He kānalua ka pilina ma waena o ke kūlohelohe a me ke kāne. Ma ka liʻuliʻu, ua hele aku ke kanaka mai ke ola i ke kūʻē kūʻē i nā ikaika o ke kūlohelohe i kahi ākea, kokoke i ka hopena o ka honua i ka nohona. Ua ʻike ʻia nā kūpuna ma ka ʻili o ka Honua, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kai ʻē aʻe i kahi a me ka nui o ka wai. Ma nā miliona hectare, ulu nā mea kanu i ʻike ʻole ʻia me ke komo ʻole o ke kanaka. Eia kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke ulu ma kahi o ka lau o ka mauʻu ma mua o ke ʻano o ke kanaka - kōkua ka hawai wai.
Hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe Helene kahiko e pili ana i ka mana nui o ke kanaka ma ke kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomaka nā propaganda kaiapuni e loaʻa i kona leo hysterical o kēia manawa i ka hapa lua o ka 20 kenekulia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kekahi manawa hōʻino nā kuko kanaka i ke kaiapuni, akā maʻamau ka hopena o kēia hopena i ke kūlohelohe i ka pōkole loa e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka noho ʻana o ka Honua, nā manawa manawa. ʻO Lākana hoʻokahi, e like me nā wanana a nā kānaka olakino loa, inā ua make ʻia mai ka nui o ka lehulehu, ka pōloli, ka hoʻoiho lio a me ka smog - a ʻaʻohe kumu kūʻai. E like me ka meʻe a kekahi o nā puke moʻolelo a Michael Crichton i ʻōlelo ai, noʻonoʻo nui ke kanaka e pili ana iā ia iho, a aia ka Honua ma mua o ke kanaka, a e ola ma hope.
Eia nō naʻe, ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ke ʻano e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni i loaʻa i ka 20 kenekulia. Kanaka, no kona palekana, pono e mālama kūlohelohe i ke kūlohelohe. Mai hoʻi hou i nā ana, akā ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻokiʻoki i nā hectare hope o ka wao nahele no ka ʻaila niu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻano kūlohelohe, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole paha e ʻae i ka hope.
1. ʻAʻole pili ka Veneration o ka "wao nahele" i kāna mana ʻAmelika me ka wao nahele maoli. Ma ka hana pū ʻana me nā ʻĀnelani, ua hoʻokumu mua ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lāhui ʻōiwi mai nā wahi a lākou e noho ai no nā makahiki he mau kaukani, me ka makemake e mālama i ka "ʻano hihiu": nā ululāʻau, nā kula, nā pua bison kaulana like ʻole, a me nā mea like ʻole. ʻo ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā malihini mai nā ʻāina ʻōiwi i ka ʻāina nui i hoʻokumu ʻia me ke komo pū ʻana o nā Indians. Ua hana kekahi o lākou i ka mahiʻai slash-and-burn, kekahi o lākou e ʻimi holoholona ana a e ʻohiʻohi ana, akā naʻe lākou e hoʻohuli i ke kaiapuni, ma ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka wahie.
2. ʻO ka moekolohe ma Helene kahiko, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kahi nui o nā mōneka ma Tibet a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wahine mai ke kāne i make i nā ʻohana pili like. ʻO ka heluna kanaka o nā wahi me kahi ʻano kakaikahi ka palena o ka manawa, no laila, me nā kaua a me nā maʻi ahulau, ʻo ia mau ʻano exotic o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu hānau.
3. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka mokuʻāina a me nā pōʻai aupuni i ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i pili pinepine ʻole me kā lākou mālama maoli ʻana. ʻO nā kapu i kau ʻia i ka hana a nā kānaka i loko o nā ululāʻau, i ʻāpono ʻia ma loko o ʻEulopa, e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kenekulia 15, a i kekahi manawa pāpā ʻia ka poʻe mahiʻai e hōʻiliʻili i ka wahie i make. Akā i ka wā o ka Revolution Revolution, ʻokiʻoki nā konohiki i ʻumi mau tausani heka o nā ululāʻau. Nā hale lāʻau hapa hapa Kelemania - ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mai nā kaola kū a me nā ʻōpala āpau i ka hapalua me ka pālolo, e hoʻopiha nei i ka wahi ma waena o nā kaola - ʻaʻole kēia he lanakila o ka loea kuhikuhipuʻuone. He hōʻike kēia i ka manawa i kūkulu ʻia ai ia mau hale, ua pili ka nahele i ka mea a lākou e pono ai, ʻaʻole i nā kaiāulu o ka poʻe mahiʻai a ʻoi aku, i nā makaʻāinana o ke kūlanakauhale. Pili ka mea like i nā papahana hoʻoulu wai nui ma ka Hikina Hikina, a me ka Pā ʻEnelani, a me nā hoʻoponopono hou o ke "kaiapuni".
ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Fachwerk mai kahi ola maikaʻi
4. Kūʻē i ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka hana ʻana ma ʻEulopa i nā kenekulia 17 - 18, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi nā ʻepekema mana i mua i nā teori exotic o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka momona o ka lepo. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua manaʻo ke kauka Kelemania ʻo Eustace von Liebig, ka mea i hana i nā mea he nui i ʻike ʻia, e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka momona a ke keikikāne inā hoʻi i ka lepo ka lepo āpau o ke kanaka. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana sewage kikowaena, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e luku loa i ka lepo. Ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ua hoʻokau ka ʻepekema iā Kina, kahi i hōʻike ai ka malihini kipa i ka ʻono maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e waiho i ka ʻāpana i hana ʻia o ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia i ka mea nāna ia. Aia kekahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o kā von Liebig mau ʻōlelo, eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hōʻemi o ka loaʻa e nā kumu āpau o nā kumu, e like me, me ka nele o nā mea momona, ka lū a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe.
Ua ʻike nui ʻo Eustace von Liebig e pili ana i ka kemika wale nō
5. ʻO ka loiloi i ka lawena kanaka i ke kūlohelohe ʻaʻole loa ia he mea i hana i ke kenekulia iwakālua. Ua huhū huhū ʻo Seneca i nā makaʻāinana waiwai i hōʻino i nā kahawai o nā kahawai a me nā loko me kā lākou mau villa. I Kina kahiko, aia kekahi mau akeakamai i ʻōhumu i ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo he ola nā pheasants i mea e haehae ai i nā hulu nani mai iā lākou, a ulu ʻole ke kinamona i mea e loli ai ka meaʻai kanaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka wā kahiko, ka manaʻo nui ka hiki i ke kūlohelohe ke kūlohelohe i ke kanaka i ka hana ʻino iā ia iho.
Ua hoʻohewa ʻo Seneca i ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o nā waihona wai
6. Ma loko o ka hapa nui o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ʻaʻole i hewa nā ahi nahele. Ua hoʻohana ko mākou mau kūpuna i ke ahi i nā ululāʻau no nā ʻano kumu like ʻole. Ua ʻike lākou i ka hana ʻana i ke ahi o nā ʻano like ʻole. No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā māla, ua kua ʻia a kua ʻia nā lāʻau i kā lākou ʻili ma mua o ke ahi ʻana. I mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka nahele o nā kumulāʻau a me ka ulu ʻōpio nui aʻe, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ahi ahi (ulu nā kumu nui ma ke awāwa ʻo Mammoth ma USA e like me kēia no ka mea ua hoʻopau pinepine nā Indians i kā lākou mea hoʻokūkū me ke ahi. ʻAʻole wale nā ahi i hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻāina no ka lūlū ʻana, akā ua hoʻomomona nō hoʻi ia (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lehu ma mua o ka bipi. manure), a luku i nā parasites a pau. ʻO ka nui o nā ahi ma nā ululāʻau i wehewehe pono ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua pale ʻia nā ululāʻau, hiki ʻole ke hoʻopā.
