola maoli ai i ka berena a me ka wai. Akā ma Moscow, aia kahi mea kupaianaha - a manuahi - hale waihona puke ʻo Chertkov. Ma laila ʻo Konstantin ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā puke aʻo pono wale nō, akā ua launa pū me nā mea hou o ka moʻokalaleo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ola lōʻihi - ʻaʻole hiki i kahi meaola nāwaliwali ke kū aʻe. Ua hoʻi ʻo Tsiolkovsky i kona makuakāne ma Vyatka.
6. Ua hui kāna wahine ʻo Varvara Tsiolkovsky i ka makahiki 1880 ma ke kaona ʻo Borovsk, kahi i hoʻouna ʻia ai ʻo ia e hana ma ke ʻano he kumu ma hope o ke kūleʻa ʻana i nā hōʻike. Ua kūleʻa nui ka male ʻana. Kākoʻo kāna wahine iā Konstantin Eduardovich i nā mea āpau, ʻoiai ʻo ia kahi mamao loa mai ke ʻano anela, ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema iā ia a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Tsiolkovsky i hoʻolilo i kahi ʻāpana nui o kāna loaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka ʻepekema.
7. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo mua a Tsiolkovsky e paʻi i kahi hana ʻepekema mai ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻouna aku ke kumu he 23 mau makahiki i kahi hana me kahi poʻo manaʻo akāka "Hōʻike kiʻi o nā manaʻo" i ka keʻena hoʻoponopono o ka makasina Manaʻo Lūkini. I kēia hana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hōʻoia i ka huina algebraic o nā manaʻo maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ke kanaka i kona wā e ola ana ua like ia me ka ʻole. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka paʻi ʻole ʻia o ka hana.
8. I kāna hana "Mekanika o nā kinoea" ua ʻike hou ʻia ʻo Tsiolkovsky (25 mau makahiki ma hope o Clausius, Boltzmann lāua ʻo Maxwell) ke kumumanaʻo molekule-kinetic o nā kinoea. I loko o ka Russian Physico-Chemical Society, kahi a Tsiolkovsky i hoʻouna aku ai i kāna hana, kuhi lākou ua hoʻonele ʻia ka mea kākau i ke komo ʻana i nā puke ʻepekema o kēia wā a mahalo nui ʻia nā "Mekanika", ʻoiai kona ʻano lua. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Tsiolkovsky i ke kūlana o ka Hui, akā ʻaʻole ʻo Konstantin Eduardovich i hōʻoia i kona lālā, a ua mihi ʻo ia ma hope.
9. Ma ke ʻano he kumu, ua aloha ʻia a makemake ʻole ʻia ʻo Tsiolkovsky. Mahalo no ka mea ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā mea āpau loa a maʻalahi hoʻi, ʻaʻole i makaʻu i ka hana ʻana i nā hāmeʻa a me nā hiʻohiʻona me nā keiki. Makemake ʻole ʻia i ke kūpaʻa i nā loina. Ua hōʻole ʻo Konstantin Eduardovich i nā aʻo fictitious no nā keiki a ka poʻe waiwai. Eia kekahi, ua koʻikoʻi ʻo ia e pili ana i nā hōʻike i lawe ʻia e nā luna e hōʻoia a hoʻomaikaʻi paha i kā lākou papa. ʻO ke kīpē no ia mau hoʻokolohua he hapa nui o ka loaʻa kālā o nā kumu, a ʻo kā Tsiolkovsky pili i nā kumumanaʻo i luku i ka “ʻoihana” holoʻokoʻa. No laila, i ka pō o ka hoʻokolohua, ua huli pinepine ia e pono ai ka mea loiloi nui loa e hele i kahi huakaʻi ʻoihana. I ka hopena, ua kāpae lākou iā Tsiolkovsky i kahi ala e lilo i mea makemake nui ʻia i ka Soviet Union - ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia "no ka hoʻolaha" iā Kaluga.
10. Ma 1886, KE Tsiolkovsky, i kahi hana kūikawā, i hōʻoia i ka hiki ke kūkulu i kahi mokulele mokulele āpau. ʻO ka manaʻo, ka mea a ka mea kākau i hōʻike ponoʻī ʻia ma Moscow, ua ʻae ʻia, akā i nā huaʻōlelo wale nō, e hoʻohiki ana i ka mea i loaʻa he "kākoʻo maikaʻi". ʻAʻole paha makemake kekahi e hoʻomākeʻaka i ka mea nāna i haku, akā i ka 1893 - 1894 ka Austrian David Schwartz i kūkulu i kahi mokulele mokulele āpau ma St. Petersburg me nā kālā lehulehu, me ka ʻole o kahi papahana a me nā kūkākūkā o nā ʻepekema. ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ka māmā ma mua o ka ea o ka ea, ua loaʻa iā Schwartz he 10,000 rubles hou aʻe mai ka waihona no ka hoʻoponopono a ... holo. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka mokulele Tsiolkovsky, akā ma 1931 wale nō.
11. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Kaluga, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻo Tsiolkovsky i kāna aʻo ʻepekema a hana hou ʻo ia iā ia. I kēia manawa ua hana hou ʻo ia i ka hana a Hermann Helmholtz lāua ʻo Lord Cavendish, e ʻōlelo ana ke kumu o ka ikehu no nā hōkū ka umekaumaha. He aha e hana ai, ʻaʻole hiki ke kau inoa i nā puke ʻepekema haole ma ka uku o ke kumu.
12. ʻO Tsiolkovsky ka mea mua i noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o gyroscope i ka mokulele. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i ka regulator axle akomi mercury, a laila noi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka top rotating e kaulike i nā aircrafts.
13. I ka makahiki 1897 ua kūkulu ʻo Tsiolkovsky i kāna ala makani ponoʻī o kahi hoʻolālā kumu. Ua ʻike ʻia kēlā mau paipu, akā ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko tunst wind Konstantin Eduardovich - ua hoʻohui pū ʻo ia i ʻelua mau paipu a hoʻonoho i nā mea like ʻole i loko o ia mau mea, kahi i maopopo ai ka ʻokoʻa o ke ea kūpaʻa.
14. Mai ka peni a ka ʻepekema i puka mai ai kekahi mau hana kākāʻepekema. ʻO ka mua ka moʻolelo "Ma ka Mahina" (1893). Ua ukali ʻia e ka "History of Relative Gravity" (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky"), "On the West", "On the Earth and Beyond the Earth in 2017".
15. "ʻImi ʻana i nā wahi o ka honua me nā mea jet" - ʻo ia ke poʻo inoa o ka ʻatikala a Tsiolkovsky, ka mea i hoʻokumu i nā kumu no nā cosmonautics. Ua hoʻomohala a hoʻomohala ka ʻepekema i ka manaʻo o Nikolai Fedorov e pili ana i "kākoʻo ʻole ʻia" - nā ʻenekini jet. Ma hope ua ʻae ʻo Tsiolkovsky iā ia iho ua like nā manaʻo o Fedorov me kā Newton ʻāpala - ua hāʻawi lākou i ka impetus i kā Tsiolkovsky mau manaʻo ponoʻī.
16. ʻO nā mokulele mua wale nō ke hana nei i nā lele hoʻoliʻiliʻi, a ʻo Tsiolkovsky e hoʻāʻo nei e helu i ka nui o ka hana a nā hōkele. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i nā hoʻokolohua ma nā moa a me nā ʻokaʻā. Ua kūpale ka hope i ka haneli haneli. Ua helu ʻo ia i ka wikiwiki o ka hakahaka ʻelua a ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokūpaʻa i nā satellite ʻimi hoʻopunipuni o ka Honua (a laila ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo e like me ia) e ka hoʻololi
17. Ua pepehi nā keiki kāne ʻelua a Tsiolkovsky iā ia iho. ʻO Ignat, ka mea i hala i 1902, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i ka ʻilihune, ka palena o ka ʻilihune. Ua kau ʻo Alexander iā ia iho ma 1923. ʻO kekahi keikikāne ʻo ʻIvana, i make i 1919 mai volvulus. Ua make ke kaikamahine ʻo Anna ma 1922 mai ka maʻi kō.
18. ʻO kā Tsiolkovsky haʻawina ʻokoʻa mua i hōʻike ʻia ma 1908 wale nō. A laila ua hiki i ka ʻohana me nā hana kūpilikiʻi ke kūʻai aku i hale ma waho o Kaluga. Ua kahe ka wai mua iā ia, akā aia nā hale paʻa a me nā hale kūleʻa i ka pā. ʻO kēia mau mea, ua kūkulu ʻia ka papahele lua, a lilo ia i lumi hana na Konstantin Eduardovich.
