Kakaikahi nā hanana nui i hiki ke kaena aʻe ma mua o 100 mau mana i hana ʻia e wehewehe iā lākou. ʻOiai i nā mea pohihihi paʻakikī loa, iho pinepine ka mea i kahi koho o kekahi mau wehewehe no ka mea i hana ʻia. Mālama wale ʻia ʻo Riddles ma muli o ka nele o ka hōʻike - ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻoia ai i ka mana speculative.
Akā ʻo ka hemahema o nā hōʻike he hemahema nō kekahi. Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i kekahi mana, a laila ʻaʻole paha e hiki iā mākou ke hōʻole i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻAe ka hōʻike palena palena iā mākou e hoʻokau i mua i nā mana exotic loa e like me ka ʻōlelo noʻeau Hikina, e ʻōlelo nei hiki i ka mea lapuwale ke nīnau i nā nīnau he nui i hiki ʻole i nā tausani akamai ke pane iā lākou.
I ka hihia o ka meteorite Tunguska, hoʻomaka nā nīnau me ka inoa - ʻaʻole paha ia he meteorite kekahi. ʻO kēia wale nō i lilo ai kēia inoa i mea ʻae ʻia ma muli o ke kuhiakau mua. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou e kāhea iā "Tunguska Phenomenon" - ʻaʻole i loaʻa, kani ke kani. "Tunguska catastrophe" - ʻaʻohe mea i make. E noʻonoʻo wale, ua heleleʻi kekahi mau kilomita kilomika o ka ululāʻau, no laila ua lawa ia i ka taiga no nā miliona o ia ʻano hanana. A ʻaʻole i lilo ka hanana i "Tunguska" i kēia manawa, ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua mau inoa. A ʻo kēia wale nō ka hoʻomaka ...
ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema, i ʻole e nalo ke alo, kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā hopena nui, i manaʻo ʻia, ua hoʻokō ʻia e nā huakaʻi he nui i hānai i ka taiga no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua ʻike ʻia e ulu maikaʻi nā lāʻau i loko o ka wahi pōpilikia, a loaʻa i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me nā minelala. ʻAneʻane ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pae radiation, akā ʻike ʻia kahi anomaly magnet, nā kumu no ka maopopo ʻole a hoʻomau i ka ʻuhane like. Aia he haneli mau hana ʻepekema, a ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ka nui o nā hopena i loaʻa i kahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka mea kaumaha.
1. Nui ka waiwai o 1908 i nā hanana kūlohelohe pīhoihoi. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea lele nunui e like me ka huapalapala "V" ma ka panalāʻau o Belarus. ʻIke ʻia nā kukui o ka ʻĀkau ma ka Volga i ke kauwela. I Kuikilana, ua heleleʻi ka hau he nui i Mei, a laila nui ka wai kahe.
2. ʻIke hilinaʻi wale ʻia ia ma kahi o 7 i ka lā 30 o Iune, 1908 ma Siberia, ma kahi ʻāpana kanaka ʻole i ke kahawai o ka muliwai ʻo Podkamennaya Tunguska, pahū ikaika loa kekahi mea. ʻAʻohe hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia o ka mea i pahū pono.
3. He mana loa ka pahū - "ʻike ʻia" e nā seismograph a puni ka honua. Ua lawa ka mana o ka nalu pahū e hoʻopuni i ka honua i ʻelua mau manawa. ʻAʻole i hele mai ka pō mai Iune 30 a Iune 1 i ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau - ʻālohilohi ka lani i hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu. Ua ʻano ʻohu ke ea, akā ua ʻike wale ʻia kēia me ke kōkua o nā mea kani. ʻAʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia ma nā luaʻi pele, ke kau ka lepo i ka lewa no nā mahina. ʻO ka mana o ka pahū mai 10 a 50 megatons i like me TNT, i like ia me ka mana o ka pōkā hydrogen i hoʻopahu ʻia i ka makahiki 1959 ma Novaya Zemlya a kapa ʻia ka inoa o ka makuahine o "Kuz'kina".
4. Ua hiolo ʻia kahi ulu lāʻau ma ke kahua o ka pahū i loko o kahi radius ma kahi o 30 km (a i ke kikowaena o ke ola ʻana o nā kumulāʻau, ua nalowale wale nā lālā a me nā lau). Hoʻomaka ke ahi, akā ʻaʻole ia i lilo i catastrophic, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kauwela - ua paʻa ka wai i ka wahi o ka pōʻino.
