Wahi a ka noiʻi kaiāulu, ʻo ka ʻoihana aʻo kekahi o nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa loa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he kūpaʻa ia i kahi o nā wahi mua i waena o nā ʻoihana i mahalo nui ʻia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke pili inā makemake paha nā mea pane i kā lākou keiki e lilo i kumu, hāʻule nui ka helu "mahalo".
Me ka ʻole o nā balota, maopopo leʻa no kēlā me kēia kaiāulu, he kumu nui ke kumu, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i kekahi i ka hānai ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana o nā keiki. Akā i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kumu e pono ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ukana o kā lākou ʻike. ʻO ke aʻo nui e hōʻemi pono i ka pae waena o nā haumāna a me ka pae waena o nā kumu. Hiki i ke kiaʻāina maikaʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 ke hāʻawi i kahi keiki kāne o kahi ʻohana hanohano i ka ʻike kumu kūpono e pono ai. Akā inā i loko o kahi kaiāulu o ia ʻano keiki, ʻaʻole lawa nā miliona o nā kiaʻāina maikaʻi no nā mea āpau. Ua pono wau e hoʻomōhala i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao: ʻo ka mea mua, aʻo ʻia nā kumu e hiki mai ana, a laila aʻo lākou i nā keiki. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana, ka mea a kekahi e ʻōlelo ai, huli a nui a paʻakikī hoʻi. A i ka mōʻaukala o kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana nui kahi o nā feats, curiosities, a me nā pōʻino.
1. Hoʻohāhā nui ʻia nā mea aʻo (e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā lākou uku) ma nā panakaleka o nā ʻāina like ʻole. I Helene, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi peʻa kālā o 10,000 drachmas me ke kiʻi o Aristotle, ke kumu aʻo o Alexander ka Nui. ʻO ka mea hoʻokumu i ka Academy of Plato kaulana i hoʻohanohano ʻia e Italia (100 lire). Ma Armenia, hōʻike ka pepa kālā 1,000-dram i ka mea hoʻokumu i ka pedagogy Armenian Mesrop Mashtots. ʻO ka mea aʻo Dutch a me ka humanist Erasmus o Rotterdam i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi palapala 100 guilder i kona homeland. He kiʻi ko ka Czech 200 kronor banknote o ke kumu poʻokela ʻo Jan Amos Komensky. Ua hoʻohanohano ka Swiss i ka hoʻomanaʻo o ko lākou kamaʻāina ʻo Johann Pestalozzi ma ke kau ʻana i kāna kiʻi ma kahi pepa 20-franc. He kiʻi kā Serbian 10 dinar banknote o ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻōlelo Serbo-Kroasia a me ka mea nāna i hoʻonohonoho i kāna grammar a me ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo, ʻo Karadzic Vuk Stefanovic. ʻO Peter Beron, ka mea kākau o ka Bulgarian primer mua, i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi banknote 10 leva. Ua hele ʻo Estonia i kāna ala ponoʻī: kau ʻia ke kiʻi o ke kumu o ka ʻōlelo Kelemania a me ka palapala Karl Robert Jakobson ma ka banknote 500 kroon. ʻO Maria Montessori, ka mea nāna i hana i ka ʻōnaehana pedagogical i kona inoa, hoʻonaninani i ka bila līlī 1,000 līlia. ʻO ke kiʻi o ka pelekikena mua o ka Uniona Kumu Nāiwi, ʻo Alvan Ikoku, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka 10 naira banknote.