ʻO ka hale Tsiolkovsky i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. ʻO ka superstructure kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka noiʻi ma hope
19. He mea hiki nō paha ke ʻike ʻia ka loea o Tsiolkovsky ma mua o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni, inā ʻaʻole no ka nele i ke kālā. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻepekema ke lawe i ka hapa nui o kāna mau mea i hana ai i kahi mea kūʻai aku kūpono no ka nele i ke kālā. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua mākaukau ʻo ia e hāʻawi i kāna mau palapala hoʻoilina me ka uku ʻole i kēlā me kēia mea e hana e hana i nā mea hou. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mea waena i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hoʻopukapuka i 25% o ka hana i hala ʻole ma mua - makehewa. ʻAʻole ia he mea kūpono i ka pepa hope i paʻi ʻia e Tsiolkovsky "ma lalo o ke aupuni kahiko" ma 1916 i kapa ʻia ʻo "Gourse and Genius".
20. No nā makahiki a pau o kāna hana ʻepekema ma mua o ke kipi, ua loaʻa iā Tsiolkovsky i ke kālā hoʻokahi wale nō manawa - ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia i 470 rubles no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi alawai makani. I ka 1919, i ka wā o ka mokuʻāina Soviet, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, moe i nā wahi neoneo, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia kahi penihana ola a hāʻawi ʻia me kahi ʻepekema ʻepekema (ʻo ia ka helu nui o ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe). No 40 mau makahiki o ka hana ʻepekema ma mua o ke kipi, ua paʻi ʻo Tsiolkovsky i nā hana he 50, i nā makahiki 17 ma lalo o ka mana Soviet - 150.
21. ʻO ka ʻoihana ʻepekema a me ke ola o Tsiolkovsky i pau i ka makahiki 1920. ʻO kekahi Fedorov, kahi adventurer mai Kiev, ua hoʻomau mau i ka ʻepekema e neʻe i Ukraine, kahi i mākaukau ai nā mea āpau no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mokulele. Ma ke ala, ua hana ʻo Fedorov i nā leka me nā lālā o ka keʻokeʻo lalo. I ka wā i hopu ai nā Chekist iā Fedorov, ua kau ʻia ka manaʻo kānalua ma luna o Tsiolkovsky. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma hope o ʻelua mau pule ma ka hale paʻahao, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Konstantin Eduardovich.
22. Ma 1925 - 1926 hoʻopuka hou ʻo Tsiolkovsky "ʻImi i nā wahi honua e nā mea jet". Ua kapa ʻia ia mau ʻepekema he hoʻopuka hou, akā ua aneane piha loa ia i kāna hana kahiko. Ua akāka loa nā loina o ka propulsion jet, a ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻenehana kūpono no ka hoʻouka ʻana, ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi mokulele, hoʻoluʻolu a hoʻi i ka Honua. I 1929, i Space Loko, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā roketa multistage. ʻOiai he mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻokumu ʻia nā cosmonautics o kēia manawa ma nā manaʻo o Tsiolkovsky.
23. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā makemake o Tsiolkovsky i nā lele ʻana i ka lewa a i ke ākea. Ua noiʻi a wehewehe ʻo ia i nā ʻenehana no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu lā a me ka ikaika o ka wai, condensing vapor wai, lumi hoʻolālā ea, hoʻomohala i nā wao akua, a noʻonoʻo pū e pili ana i nā kaʻa holo wikiwiki.
24. I nā makahiki 1930, ua kaulana ʻo Tsiolkovsky i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā leka mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua, ua hiki mai nā mea lawe nūpepa iā Kaluga e nīnau no ko lākou manaʻo e pili ana i kekahi pilikia. Ua noi aku nā kino aupuni o ka USSR i nā kūkākūkā ʻana. Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka piha makahiki 65 o ka ʻepekema me ka pīhoihoi nui. I ka manawa like, noho haʻahaʻa ʻo Tsiolkovsky i ka hana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo ia e hele i Moscow no kāna lā hoʻomanaʻo, akā i ka manawa a A.M. Gorky i kākau aku ai iā Tsiolkovsky makemake ʻo ia e hele i ona lā i Kaluga, hōʻole maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻepekema. He mea hōʻoluʻolu ʻole iā ia ke loaʻa ka mea kākau nui i kāna keʻena, āna i kapa ai ʻo "ke kukui".
25. Ua make ʻo Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky ma ka lā 19 Kepakemapa 1935 mai kahi ʻōpū maʻi ʻōpū mālamalama. Ua hele mai he mau kaukani a me nā malihini kipa o Kaluga e ʻōlelo maikaʻi i ka ʻepekema nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pahu kupapaʻu i ka hale o ka Palace of Pioneers. Ua hāʻawi nā nūpepa waena i nā ʻaoʻao āpau iā Tsiolkovsky, e kāhea ana iā ia he kipi o ka ʻepekema.