Ululaau hāʻule
Aia ka nahele i ke kikowaena o ka pahū. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo "telegraphic"
5. Ua makaʻu nā pōkiʻi e noho ana ma kahi kokoke i ka hanana lani, a ua hiolo kekahi i lalo. Ua kīkē ʻia nā puka, kī ʻia nā pā, a pēlā aku. Lele aku nā aniani a hiki i nā wahi mamao. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea make a luku nui paha.
6. I loko o nā puke i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hanana ma ke kīʻaha o Podkamennaya Tunguska hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa nā kūmole i ka nui o ka poʻe e nānā ana i ka "meteorite fall", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAe, a nīnauele i nā mea hōʻike i mau makahiki ma hope o ka hanana. ʻO ka mea nui, nā mea noiʻi, i mea e hoʻokumu ai i ka pilina me nā kamaʻāina, hāʻawi iā lākou i kekahi mau makana, mālama iā lākou, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka Irkutsk Observatory A.V. Voznesenskiy i hāʻawi i kahi nīnau nīnau kūikawā, i hoʻopihapiha ʻia e nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka stratum i aʻo ʻia o ke kaiāulu. I nā nīnau nīnau wale nō ka hekili a me ka luliluli o ka lepo i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka lele ʻana o kahi kino lani e nā mea pane. I ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā hōʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā makahiki 1950 e ka mea noiʻi Leningrad ʻo N. Sytinskaya, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hōʻike e pili ana i ke ala o kahi kino lani i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, a ua māhele like ʻia lākou.
Nā mea mākaʻikaʻi me nā ahiahi
7. I ka hōʻike nūpepa mua e pili ana i ka meteorite ʻo Tunguska ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hāʻule ia i ka honua, a ʻo kāna ʻāpana luna wale nō, ma kahi o 60 m ka nui, e pili ana i ka papa.3 ... Ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo A. Adrianov i ka holo ʻana o ke kaʻaahi e kaʻa ana i ka malihini lani, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokokoke iā ia - wela loa ka meteorite. Pēlā e komo ai ka poʻe nūpepa i ka mōʻaukala. Ua kākau ʻo Adrianov ua heleleʻi ka meteorite ma ka hui ʻo Filimonovo (ʻaʻole ia i wahaheʻe), a i ka mua ua kapa ʻia ka meteorite ʻo Filimonovo. Aia ke kikowaena o ka pōʻino ma kahi o 650 km mai Filimonovo. ʻO kēia ka mamao mai Moscow a St.
8. ʻO Geologist Vladimir Obruchev ka ʻepekema mua i ʻike i ka wahi o ka pōʻino. ʻO ke polofesa o ka Academy Mining Academy ma Siberia kahi huakaʻi. Ua nīnauele ʻo Obruchev i ka Evenks, ua loaʻa he ululāʻau hāʻule a kahakaha ʻia i ka palapala ʻāina skema o ia wahi. I kā Obruchev mana, ʻo Khatanga ka meteorite - Podkamennaya Tunguska kokoke i ke kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo Khatanga.
Vladimir Obruchev
9. ʻO Voznesensky, ka mea i hūnā i nā hōʻike āna i hōʻiliʻili ai no 17 mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 1925 wale nō i hōʻike ai ua lele ke kino lani mai ka hema a ke kūkulu ʻākau me kahi liʻiliʻi - ma kahi o 15 ° - hoʻololi i ke komohana. Hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻaoʻao e ka noiʻi hou, ʻoiai e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ia e kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi.
10. ʻO ka huakaʻi hele mua i kahi o ka meteorite hāʻule (e like me ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia) i hele i 1927. ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻo Leonid Kulik wale nō, kahi mineralogist, ka mea i komo i loko o ia mea, nāna i hōʻoia i ka USSR Academy of Science e uku kālā i ka huakaʻi. Ua maopopo iā Kulik e hele ana ʻo ia i kahi o ka hopena o kahi meteorite nui, no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia kiko. Me ka paʻakikī nui, ua komo ka ʻepekema i ka wahi o nā lāʻau i hina a ʻike ʻia ua hina ka lāʻau i ka radial. ʻO kēia ka hopena wale nō o ka huakaʻi. Ke hoʻi nei iā Leningrad, ua kākau ʻo Kulik ua loaʻa iā ia nā lua pele he nui. Me he mea lā, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kuhi ua hiolo ka meteorite i nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka empirically, ua koho ka ʻepekema i ka nui o ka meteorite ma 130 mau tona.
