Inā, 200 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻōlelo kekahi kekahi ʻo ka ikaika nui i hope o ka nui o nā kaua i ke kenekulia iwakālua ʻo ka ʻaila, e kānalua paha kekahi i kona lawa. Kūʻai ʻia kēia wai ʻino ʻole, pilau i nā hale kūʻai lāʻau? ʻO wai ka mea e pono ai, a no laila he mea kūpono e hoʻokuʻu i nā kaua?
Ma muli o kēia mau paipu hoʻāʻo o ke kaua? E hoʻokuke!
Akā i kahi manawa pōkole loa, e nā kūlana o ka mōʻaukala, ua lilo ka aila i mea waiwai nui i loaʻa. ʻAʻole waiwai ia i ka waiwai, akā i ka laulā o ka noi i ka hoʻokele waiwai.
ʻO ka lele mua o ka noi aila i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻaila māhinu mai laila mai. A laila ua loaʻa ka hoʻohana o ka petrolina junk i manaʻo ʻia ma mua - hoʻomaka ka hoʻokalakupua o ka honua. A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpala hana hou aʻe - nā aila a me ka wahie diesel. Ua aʻo lākou e hana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole a me nā kumuwaiwai mai ka aila, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ʻaʻole i loko o ke ʻano meaola.
Hana hou aila hou
Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kū ma kāna ʻāina o nā waihona o nā mea waiwai a hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻaʻole ia e lawe mau i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka mokuʻāina. ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka aila e nā mokuʻāina, akā e nā ʻoihana transnational, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka pūʻali koa o nā mokuʻāina nui loa. A loaʻa i nā aupuni ka ʻāpana o nā loaʻa i ʻae ʻia e ka poʻe ʻaila e uku. Ma hope koke iho o ke Kaua Honua II, no ka laʻana, loaʻa nā mokuʻāina ʻAlapia ma waena o $ 12 a $ 25 no ka barela aila i hana ʻia ma ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo e pāʻani i kā lākou pāʻani no kekahi mau poʻo koa o ka mokuʻāina i ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai i kā lākou ʻoihana, a ʻo ko lākou ola pū kekahi. I ko lākou mau ʻāina, ua ʻoluʻolu ʻole kekahi mea (a ma ka ʻāina hea e hauʻoli ai kēlā me kēia mea me nā mea āpau), a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka waiho ʻana o ka daredevil i kahi koho ākea o ka haʻalele, lawe pio, make, a i ʻole hui pū ʻia me kēia mau koho.
Ke hoʻomau nei kēia hana a hiki i kēia lā. Eia kekahi, hoʻokahuli ʻia nā pelekikena a me nā kuhina nui a pepehi ʻole ʻia no nā hana, akā no ka hiki ke hana i ka manaʻo. ʻO ke alakaʻi Libyan ʻo Muammar Gaddafi i kūpaʻa loa i ke Komohana, akā ʻaʻole kēia i hoʻopakele iā ia mai ka pepehi kanaka hoʻomāinoino. A ʻo kona hopena ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ia mai Saddam Hussein, ka mea i ʻimi e alualu i kahi kulekele kūʻokoʻa. I kekahi manawa ua lilo ke "gula ʻeleʻele" i mea hōʻino ...
1. A i ka waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ʻo Baku ka ʻāpana nui e hana i ka aila o Rūsia a me ka USSR. Ua ʻike lākou e pili ana i ka aila ma Rūsia ma mua, a ua ʻike pehea e hana ai, akā i ka makahiki 1840 ua hoʻouna ke kia'āina o Transcaucasia i nā laʻana o ka ʻaila Baku i ka Academy of Science, ua pane aku nā ʻepekema iā ia he mea ʻole kēia wai no kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka lubricating bogie axles. Ua hala he mau makahiki he iwakālua ma mua o ka paila ʻana o ka aila ...