2. ʻO ke kumu wale nō i komo i ka moʻaukala o ke aʻo pilikino i ka haumāna wale nō ʻo Ann Sullivan. Ua nalowale kēia wahine ʻAmelika i kona makuahine a me kona kaikaina i ka wā kamaliʻi (ua haʻalele kona makuakāne i ka ʻohana ma mua) a ua makapō hoʻi. I loko o nā ʻoki ʻana o nā maka he nui, hoʻokahi wale nō i kōkua, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻi hou ko Ann mau maka. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke kula no ka makapō, ua aʻo ʻo ia iā Helen Keller he ʻehiku ona makahiki, ka mea i lilo ka maka a me ka lohe ʻana i ka makahiki 19. Ua hiki iā Sullivan ke loaʻa kahi hoʻokokoke iā Helen. Ua puka ke kaikamahine mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe a me ke koleke, ʻoiai i kēlā mau makahiki (hānau ʻia ʻo Keller i 1880) ʻaʻohe nīnau no kekahi pedagogy kūikawā, a ua aʻo ʻo ia me nā keiki kula a me nā haumāna maikaʻi. Ua noho pū ʻo Sullivan lāua ʻo Keller i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa a hiki i ka make ʻana o Sullivan i 1936. Ua lilo ʻo Helen Keller i mea kākau a me ka mea hana kaiāulu kaulana a kaulana o ka honua. ʻO kona lā hānau ma ka lā 27 o Iune i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma United States ʻo Helen Keller Day.
Ke kākau nei ʻo Anne Sullivan lāua ʻo Helen Keller i kahi puke
3. ʻAʻole wale ka mea akeakamai ʻo Yakov Zeldovich kahi ʻepekema makana multilaterally, akā ʻo ka mea kākau o ʻekolu mau puke heluhelu makemakika maikaʻi loa no nā physicists. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā puke aʻo a Zeldovich ma ka lokahi wale nō o ka hōʻike o nā mea, akā me ka ʻōlelo o ka hōʻike e akāka loa ana no kēlā manawa (1960 - 1970). I ka manawa koke, i loko o kekahi o nā puke pai hana ʻoiʻoli, ua ʻike ʻia kahi leka, kākau ʻia e nā mea kālaiʻike ʻo Leonid Sedov, ʻo Lev Pontryagin a me Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, kahi i hoʻopiʻi nui ʻia ai nā puke aʻo a Zeldovich no ke ʻano o ka hōʻike i kūpono ʻole i ka "ʻepekema koʻikoʻi." He kanaka hakakā ʻo Zeldovich, ua lawa mau kona mau poʻe lili. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, he ʻepekema Soviet, e waiho mālie, ʻaʻole ia he hui monolithic o ka poʻe manaʻo like. Akā eia ke kumu o ka hoʻouka kaua i maopopo leʻa heʻuʻuku ka inoa "ʻEkolu mau koa e kūʻē i ʻekolu manawa he koa" i hāʻawi koke ʻia i ka hakakā. ʻEkolu mau manawa o ka Hero of Socialist Labor, e like me kāu e koho ai, ka mea kākau o nā puke aʻo Ya. Zeldovich.
ʻO Yakov Zeldovich ma kahi haʻi'ōlelo
4. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua hana ʻo Lev Landau, a me Evgeny Lifshits, i kahi papa hana papa ma ka physics theoretical. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kāna mau hana i ka pedagogy noi i mau laʻana e pono ai ke hoʻohālike. Ma ke Kulanui ʻo Kharkov State, ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa kapakapa ʻo "Levko Durkovich" no ke kāhea pinepine ʻana i nā haumāna "naʻaupō" a me nā "hūpō." Me he mea lā, ua hoʻāʻo ke keiki a ka ʻenekinia a me ke kauka e hoʻokomo i nā haumāna, a he hapa nui o lākou i puka mai ke kula a nā limahana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻole, nā kumu o ka moʻomeheu. I ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, ua manaʻo kekahi o nā haumāna a Landau ua hewa kāna ʻōlelo hoʻoholo. Hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻakaʻaka hysterically, moe i lalo i ka papaʻaina a keʻehi i kona mau wāwae. Ua haʻi hou ke kaikamahine hoʻomau i ka hopena ma ka papa ʻeleʻele, a ma hope wale o ka ʻae ʻana o ke kumu ua pololei ʻo ia.
