ʻO nā pepeke he mau hoa hui pū o ke kanaka i ka manawa a me kahi, i ke kaumaha a me ka hauʻoli, i ke olakino a me ka make. Hoʻomana ka poʻe ʻAigupita kahiko i nā beetles scarab, a ʻeha kā lākou poʻe mamo o kēia wā i nā hoʻouka ʻūhini weliweli. ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ko mākou mau kūpuna i ka pakele mai nā makika me ke tar, hoʻopiʻi mākou i kekahi manawa no nā repellents waiwai ʻole o kēia wā. Ua noho ʻo Cockroach ma ka Honua ma mua o ka manawa o nā kānaka, a, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka ʻepekema, e ola lākou a hiki i ke kaua nukelea o ka honua kahi e nalo ai ke kanaka.
Heʻokoʻa loa nāʻeneke. ʻO nā ʻōpili Collectivist a me nā spider kiki loa i ka papa hoʻokahi. ʻO kahi butterfly nani a palupalu a me kahi nalo rhinoceros nunui hiki ke huki i nā mea i nā manawa he nui ka nui ma mua o lākou iho - he ʻohana nō hoʻi lākou, ʻoiai he mau mamao. Hoʻopili nā pepelu i nā makika lele, a me nā parasites-parasites ʻaʻole neʻe kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hope, holo ka laina hoʻokaʻawale nui loa i ka laina pono-hoʻopōʻino. No ka paʻakikī e hoʻāʻo ka amatir a me ka ʻoihana entomologists e hōʻoia i ka poʻe āpau e pono ana nā pepeke āpau, he mea nui nā mea kolo āpau, paʻakikī loa e hana i kēia e pili ana i nā lunamaka hanohano o kēia papa. I mea e pakele ai a hoʻopau i ka hōʻino mai nā ʻūhini, nā moʻo, nā moena moe, nā makika a me nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, pono e uku nā kānaka me nā ola he miliona a me kahi nui o nā kumuwaiwai hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi i hoʻonui ʻia mai ka pollination e nā nalo meli inā ʻaʻole ia e luku ʻia e kahi ʻūhini.
1. Nui a hewahewa nā mea kolo e pili ana i ka nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻololi mau ʻia ka ʻikepili ma nā mea nui a liʻiliʻi loa. I kēia lā, ʻo ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o kēia papa i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka lāʻau kolo ʻo Phobaeticus chani, e noho ana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kalimantan i Indonesia. ʻO 35.7 knm kona lōʻihi o ke kino.ʻO ka pepeke liʻiliʻi loa ka parasite (parasite e noho ana i nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe) Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. ʻO 0.139 mm kona lōʻihi.
2. Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o nā makahiki o ka hana ʻana, ua kūʻai nui aku ka Soviet Union i nā lako hana ʻē aʻe. Akā pono wau e hana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻaʻole i nā kūʻai kūpono loa. No laila, i ka 1931, ua kūʻai ʻia mai kahi pūʻulu ladybirds o ka lāhui Rodolia i ʻAigupita. ʻAʻole loa kēia he kālā kūpono ʻole o ke kālā hoʻololi kālā - ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ladybugs e hoʻōla i nā hua sitrus Abkhaz. ʻO ka mahi ʻana i nā hua citrus ʻaʻole ia he lawaiʻa kenekulia i Abkhazia; ua kanu ʻia nā ʻānela a me nā ʻalani i nā makahiki 1920 wale nō. ʻAʻole me ka hala ʻole - me nā pua kanu i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAukekulia, lawe mai lākou i ka ʻenemi ʻoi loa o nā hua citrus - ua kapa ʻia ka aphid i ka ilo o ka flute o Australia. Ma Australia, mahalo i nā ladybirds, ua kaupalena ʻia kona heluna kanaka. I ka USSR, me ka ʻole o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ua lilo nā aphids i mea hahau maoli. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Rodolia i loko o ka hale kōmahana ma Leningrad a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā māla. Ua hana maikaʻi nā bipi me ka ʻenuhe a hoʻomaka lākou e make i ka pōloli - ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i kekahi meaʻai maoli i kēlā mau wahi.