2. ʻAʻole lawe ka lawe ʻana i ka aila i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka kūleʻa i ke ola. ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻoihana aila Lūkia, ʻo Fyodor Pryadunov, ua ʻeli pono i ke keleawe a me ke kēpau a hiki i kona ʻike ʻana i kahi māla aila. Ua hoʻopukapuka ka miliona miliona i kāna kālā āpau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka waihona kālā, loaʻa kahi kōkua aupuni, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iki kekahi mea. Ua make ʻo Fyodor Pryadunov i kahi hale paʻahao.
ʻO Fyodor Pryadunov
3. Ua wehe ʻia ka hana mua aila mua o ka honua i ka makahiki 1856 ma Polani i kēia manawa. Ua wehe ʻo Ignacy Lukashevich i kahi ʻoihana i hana i ka petrolene a me nā aila no ka hana lubricating, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka helu e like me ka avalanche i ka wā ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana loiloi. Hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō ka mea kanu (ua pau i ke ahi), akā ua kī i ka primacy no kāna mea hana.
ʻO Ignacy Lukashevich
4. ʻO ka paio kalepa mua, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka aila, ma hope o hoʻokahi kenekulia a me ka hapalua me he mea lā he farce ia. Ua loaʻa i kahi ʻepekema kaulana ʻAmelika ʻo Benjamin Silliman kahi kauoha mai kahi hui o nā mea kālepa i 1854. Maʻalahi loa ke kumu o ke kauoha: e nānā inā hiki ke hoʻohana i ka aila no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana, a ma ke ala, inā hiki, e ʻike i nā waiwai pono ʻē aʻe o kēia fossil, me ka hoʻohui ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau (kūʻai ʻia ka aila i nā hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau a hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka nui o nā maʻi. Ua hoʻokō ʻo Silliman i ke kauoha, akā ʻaʻole wikiwiki ka consortium manō ʻoihana e uku no ka hana. Ua hoʻoweliweli ka ʻepekema e hoʻopuka i nā hopena noiʻi ma ka nūpepa, a ma hope wale nō ua loaʻa iā ia ka nui i makemake ʻia. He 526 dala 8 keneta. A ʻaʻole akamai nā "mea kālepa" - ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻano kālā, pono lākou e hōʻaiʻē.
ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻo Ben Silliman i kāna mau hopena noiʻi no ka manuahi
5. ʻAʻole pili ka wahie i nā kukui ʻaila mua me ka aila - a laila lawe ʻia ka ʻaila māhu mai ka lānahu. Ma ka hapa ʻelua wale nō o ke kenekulia 19, ma hope o ke aʻo ʻia ʻana o B. Silliman i ʻōlelo ʻia, ua hoʻomaka lākou e kiʻi i ka ʻaila māhinu mai ka aila. ʻO ia ka hoʻololi i ka ʻaila māla i hāpai i ka koi pahū no ka aila.
6. I ka mua, ua lawe ʻia ka distillation o ka aila i mea e loaʻa ai ka petrolene a me nā aila lubricating. ʻO nā hakina māmā (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka petrolina) nā huahana o ka hana ʻana. Ma ka hoʻomaka wale nō o ke kenekulia 20, me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā kaʻa, ua lilo ka penehina i huahana kalepa. A hoʻi i nā makahiki 1890 i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia no 0.5 keneta o ka lita.
7. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻaila ma Siberia e Mikhail Sidorov i ka makahiki 1867, akā ʻo nā kūlana paʻakikī a me nā kālaihonua i kēlā manawa ka mea i loaʻa ʻole ka pōmaikaʻi o ke gula ʻeleʻele. ʻO Sidorov, ka mea i loaʻa miliona mai ka hoʻouku gula, ua panakalupa a hoʻopiha hou i ka martyrology o nā mea hana ʻaila.