7. ʻO ka ʻōlelo i alualu nui ʻia e ka poʻe kahiko ma mua o nā poʻe ʻimi lūlū o kēia wā, ka poʻe i pepehi ʻole no ka meaʻai, akā no ka leʻaleʻa, ʻaʻole ia he 100% ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua luku ʻia he mau kaukani holoholona i ka luku nui. Aia nā wahi i ʻike ʻia kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā koena o nā mammoths he tausani a i ʻole he ʻumi tausani mau lio hihiu. ʻAʻole kahi manaʻo hou ka hunter. Wahi a ka noiʻi, loaʻa i nā ʻohana hihiu o kēia au nā lula ʻimi holoholona, akā hoʻohuli lākou i ka maka i kā lākou hoʻokō. I kekahi o nā ʻohana ʻAmelika Hema, manaʻo ʻia nā keiki bipi hānau ʻole a me nā keiki ʻē aʻe he mea ʻono. Nanea nā Indians iā lākou me ka leʻaleʻa, ʻoiai eia ka hihia o ka ʻimi ʻimi hewa ʻana ma mua o ka maopopo. Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, ʻo nā ʻInia, me ka haʻalulu i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke e like me nā kiaʻi o ke kūlohelohe, ua luku ʻia he mau haneli buffalo, a ʻoki wale i kā lākou mau alelo. ʻO ke koena o nā kupapaʻu i kiola ʻia i ka wahi hahai holoholona, no ka mea, uku ʻia nā kālā no ka ʻōlelo wale nō.
8. Ma Iapana a me Kina i ka wā ma mua, ʻokoʻa ka mālama ʻana o nā ululāʻau. Inā ma Kina nui, ʻoiai nā palapala kākau nui o ke aupuni waena, ʻokiʻoki ʻole ʻia nā ulu lāʻau, ʻoiai ma nā kuahiwi o Tibet, a laila i Iapana, me ka nui o ka waiwai, mālama lākou i ka moʻomeheu o ke kūkulu lāʻau a mālama i nā ululāʻau. ʻO ka hopena, i ka waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, noho nā ululāʻau ma Kina i 8% o ka ʻāina, a ma Iapana - 68%. I ka manawa like, ma Iapana, hoʻomehana pū ʻia nā hale me ka lanahu.
9. Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻia kahi kulekele pili kaiapuni holoʻokoʻa ma Venice. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma hope o nā kenekulia he nui o ka hoʻokolokolo a me ka hemahema, i ka wā i hoʻokahe ʻia ai a hoʻopiha ʻia ai ka wahi a puni ke kūlanakauhale. Mai ko lākou ʻike ponoʻī, ua ʻike ka poʻe Venetians ke hoʻopakele nei ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ululāʻau mai nā kahawai, no laila, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 16 mau kenekulia, pāpā ʻia ʻaʻole e ʻokiʻoki i nā ululāʻau e pili ana. He mea nui kēia pāpā - pono ke kūlanakauhale i ka nui o nā wahie a me nā lāʻau kūkulu. Ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau paila e pono ai no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka Hale Pule Nui o Santa Maria della Salute wale nō. Ma laila, ma Venice, ua ʻike lākou i ka pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā maʻi maʻi. A ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "hoʻokaʻawale" ʻo ia hoʻi "hoʻonohonoho hou i kahi mokupuni", a ua lawa nā mokupuni ma Venice.
Miliona puʻu
10. Mahalo maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana Dutch o nā canal a me nā waikahe i ka honua. ʻOiai, ua hoʻolilo ka Dutch i nā kumuwaiwai nui e hakakā ana i ke kai no nā kenekulia. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ua ʻeli maoli ka Dutch i ka hapa nui o nā pilikia me ko lākou mau lima iho. ʻO ka peat ke kiko, kahi i ka Middle Ages ka wahie waiwai nui loa ma kēia wahi. Ua ʻeli ʻia ka peat ma kahi ʻano predatory loa, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i nā hopena. Ua heleleʻi ka pae o ka ʻāina, ua lilo ka ʻāina i pohopoho. E hoʻokahe iā ia, pono ia e hoʻonui i nā kahawai, hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā dam, a pēlā aku.