3. ʻAʻole wale nā pi, a ʻaʻole nui o ka meli a me nā waihona. Ua ʻike ʻia no ka wā lōʻihi ma muli o ka pollination e nā nalo meli ka hua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mahiʻai mahi pua pua. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui i loaʻa mai nā mea pollinators e buzzing i koho ʻia ma ka ʻumi mau pākēneka. No laila, ua manaʻo ka US Department of Agriculture i 1946 i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hua i ka māla me hoʻokahi hale puaʻa ma ka hectare ma 40%. Ua paʻi ʻia nā kiʻi like e nā kānaka noiʻi Soviet. Akā i ka makahiki 2011 kahi hoʻokolohua "maʻemaʻe" i lawe ʻia ma Uzbekistan, ʻokoʻa loa nā helu. ʻO nā kumulāʻau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā nalo meli hāʻawi i kahi hua 10 - 20 mau manawa ma lalo o pollination e nā pi. Ua loli ka hua ma nā lālā o ka lāʻau like.
4. ʻAi nā dragonflies i nā makika, akā ʻo ka nui o nā makika ka nui o ka nui i hiki ʻole i ke kanaka ke hōʻoluʻolu mai ke ʻano o nā dragonflies. Akā i ka paepae Barabinskaya (kahi kahakai ma nā wahi ʻo Omsk a me Novosibirsk), hele wale nā kamaʻāina kūloko i ka māla a i ka māla paha i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai nā pua hihiʻi, kahi e hoʻopuehu ai i nā makika.
5. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻenemi weliweli o kaʻuala, ka nalo ʻuala ʻo Colorado, i ka makahiki 1824 ma nā mauna Pōhaku ʻAmelika. He mea ola ʻole loa ia, e ʻai ana i nā pō ulu ulu ulu. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mahiʻai, ua hoʻāʻo ka ʻiʻo ʻuala ʻo Colorado i kaʻuala. Mai ka hopena o 1850, he pōʻino ia no nā mahiʻai ʻAmelika. I loko o hoʻokahi anahulu a me ka hapa, ua komo ka ʻiʻo ʻuala ʻo Colorado i ʻEulopa. I ka USSR, ʻike mua ʻia ʻo ia ma 1949 ma Transcarpathia. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua nui ʻana o ka Soviet Union e ka beetle potato ʻo Colorado i kū i ke kauwela wela a maloʻo o 1958. Ua hele ka nui o nā beetles i nā palena ʻaʻole ma ka lewa wale nō, akā ma ke kai - ua kahakai ʻia nā kapakai ʻo Baletika ma ka moku ʻo Kaliningrad a me nā moku ʻo Baltic me nā nalo.
6. Hoʻokahi anthill liʻiliʻi o ka genus Formica (ʻo kēia nā ants i laha nui ʻia i nā ululāʻau deciduous) i kēlā lā i kēia lā e luku ai a hiki i kahi miliona mau mea ʻino ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nahele, kahi i loko o ia mau ʻano nui nā ʻano anthill, pale ʻia e nā mea make ʻino. Inā no kekahi kumu e neʻe ai a e make ai paha nā ants - pinepine pinepine ma muli o ka wela o ka mauʻu - hoʻouka nā pest i nā kumu pale ʻole me ka wikiwiki kupaianaha.
7. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻūhini kekahi o nā mea kolo weliweli loa mai ka wā kahiko. ʻAʻole weliweli kēia ʻano like o ka ʻūhini i nā kānaka i ka pili pololei ʻana, akā ua alakaʻi pinepine ʻia nā ʻūhini i ka pōloli nui. Nui, piliona o nā kānaka, hiki i nā ʻūhini ke luku i nā ʻāina āpau, ke ʻai nei i nā mea āpau i ko lākou ala. ʻOiai nā kahawai nui ʻaʻole e kāohi iā lākou - nā lālani mua o ke poho wai a hana i kahi waʻa no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ua kū nā kaʻa ʻūhū i nā kaʻaahi a kī i nā mokulele. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kumu o ke ʻano o ia ʻano hipa ma 1915 e ka ʻepekema Lūkini ʻo Boris Uvarov. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia inā i ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi paepae helu, hoʻololi wale ka noho filly ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano o kā lākou ulu a me kā lākou hana, a lilo i ʻūhini nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kōkua nui kēia kuhi i ke kaua ʻana i nā ʻūhini. ʻO nā ala kūpono o ka kaohi ʻūhini wale nō me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kemika a me nā mokulele. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kenekulia 21, mamao loa ia mai ka hiki mau ke kū, hoʻokū a ʻānai i kahi mau ʻūhini.
8. ʻO nā Australians, ke hoʻāʻo nei e hānai i kahi mea pono ma ko lākou ʻāina, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hehi wāwae ʻana o ka rake. ʻO ka hakakā epic me nā bunnies kahi mamao loa mai ke kaua Australia wale nō e kūʻē i nā ikaika o ke kūlohelohe. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua lawe ʻia mai kahi ʻano prickly pear cactus i ka ʻāina nui liʻiliʻi. Makemake ka mea kanu i ke aniau Australia. Ua aloha nā Australians i ka helu ulu o ka cactus a me kona ikaika - ka pale maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, pono lākou e noʻonoʻo e pili ana iā ia: cacti bred like rabbits i ka wā i hala. Eia kekahi, inā he hiki ke huki iā lākou, noho panoa ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā bulldozers a me nā lāʻau make - makehewa. Ua eo lākou i kēia ʻano momi prickly wale nō me ke kōkua o kahi ʻelala. Mai ʻAmelika Hema, ua lawe mai lākou i ke kaktoblastis butterfly ahi. Ua kanu ʻia nā hua o kēia butterfly ma cacti, a i loko o 5 mau makahiki wale nō ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo i hōʻailona no ka mahalo i ke ahi.
9. ʻAi ʻia nā mea kolo e nā manu āpau, a ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā ʻano manu, nā ʻano kolo ka meaʻai wale nō. Ma waena o nā iʻa wai hou, 40% o nā laha e hānai wale i nā mea kolo a me kā lākou larvae. Loaʻa i nā mamamala kahi hui holoʻokoʻa o nā insectivores. Hoʻopili pū ʻia nā hedgehogs, nā mole a me nā shrews. Ma kahi o 1,500 mau ʻano kolo e hoʻohana ʻia no ka meaʻai a me ka poʻe. Eia kekahi, i nā ʻāina like ʻole, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka insekeke like i nā meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā a me kahi mea ʻono maikaʻi ʻole. Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻūhini ke alakaʻi i ka kuke ʻana. ʻO nā beetles, nā pupae a me nā larvae o nā butterflies, nā pi, nā nalo, nā popo, nā ʻūhū a me nā ʻalekiki kekahi i makemake nui ʻia.
10. ʻOiai ka nui o nā mea hana hana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano o nā huahana kūlohelohe i loaʻa mai i nā nūpala nā analogue ʻimi hoʻopunipuni piha. ʻO kēia, ʻo ka mea mua, silika (silkworm), ka meli a me ka wax (nā pi) a me nā shellac (nā mea hoʻokiwikā kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa mai i kekahi ʻano aphids).
11. Kūpono kekahi mau mea kolo i mea hoʻokani pila. I Helene a me Roma kahiko, mālama nā mea waiwai i nā cicadas he nui i ko lākou mau home. Hānai ʻia nā ʻalekiko ma Kina, Iāpana a me nā ʻāina ʻĀsia ʻē aʻe. Mālama ʻia nā ʻilikai mele mele i nā hīnaʻi ma Italia.