Lev Landau
5. Ua kaulana ʻo Landau no ke ʻano kumu o ka lawe ʻana i ka hōʻike. Nīnau aku ʻo ia i ka hui inā aia kekahi mau haumāna i loko o kāna haku mele i mākaukau e kiʻi i kahi "C" me ka hala ʻole o ka hōʻike. Ua loaʻa kēlā mau mea, loaʻa nā papa, a haʻalele. A laila pololei ke kaʻina hana like i hana hou ʻia ʻaʻole wale me ka poʻe makemake e loaʻa kahi "ʻehā", akā me ka poʻe i make wai no "ʻelima". ʻAʻole i emi iki ka mea kālaiʻike ʻo Vladimir Smirnov i ka lawe ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua ma ke Kulanui Mokuʻāina ʻo Moscow. Ua hoʻomaopopo mua ʻo ia i ka hui e hoʻopili ʻia nā likiki ma ka helu helu, ʻo ke kauoha wale nō ke kuhikuhi a huli paha (e hoʻomaka ana me ka bila hope). ʻO ka mea, nā haumāna, e hāʻawi i ka lālani a aʻo i nā likiki ʻelua.
6. ʻO ke kumu Kelemania a me ka makemakika ʻo Felix Klein, ka mea nāna i kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana aʻo kula, ua ʻimi mau ʻo ia e hōʻoia i nā helu kuʻina e nā nānā kula kūpono. I kekahi o nā kula, ua nīnau ʻo Klein i nā haumāna i ka wā i hānau ʻia ʻo Copernicus. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi o ka papa ke hāʻawi i kahi pane ʻino. A laila nīnau ke kumu i kahi nīnau alakaʻi: ua hana ʻia ma mua o ko mākou au, a ma hope paha. Ke lohe nei i kahi pane hilinaʻi: "ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma mua!", Klein i kākau i loko o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka luna e pono ana ma ka liʻiliʻi e hōʻoia, i ka pane ʻana i kēia nīnau, ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā keiki i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻoiaʻiʻo".
ʻO Felix Klein
7. ʻO kā Linguist Academician Viktor Vinogradov, ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana i 10 mau makahiki i nā kahua hoʻomoana, ʻaʻole makemake i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe. I ka manawa like, mai ka wā ma mua o ke kaua, aia kekahi lono he haʻi ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻo ia. I ka manawa, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo Vinogradov e ka Moscow Pedagogical Institute, ua kūʻai lilo ʻia nā haʻi ʻōlelo mua. Ua nalowale ʻo Vinogradov a hāʻawi i kahi haʻiʻōlelo ma ke ʻano kūlana wale nō: ʻōlelo lākou, eia ka mea haku mele ʻo Zhukovsky, ua ola ʻo ia i kēlā manawa, kākau i kēia a me kēlā - nā mea āpau e hiki ke heluhelu ʻia i loko o kahi puke. I kēlā manawa, manuahi ka hele ʻana, a haʻalele koke nā haumāna hōʻino i ka poʻe hoʻolohe. I ka manawa he mau kakini pepeiao wale nō i koe, ua hoʻomaha ʻo Vinogradov a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haʻi ʻōlelo i kāna ʻano witty maʻamau.
ʻO Victor Vinogradov
8. Ma o ka lima o ke kumu aʻo Soviet poʻokela ʻo Anton Makarenko, ka mea ma 1920-1936 i alakaʻi i nā keʻena hoʻoponopono no nā lawehala ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000 mau paʻahao i hala. ʻAʻole kekahi o lākou i hoʻi i ke ala lawehala. Ua lilo kekahi mau kumu iā lākou iho i mau kumu kaulana, a he nui hoʻi i hōʻike maikaʻi iā lākou iho i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui. Ma waena o nā mea lawe kauoha i hānai ʻia e Makarenko, a me ka makuakāne o ka politika kaulana ʻo Grigory Yavlinsky. ʻO nā puke a Anton Semyonovich nā pae hoʻohālikelike no nā luna hoʻokele ma Iapana - pili lākou i kāna mau kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kime cohesive olakino. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo UNESCO i ka makahiki 1988 ʻo A. S. Makarenko. I ka manawa like, ua komo ʻo ia i loko o ka helu o nā kumu nāna i hoʻoholo i nā loina o ka pedagogy o ke kenekulia. Aia pū ka papa inoa iā Maria Montessori, John Dewey a me Georg Kerschensteiner.