ʻO Mikhail Sidorov
8. Ua hoʻomaka ka hana mua aila US nunui i ka kauhale o Titusville, Pennsylvania. Ua hana ka poʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mineral hou e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke gula. I nā lā ʻelua i ka makahiki 1859, ua hoʻonui ka heluna lehulehu o Titusville i mau manawa, a ua kūʻai ʻia nā pahu o ka whiskey, kahi i ninini ʻia ai ka aila i lawe ʻia, ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o ka nui o ka aila. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa nā mea hana ʻaila i kā lākou haʻawina palekana mua. ʻO ka "hale kūʻai" ʻo Colonel E. L. Drake (ka mea kākau o ka huaʻōlelo kaulana ʻo ka luna nui kāna Colt ʻeono kī), nona ka poʻe hana i ʻike mua i ka aila, puhi ʻia mai ke ahi o kahi ipukukui maʻamau. ʻO ka aila i loko o ka waihona e waiho ʻia i loko o nā ipu ...
ʻO Kenela Drake, ʻoiai kāna mau pono, ua make i ka ʻilihune
9. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kumukūʻai ʻaila i kenekulia iwakālua. Ma hope koke o ka wehe ʻana o ka luawai kahe mua ma Pennsylvania, e hana ana i 3,000 barela i kēlā me kēia lā, ua hāʻule ke kumukūʻai mai $ 10 a 10 keneta, a laila piʻi i $ 7.3 i kahi barela. A ʻo kēia mau mea a pau no hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hapa.
10. Ma Pennsylvania, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai ka Titusville kaulana, aia kekahi kūlanakauhale nona ka moʻolelo i makemake ʻole ʻia e ka hoʻolaha. Kapa ʻia ʻo Pithole. I ka makahiki 1865, ua huki ʻia ka aila ma kona wahi, aia i Ianuali. I Iulai, he kamaʻāina Pithole, kahi i hala i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala me ka kūleʻa ʻole e kiʻi i kahi hōʻaiʻē panakō no $ 500 no ka palekana o ka ʻāina a me kahi mahiʻai, kūʻai aku i kēia māla no $ 1.3 miliona, a i loko o ʻelua mau mahina ma hope ua kūʻai hou aku ka mea hou nona ia no $ 2 miliona. Ua kū mai nā panakō, nā kikowaena telegraph, nā hōkele, nā nūpepa, nā hale kau ma ke kūlanakauhale. Akā ua maloʻo nā luawai, a i Ianuali 1866 hoʻi ʻo Pithole i kona ʻano maʻamau o ka lua panalāʻau makapō.
11. I ka wanaʻao o ka hana ʻaila, ua waiho ʻo John Rockefeller, ka mea nona kahi ʻoihana ʻaila hanohano i kēlā manawa (ua kūʻai ʻo ia i ka hapalua o kāna ʻāpana no $ 72,500), me ka ʻole o kāna mau pōpō. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mea hana palaoa Kelemania, kahi a ke ʻohana e kūʻai nei i nā ʻōwili no nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻoholo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana aila, kūʻai aku i ka palaoa a hoʻokumu i kahi hui aila. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Rockefeller ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa e kūʻai aku i ka ʻoihana aila mai ka Kelemania a hōʻoia iā ia e hoʻi i kāna ʻoihana maʻamau. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā hana a Rockefeller i ka ʻoihana, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe he nui i loaʻa ʻole i ka Kelemania kahi dime no kāna hui - ʻike mau nā Rockefellers pehea e hōʻoia ai.