11. A hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, pili pili ʻole ka mahiʻai ma nā ʻāina momona me ka malaria - aloha nā makika i nā lepo momona a me nā wai kū ʻole. No laila, ua alakaʻi pinepine ka wai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, a hiki i kēia manawa, ua lilo nā wahi palekana i wahi ulu no ka malaria. I ka manawa like, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe like i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka honua i nā hopena like ʻole. ʻO ka Dutch, haʻaheo o kā lākou mau kahawai hoʻouna, hoʻohana i ka hoʻolālā kanal like ma Kalimantan e hana i kahi ulu malaria no ka mokupuni. Ua launa hou nā kākoʻo a me nā mea kūpale i ka wai i ka hiki ʻana mai o DDT. Me ke kōkua o kēia kemikala i hōʻino ʻole ʻia, malaria, ka mea i lawe i ke ola o nā kānaka i mau makahiki he mau makahiki, ua eo ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he ʻelua wale nō.
12. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ke Kaiwaenahonua o kēia wā, me kā lākou lau nahele liʻiliʻi ma nā pali o nā puʻu a me nā kuahiwi, ʻaʻole i ʻike iki ʻia no ka mea ua ʻoki nā Helene a me nā Roma kahiko i nā ululāʻau no ka pono waiwai. A ʻoi aku ma muli o ke kao, i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpio a me nā lau ma nā lālā lalo. ʻO ke kāne, he kōkua nō ia i nā ululāʻau e nalowale i ka mea hiki iā ia, akā ʻo ke aniau ke kumu nui: ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka Little Ice Age, ua hoʻomaka ka lau nahele e hoʻopili i ka hoʻomehana ʻana a loaʻa nā ʻano o kēia wā. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, i ka nui o nā kumu Helene kahiko i iho mai iā mākou, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo o ka hemahema o ka nahele. ʻO ia, i ka manawa o Plato a me Socrates, ʻaʻole ʻano ʻokoʻa ka moku'āina o nā mea kanu ma ke Kaiwaenahonua mai ka wā o kēia manawa - lawe ʻia mai nā lāʻau pāʻoihana a lawe ʻia mai hoʻi, me ka ʻike ʻole i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i loko.
ʻĀina Helene
13. I ke kau waena o ke kenekulia 17, ua hōʻino ka mea kākau ʻo John Evelyn, kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu o ka Royal Academy, i ka poʻe noho ma Ladana i hoʻohana i ka lanahu. Ua kapa ʻo Evelyn i ka uahi i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka lanahu kuni ʻia "hellish". Ma ke ʻano he koho ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo kekahi o nā mea hoʻokele mua mua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānahu kahiko.
ʻO London smog: kahi hui o ka noe a me ka uahi
14. Ua ʻike ka poʻe e pili ana i ka maʻalahi o nā lumi wai no ka manawa lōʻihi. I ka makahiki 1184, ua ʻākoakoa ka lehulehu i ka hale aliʻi o ka Pīhopa o ʻEnelani e aloha aku ai i ka mōʻī i hiki mai, a hāʻule i lalo o ka papahele a hāʻule i kahi kahawai e kahe ana ma lalo o ka hale aliʻi. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale aliʻi ma luna o ke kahawai wale nō i holoi koke ka wai i nā haumia. ʻO ka hope, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o kahi pahu kūikawā.
15. I nā makahiki 1930, aia nā pā kula o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada i ka "Dust Cauldron". ʻO ka piʻi nui o ka wahi i mahi ʻia, ka nele o nā ana e kūʻē i ka erosion, ke puhi ʻana i ka mauʻu i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hoʻololi o ka hanana o ka lepo. Ma nā wahi ākea, ʻo ka makani nāwaliwali i puhi i ka lepo o luna o nā mile he mau kilomika kilomika. Ua luku ʻia ka papa luna o humus ma 40 miliona maueka. Ua loli ka hopena i 80% o ka Great Plains. Ua heleleʻi ka hau Brown a ʻulaʻula paha i mau kaukani mau mile mai ka paila, a ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe i ka wahi pōpilikia e maʻi me ka maʻi puehu lepo. I loko o kekahi mau makahiki, neʻe ka poʻe he 500,000 i nā kūlanakauhale.
Ua hoʻopau kahi ipu ahi lepo i nā haneli he mau noho