ʻO Anton Makarenko a me kāna mau haumāna
9. ʻO ka luna kiʻi ʻoniʻoni poʻokela ʻo Mikhail Romm, ke lawe nei i ka hoʻokolohua komo i VGIK mai Vasily Shukshin, huhū ʻo ia i ka mea noi mai nā puke mānoanoa a pau i heluhelu wale iā "Martin Eden" a ma ka manawa like i hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi kula. ʻAʻole i noho ʻo Shukshin i ka hōʻaiʻē a, i kāna ʻano hōʻike, haʻi aku i ka luna kiʻi ʻoniʻoni nui e pono i ka luna o ke kula kauhale ke kiʻi a lawe i ka wahie, ka ʻaila, nā kumu, a pēlā aku. - mai heluhelu. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Romm i kahaha ʻia iā Shukshin "ʻelima".
10. Ua hoʻohoka ʻia kekahi o nā mea loiloi ma ke Kulanui o Oxford e ke koi a kahi haumāna e hele ana i ka hoʻokolokolo e hāʻawi iā ia me ka pia i puhi ʻia me ka pia. Ua wehe kahi haumāna i kahi palapala medieval e like me ia, i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua lōʻihi (aia nō lākou a hiki ke kū i ka lā holoʻokoʻa), pono ke kula nui e hānai i nā mea nānā i ka pala i puhi ʻia a inu i ka pia. Ua hōʻole ʻia ka pia ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pāpā ʻoi loa aku o ka ʻalekohola. Ma hope o ka hoʻonāukiuki nui ʻana, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka palaoa puhi me kahi hōʻike i hala a me nā meaʻai wikiwiki. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ua lawe pū ke kumu i ka haumāna metikousous i ka ʻAha Kulanui. Ma laila, ua kipaku nui ʻia kahi papa o nā kānaka he ʻumikūmālua i nā wigs a me nā ʻaʻahu. Wahi a ke kānāwai kūpono paʻa o 1415, koi ʻia nā haumāna e kū no ka hōʻike me ka pahi kaua.
ʻO ka paʻa o ka kuʻuna
11. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Maria Montessori ma ke ʻano e lilo i kumu. I kona wā ʻōpio (ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19), hiki i kahi wahine ʻItalia ke loaʻa wale i kahi aʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (i Italia, ʻaʻole hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i ke kula kiʻekiʻe no nā kāne - ʻoiai i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 20, ʻo kēlā me kēia kāne me kahi aʻo kiʻekiʻe aʻe ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Dottore"). Ua haki ʻo Montessori i ke kuʻuna - ua lilo ʻo ia i wahine mua ma ʻItalia i loaʻa i kahi kekelē lapaʻau, a laila kēkelē i ka lāʻau. ʻO ia wale nō i ka makahiki 37 ua wehe ʻo ia i ke kula mua no ke aʻo ʻana i nā keiki maʻi.
Maria Montessori. Ua lilo ʻo ia i kumu
12. ʻO kekahi o nā pou o ke aʻo ʻana o ʻAmelika a me ko ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua manaʻo ʻo John Dewey e ola ana nā Siberia a 120 mau makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kēia i loko o kahi ninaninau keu ʻo ia ma mua o 90, a ua maʻi nui ʻo ia. ʻ saidlelo ka ʻepekema inā ola ʻo Siberians a 120 mau makahiki, no ke aha e hoʻāʻo ʻole ai hoʻi iā ia. Ua hala ʻo Dewey i ka makahiki 92.
13. I ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kāna ʻōnaehana aʻo pilikino e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka humanism, ua hōʻike ʻo Vasily Sukhomlinsky i ka ikaika kupaianaha. Ua hōʻeha nui ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, ʻo Sukhomlinsky, i kona hoʻi ʻana i kona wahi ponoʻī, ua ʻike ʻo ia ua pepehi hoʻomāinoino ʻia kāna wahine a me kāna keiki - ua hana pū kāna wahine me ka partisan underground. ʻO ka 24 mau makahiki e aʻo nei mai ka makahiki 17 ʻaʻole i haki. A hiki i kona make ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi kula wale nō, akā ua komo pū kekahi i loko o ke kumumanaʻo pedagogical, noiʻi helu, a ua kākau pū i nā puke na nā keiki.