Nānā ʻo John Rockefeller i nā aniani kāmela i mea e hiki ai ke omo
12. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka aila ma Saudi Arabia no ka mōʻī o kēia ʻāina, ʻo Ibn Saud, i hoʻoikaika ʻia e Jack Philby, ka makuakāne o ka luna ʻike kaulana o ka honua. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kona makuakāne, ʻo Kim ke kāne maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻohewa mau ʻo Jack Philby i nā luna Pelekane, ʻoiai ʻo ia i ka lawelawe lehulehu. A i kona wā i haʻalele ai, ua hele ʻo Jack i waho āpau. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Saudi Arabia a ua hoʻohuli ʻia i Islam. Lilo i hoa aloha ponoʻī o ka Mōʻī Ibn Saud, ʻo Philby Sr. i lilo i mau manawa me ia ma nā huakaʻi a puni ka ʻāina. ʻO nā pilikia nui ʻelua o Saudi Arabia i ka 1920s ʻo ke kālā a me ka wai. ʻAʻohe o kekahi a ʻo kekahi ʻē aʻe i nele nui loa. A ua ʻōlelo ʻo Philby e ʻimi i ka aila ma kahi o ka wai - inā loaʻa, e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā pilikia nui ʻelua o ke aupuni.
Ibn Saud
13. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā petrochemicals he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā ʻoihana. Hoʻokaʻawale nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka aila i nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a loaʻa nā petrochemist i kā lākou aila i waho i nā mea mamao, e like me nā lole synthetic a i ʻole nā mea momona mineral.
14. Ke kakali nei i kahi breakthrough kūpono o ko Hitler mau pūʻali koa i Transcaucasus a me ka nele o ka aila, ʻo ka Soviet Union, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Lavrenty Beria, i hoʻokumu a hoʻokō i kahi papahana mua no ka lawe ʻana i ka aila. ʻO ka wai momona i lawe ʻia mai i ka moku ʻo Baku i lawe ʻia i loko o nā pahu kaʻaahi, a laila hoʻolei ʻia i ke kai Caspian. A laila nakinaki ʻia nā pahu wai a huki ʻia iā Astrakhan. Kau ʻia lākou ma luna o nā kaʻa a lawe ʻia i ka ʻākau. A mālama ʻia ka ʻaila i loko o nā awawa i hoʻomākaukau pono ʻia, a me nā kaʻe o kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai nā wai wai.
Kaʻaahi Hydro?
15. ʻO ke kahe o ka wahaheʻe wahaheʻe ʻole a me ka hana kaulike waha i hū mai nā pale kīwī a me nā ʻaoʻao nūpepa i ka wā o ka pilikia o ka aila 1973 he hōʻeha hypnotic ikaika no ka poʻe maʻamau o ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa. ʻO nā hoʻolaha alakaʻi kūʻokoʻa "kūʻokoʻa" i ninini i nā mea wahaheʻe i loko o nā pepeiao o nā hoa makaʻāinana i ka manaʻo o "nā ʻāina hana ʻaila ʻAlapia e pono e pume ʻaila no 8 mau minuke wale nō e kūʻai i ka Eiffel Tower me nā limahana a me ka ʻoihana hoʻokele." ʻO ka loaʻa kālā makahiki o nā ʻāina ʻArabia he 8 i hoʻohua i nā ʻāina i ʻoi iki aʻe ma mua o 4% o US GDP i koe ma hope o nā hanana.
"Ua ʻaihue nā poʻe ʻAlapia i kāu penikala, e ka hoahānau"
16. Ua wehe ka bourse ʻaila mua ma Titusville i ka makahiki 1871. Kūʻai ʻia i loko o ʻekolu mau ʻano aelike: "spot" (lawe koke), 10 lā hoʻouna a kamaʻāina iā mākou āpau i "nā wā e hiki mai ana", ka mea i loaʻa ka waiwai a lilo i panakalupa, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka aila a me nā maka.
17. Ua ʻike mua ke kaimina nui ʻo Dmitry Mendeleev i ke ʻano o ka ʻaila ma ka ʻoihana. Ua hana ʻo Dmitry Ivanovich i kahi mea hana no ka distillation mau o ka aila a me nā pono hana no ka hana ʻana o ka aila wahie a me nā aila ma mua o ka pili ʻana.
Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Dmitry Mendeleev ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila ma ke ʻano he wahie
18. Ma ʻEulopa Komohana a me ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa, e lohe ʻia nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka "krisis petrolina" o ka makahiki 1973 a hiki i nā moʻopuna moʻopuna a ka poʻe nāna i hoʻokau kā lākou mau kaʻa i nā wahi kaʻa e kokoke ana i nā wahi kaʻaila. Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe nui ka poʻe ʻArabia maikaʻi ʻole i ke kumukūʻai o ka aila mai 5.6 a i 11.25 kālā no ka barela. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o kēia mau hana hoʻopunipuni, ua piʻi ʻehā kā ka kālani ʻaila a ka kupunakāne makua kāne. I ka manawa like, ua hina ke dālā ma kahi o 15%, ka mea i hoʻomāmā i ka pā inflation.
Pilikia pōpilikia. ʻO ka pīkino Hippies ma nā alaloa hakahaka
19. ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻaila ma ʻIrana i kēia manawa ua wehewehe ʻia me he melodrama waimaka. ʻO ka mea minamina gula ʻo William DʻArcy i kona wā ʻelemakule (51 mau makahiki a ma kahi o 7 miliona mau paona i ka hale kūʻai) hele aku i ʻIrana e ʻimi aila. ʻO ka Shah o ʻIrana a me kāna mau kuhina no 20,000 mau paona a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no 10% o ka aila a me 16% o nā loaʻa o kahi ʻoihana e loaʻa ka aila, hāʻawi iā 4/5 o kā Iran ʻāina i ka hoʻomohala. ʻO ka ʻenekini, hoʻokuʻu ʻia e DʻArcy a me ka hui, hoʻolilo i ke kālā āpau, akā ʻaʻole loaʻa ka aila (ʻoiaʻiʻo!), A loaʻa kahi kauoha e hele i ʻEnelani. ʻAʻole hoʻokō ka ʻenekini (ʻo Reynolds kona inoa) i ke kauoha, a hoʻomau i ka ʻimi. ʻO ka manawa ia i hoʻomaka a pau ... ua loaʻa ʻo Reynolds i ka aila, DʻArcy a me nā mea kuleana i loaʻa kālā, mālama ka shah iā 20,000 paona me ia, a me ka waihona kālā Iran, kahi a DʻArcy (mea hoʻokumu o British Petroleum) e ʻimi nei me ka hoihoi, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka hoihoi ʻae ʻia ...
ʻO William DʻArcy i kāna ʻimi ʻana i ka aila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaha i ka wā ʻelemakule
20. ʻO ka make ʻana o Enrico Mattei kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o nā mores e kū nei i ka elite aila. Ua koho ʻia ka Italia i alakaʻi no ka hui ikaika nona ka mokuʻāina AGIP ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopili i ka hoʻokele waiwai i luku ʻia e ke kaua, a laila kūʻai aku i ka ʻoihana. I kahi manawa pōkole, ua hoʻokele ʻo Mattei e hoʻāla hou a hoʻonui i ka ʻoihana, ke loaʻa nei nā wahi aila a me nā ʻaukā liʻiliʻi ma Italia. Ma hope, ma ke kumu o AGIP, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mana ikaika hou aku ENI, ka mea i kaohi maoli i ka ʻāpana o ka liona o ka hoʻokele waiwai Italia. ʻOiai ʻo Mattei e hana nui ana ma ka Apennine Peninsula, ua hoʻohuli lākou i ka maka i kona mana. Akā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hui Italia e hoʻopau i nā kuʻikahi kūʻokoʻa no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka aila mai ka USSR a me nā ʻāina kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau koke ʻia ka hana. Ua hāʻule ka mokulele me Mattei ma luna o ka moku. I ka manawa mua, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo e pili ana i kahi hana ʻenehana a i ʻole hewa pailaka, akā ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokolokolo hou ʻana ua puhi ʻia ka mokulele. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea hana hewa.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Enrique Mattei e piʻi i kahi ākea hewa a hoʻopaʻi nui ʻia ʻo ia. ʻAʻohe mea i loaʻa