12. Hiki ke ʻohiʻohi nā ʻenekema. ʻO nā peʻapeʻa ka mea makemake nui ʻia i kēia ʻano. Kupaianaha nā nui o kekahi o nā hōʻiliʻili. Aia ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Thomas Witt Entomological ma Munich. Ma mua o 10 miliona mau butterflies i mālama ʻia i kāna waihona kālā. I ka hōʻuluʻulu pilikino o Baron Rothschild, a laila hāʻawi ʻia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane, aia he 2.25 miliona kope.
13. E like me nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, hele mai nā butterflies me kahi kumukūʻai. Aia nā mea hopu butterfly ʻoihana, ma hope paha o nā kauoha mai ka ʻohiʻohi a i ʻole ke hana nei i kahi ʻano ʻimi manuahi. Hele kekahi o lākou e ʻimi i nā mea maʻamau a hiki i Afghanistan, kahi e hoʻomaka nei ke kaua no ka hapalua kenekulia i hala. ʻO ka mākeke no nā butterfly hōʻiliʻili ʻaneʻane i loko o nā aka. I kekahi manawa hōʻike wale ʻia nā hana kūleʻa, me ka haʻi ʻole ʻole i ke ʻano o ka butterfly i kūʻai ʻia aku - ʻaneʻane pale ʻia nā butterfly nunui e nā kānāwai kaiapuni. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa i uku ʻia no ka butterfly he $ 26,000. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ke ʻano o ke kuanaʻike i ka waiwai o nā butterflies ua like ia me ke ʻano o ke kumu kūʻai o nā paʻi paʻi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia - waiwai ʻia nā kope i ʻokoʻa mai kā lākou mau ʻāpana - me kahi ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻeheu, nā kala "hewa", a pēlā aku.
14. Hiki i nā kauā ke kūkulu i nā hale nui. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻu termite nui loa he 12.8 mau mika. Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻāpana o luna, he mau papakū lalo ko kēlā me kēia puʻu kau palena. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ʻano o nā termite ke hana me ka ʻole o ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi. No laila, ʻeli lākou i nā lua hohonu a hiki i ka wai kai. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia nā puʻu kauapo ma ka wao nahele he ʻano hōʻailona o ke kokoke o ka wai lepo. Eia nō naʻe, ua hiki i nā māpuna paʻakikī ke hele hohonu i ka mānoanoa o ka honua i kahi hohonu o 50 mau mika.
15. A hiki i ke kenekulia iwakāluakūmākahi, ʻo ka malaria ka maʻi weliweli weliweli ʻole loa no nā kānaka. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e nā nahu o nā makika wahine, kahi i komo ai nā meaola unicellular parasite i ke koko kanaka. Ua maʻi ʻo Malaria i ka wā o ka III millennium BC. e Ma ka hopena wale nō o ke kenekulia 19 i hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka maʻi a me ke ʻano o kona hoʻolaha ʻana. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke kiʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i ka malaria. ʻO ke ala kūpono e hakakā ai i ka malaria ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā momi. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma nā USSR, USA a me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻāina aia ma ka equator, ʻaʻohe kālā o nā aupuni no ia hana nui, no laila, i kēia lā ma kahi o ka hapalua miliona mau make mai ka malaria i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO ka maʻi i make ai ʻo Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Christopher Columbus, Dante a me Byron, a ke hoʻomau nei i ka ʻokiʻī ʻana i nā mano o nā kānaka.
16. ʻO ka lele petrolila ʻo Psilopa, a i ʻole ʻo kāna larva, kahi hana hoʻomoʻa aila microscopic. Hoʻomoe wale kēia lele i kāna larvae i loko o nā puddles aila. I ke kaʻina o ka ulu ʻana, unuhi ka larva i ka meaʻai mai ka aila, e hoʻopau ana iā ia i nā hakina pono.