ʻO Vasily Sukhomlinsky
14. I ka makahiki 1850, ua haʻalele ke kumu Lūkia poʻokela ʻo Konstantin Ushinsky mai ke kūlana kumu o ka Demidov Juridical Lyceum. Ua huhū ke kumu ʻōpio i ke koi o ka hoʻokele i lohe ʻole ʻia: e hoʻolako i nā papahana piha o kāna aʻo ʻana me nā haumāna, wāwahi ʻia e ka hola a me ke ao. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Ushinsky e hōʻoia i kēlā ʻano kapu e pepehi i ke aʻo ola ʻana. ʻO ke kumu, e like me kā Konstantin Dmitrievich, pono e helu me nā makemake o nā haumāna. Ua māʻona ka haʻalele ʻana iā Ushinsky a me kona mau hoa i kākoʻo iā ia. I kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ka haki ʻana o nā papa i nā hola a me nā lā i ka hoʻolālā haʻawina a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana a he obligatory ia no kēlā me kēia kumu, me ka nānā ʻole i kāna kumuhana e aʻo ai.
Konstantin Ushinsky
15. Ua lilo hou ʻo Ushinsky i mea hōʻeha i ka lewa kūpikipiki i ke aʻo a tsarist Russia ma mua i ka wā makua. Mai ke kūlana o ka luna nānā o ka Smolny Institute, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka hoʻomana atheism, ka moekolohe, freethinking a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻole i kāna mau luna, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia ma ... kahi huakaʻi ʻoihana ʻelima mau makahiki i ʻEulopa ma ka uku o ka lehulehu. Ma nā ʻāina ʻē, ua kipa ʻo Konstantin Dmitrievich i kekahi mau ʻāina, ua kākau ʻelua mau puke maikaʻi a kamaʻilio nui me Empress Maria Alexandrovna.
16. ʻO Kauka a me kumu Janusz Korczak mai 1911 ke poʻo o ka "Home of Orphans" ma Warsaw. Ma hope o ka noho ʻana o Polani e nā pūʻali Kelemania, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka home o nā keiki makua ʻole i ka ghetto Iudaio - ʻo ka hapa nui o nā paʻahao, e like me Korczak iho, he Iudaio. I ka 1942, ma kahi o 200 mau keiki i hoʻouna ʻia i kahi hoʻomoana ʻo Treblinka. He nui nā manawa kūpono i hūnā ai ʻo Korczak, akā hōʻole ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna mau haumāna. Ma ʻAukake 6, 1942, ua wāwahi ʻia kahi kumu aʻo poʻokela a me kāna mau haumāna i kahi keena ʻenekini.
17. Kumu Hungarian o nā loina a me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana iā Laszlo Polgar i ka wā ʻōpio, i ke aʻo ʻana i ka moʻomeheu o kekahi mau kānaka kālena, i ka hopena hiki iā ʻoe ke hānai i kēlā me kēia keiki ma ke ʻano he keonimana, pono wale ʻoe i ka aʻo kūpono a me ka hana mau. Ua kiʻi ʻo ia i wahine (hui lāua e nā leka), ua hoʻomaka ʻo Polgar e hōʻoia i kāna kumumanaʻo. ʻO nā kaikamahine ʻekolu a pau, hānau ʻia i ka ʻohana, ua aʻo ʻia e pāʻani i ka chess kokoke mai ka wā kamaliʻi - Ua koho ʻo Polgar i kēia pāʻani i manawa kūpono e loiloi i nā hopena o ke aʻo a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa e like me ka hiki. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua lilo ʻo Zsuzsa Polgar i poʻokela honua ma waena o nā wahine a me ke poʻokela ma waena o nā kāne, a ʻo nā kaikuahine ʻo Judit lāua ʻo Sofia i loaʻa nā poʻo inoa o nā kūpuna.