17. ʻO "Butterfly Effect" kahi huaʻōlelo ʻepekema i hōʻaiʻē ʻia e nā ʻepekema mai ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema ʻo Ray Bradbury. I kāna moʻolelo pōkole ʻo "And Thunder Came," ua wehewehe ʻo ia i kahi kūlana i ka make ʻana o hoʻokahi butterfly i ka wā i hala i alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I ke kaiāulu ʻepekema, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka huaʻōlelo e Edward Lorenz. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ka nīnau inā paha ʻo ka lele ʻana o kahi ʻēheu pepe i Brazil hiki ke hoʻomaka i kahi puahiohio ma United States. I ka laulā, hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo e hōʻike i kahi hopena liʻiliʻi loa i kahi ʻōnaehana chaotic paʻa ʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena nui no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kēia ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ia ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. I ka ʻike nui, ua hāʻule ka huaʻōlelo "may" mai ka wehewehe ʻana, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kumumanaʻo o ka hopena butterfly i "nā mea āpau āpau i nā mea āpau."
18. I ka makahiki 1956, ua lawe mai ke kanaka ʻepekema Pelekāne ʻo Warwick Kerr i kona ʻāina mai ʻApelika he mau kakini wahine ʻelima mau pi. ʻAʻohe o kā ʻAmelika Hema mau nalo meli. Ua lawe ʻia mai ka poʻe ʻEulopa, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻomanawanui i ke aniau wela. Ua kūpono ka hoʻoholo e hele pū me lākou nā pi ʻāpana ʻApelika ikaika, akā ua hoʻokō ʻia i loko o ka ʻuhane o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻAmelika e pili ana i nā hewa hewa o nā ʻepekema i makemake i ka mea maikaʻi ... Ma hope o ka hele ʻana, ua loaʻa mākou i nā pi ikaika, ʻino, wikiwiki me ka hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi i ka lewa. Eia kekahi, ma ke kuhihewa a ma muli paha o ka mālama ʻole ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea hou. Ua pīhoihoi ka poʻe piʻupaʻa a me nā mahiʻai o Palakila i kā lākou mau nalo meli, ua pīhoihoi ka poʻe hou, i hoʻouka kaua i ka poʻe a lākou i makemake ʻole ai me ka wikiwiki loa, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pūʻali hoʻouka kaua ma mua o nā pi "kūloko". Ua pepehi ʻia he mau kānaka a he mau haneli mau holoholona. Ua kipaku koke ka manaʻo o Professor Kerr i nā nalo meli a hoʻomaka i kahi avalanche i hoʻolaha ākea, a hōʻea i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua aʻo lākou i ka hoʻokele ʻana iā lākou, a ua lilo ʻo Brazil i alakaʻi honua no ka hana meli. A ʻo ka kaulana kānalua o ka mea nāna i hana i nā nalo pepehi kanaka paʻa iā Kerr.
19. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pepeke i ke kanaka mai ka wā kahiko loa, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea e kahaha ai i ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kekahi o lākou. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka meli meli, ʻona a me propolis. Mālama maikaʻi ka lāʻau ant ant i ka maʻi kō. Hoʻokumu nā Aborigine Australia i kekahi o nā ʻano ant ma ke ʻano tī, a hoʻohana lākou e hoʻopakele iā lākou iho mai ka migraines. Ua hoʻōla ʻia nā ʻeha pala ma ka waiho ʻana i nā larvae lele i loko o lākou - ʻai lākou i ka mea i hoʻopā ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he lole ʻaukā.
20. Hiki ke pollination i nā mea kanu maʻamau e nā ʻano like ʻole, i kekahi manawa he nui nā ʻano mū. ʻO nā melona a me nā ʻumeke pollination 147 mau ʻano mea kolo, clover - 105, alfalfa - 47, apple - 32. Akā aia kekahi mau pickist aristocrats i ke aupuni mea kanu. Ulu ka Angrakum sequipedala orchid ma ka mokupuni ʻo Madagascar. Hohonu loa kona pua a hiki i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano butterflies ke hiki i ka nectar - Macrosila morgani. I kēia mau pepepe, hiki i ka proboscis ka lōʻihi o 35 cm.