... a nani wale. ʻO nā kaikuahine Polgar
18. Hiki ke kapa ʻia ka hae o ka laki laki i ka hopena o ke kanaka nui loa ʻo Swiss Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Ua kūleʻa kāna mau hana hana āpau no nā kumu ma mua o ka kaohi a ke kumu talena. I ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Asylum no ka poʻe ʻilihune, ua alo ʻo ia i kaʻoiaʻiʻo i lawe nā mākua mahalo i kā lākou keiki mai ke kula ke kū aʻe i ko lākou wāwae a loaʻa nā lole manuahi. Wahi a ka manaʻo o Pestalozzi, manaʻo ʻia nā keʻena o nā keiki e mālama iā ia iho, akā ʻo ka puka mau ʻana o nā limahana ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ka hoʻomau. Ma kahi kūlana like no Makarenko, ua lilo nā kamaliʻi ulu i kākoʻo o ka hui. ʻAʻohe kākoʻo o Pestalozzi, a ma hope o 5 mau makahiki o ke ola ua pani ʻo ia i ka "Institution". Ma hope o ka hoʻohuli bourgeois ma Switzerland, hoʻonohonoho ʻo Pestalozzi i kahi keiki makua makua maikaʻi ʻole mai kahi monastery lapuwale ma Stans. Ma ʻaneʻi i noʻonoʻo ai ke kumu i kāna kuhi hewa a hoʻomākaukau i nā keiki makua ma mua no ka kuleana o nā mea kōkua. Ua hele mai ka pilikia ma ke ʻano o ko Napoleonic pūʻali koa. Ua kipaku wale lākou i ka hale makua makua mai kahi hale mōneka i kūpono kūpono no kona wahi noho ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea hope loa, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ai ʻo Pestalozzi a kaulana i ka honua ʻo Burgdorf Institute, ʻo ke keʻena, ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o ka holomua ʻana o ka hana, hoʻopau ʻia nā squabble i waena o nā limahana hoʻomalu.
19. Kumu lōʻihi ma ke Kulanui o Königsberg, ʻo Immanuel Kant, ua pīhoihoi i kāna mau haumāna ʻaʻole wale me kona mākaukau manawa (ua nānā lākou i ka uaki i kāna mau hele wāwae) a me ka noʻonoʻo hohonu. ʻO kekahi o nā kaʻao e pili ana iā Kant e ʻōlelo ana i kekahi lā ua hiki i nā keʻena o kahi akeakamai male ʻole ke kauō iā ia i loko o kahi hale hoʻokamakama, ua wehewehe ʻo Kant i kāna mau manaʻo he "lehulehu o nā neʻe liʻiliʻi a me nā neʻe ʻole o ka neʻe".
ʻO Kant
20. ʻO ka psychologist poʻokela a me ke kumu ʻo Lev Vygotsky, ʻaʻole paha i lilo i psychologist a i kumu paha, inā ʻaʻole no nā hanana kipi o 1917 a me ka luku i ukali ʻia. Ua aʻo ʻo Vygotsky ma ke Kula o ke Kānāwai a me ka Mōʻaukala a me Philosophy, a ma ke ʻano he haumāna ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā ʻatikala-koʻikoʻi a me nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī e hānai i nā ʻatikala ma Rūsia a i nā makahiki mālie hoʻi, a ʻoi aku i nā makahiki kipi.Ua koi ʻia ʻo Vygotsky e loaʻa kahi hana ma ke ʻano he kumu, ma mua i ke kula a laila ma ke kula loea. Ua hopu nui ʻia ʻo ia e ke aʻo ʻana no 15 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo kona olakino maikaʻi (ua ʻeha ʻo ia i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu), ua paʻi ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau hana e pili ana i ka pedagogy keiki a me ka psychology, ua lilo kekahi o lākou i mea moʻokalaleo.
ʻO Lev Vygotsky