Leonid Kulik
11. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Leonid Kulik i nā huakaʻi i Siberia, me ka manaʻo e loaʻa kahi meteorite. ʻO kāna ʻimi, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka ikaika kupaianaha, ua hoʻopau ʻia e ke Kaua Patriotic Nui. Ua hopu ʻia ʻo Kulik a make i ka typhus ma 1942. ʻO kāna mea nui nui ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā noi o ka meteorite Tunguska. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka wā a lākou i hoʻolaha ai i ka hoʻokau ʻana o ʻekolu mau limahana no ka huakaʻi, ua pane aku he mau haneli mau poʻe i ka hoʻolaha.
12. Ua hāʻawi ʻia e Alexander Kazantsev ka mea i hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ma hope o ke kaua i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka meteorite Tunguska. ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema i ka moʻolelo ʻo "Explosion", i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka makasina "a puni ka honua" i ka makahiki 1946, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i pohā kahi moku kū moku Martian ma Siberia. Ua pahū ka ʻenekini nuklea o ka poʻe huakaʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻena o 5 a 7 km, no laila ua ola nā lāʻau i ke kikowaena, ʻoiai ua ʻino lākou. Ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻepekema e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ālai maoli iā Kazantsev. Ua hōʻino ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka nūpepa, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻike i kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo, e hoʻāʻo ana e hōʻole i ke kuhiakau, akā no Kazantsev nā mea āpau loa ke nānā aku. ʻO Emboldened, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ka fiction fiction a hana me he mea lā "ʻo nā mea āpau" i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua hele a pālahalaha nā niho o nā lālā hanohano o nā mea kau leka a me nā kālaiʻike i loko o ka Soviet Union, akā i ka hopena ua koi ʻia lākou e ʻae he nui nā mea a ka mea kākau i hoʻomau ai i kāna noiʻi. Ua lawe aku nā kaukani a puni ka honua me ka hopena i ka hanana Tunguska (ua hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o Kazantsev a hiki i nā nūpepa ʻAmelika nui loa).
Ua hoʻolohe ʻo Alexander Kazantsev i nā huaʻōlelo unflatter mai nā ʻepekema
13. I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 1950 ma Tomsk, ma ke kumu manawaleʻa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Independent Independent Expedition (KSE). ʻO nā mea e komo ai, nā haumāna a me nā kumu kula o ke kula nui, i hana i kekahi mau huakaʻi i ka pūnaewele o ka pōʻino ʻo Tunguska. ʻAʻohe hopena i ka hoʻokolokolo. Ua loaʻa kahi hapa iki o ke kua pāhawewe i ka lehu o nā kumulāʻau, akā ʻo ke aʻo ʻana o nā kino o nā mea make a me nā moʻolelo o nā maʻi o nā kamaʻāina kūloko ʻaʻole i hōʻoia i ke kuhiakau "nuklei". I ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o kekahi mau huakaʻi, aia kekahi mau ʻāpana e like me "he formations kūlohelohe", "ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena o ka pōʻino Tunguska" a i ʻole "kahi palapala ʻāina o nā kumulāʻau i hana ʻia".
Nā mea komo o kekahi o nā huakaʻi CSE
14. Ua hiki i ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe noiʻi, e pili ana i nā hoʻolaha ma mua o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma kahi o ka pōʻino, ua hoʻomaka lākou e nānā a ninaninau (ma hope o ka hapalua kenekulia!) Eia hou, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia, a ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mau kiʻi paʻi kiʻi i kiʻi ʻia i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia i manaʻo ʻia he laki maikaʻi. Ua loaʻa nā mea noiʻi i kēia ʻikepili: ua hāʻule kekahi mea mai ka lani i 1917, 1920 a i ʻole 1914; ʻo ia i ke ahiahi, i ka pō, i ka hoʻoilo, a i ka hopena o ʻAukake. A ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻailona lani, ua hoʻomaka ka lua o ke kaua Lūkini-Kepanī.
15. Ua mālama ʻia kahi huakaʻi nui i ka makahiki 1961. Ua hele ʻia e 78 poʻe. ʻAʻole lākou i loaʻa hou. "Ua hāʻawi nui ka huakaʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāpana o ka hāʻule o ka meteorite Tunguska," i heluhelu ai i kekahi o nā hopena.
16. ʻO ke kuhiakau ʻoi loa no kēia lā, he kino lani, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hau, lele i ka lewa o ka Honua ma kahi kihi ʻāʻī (ma kahi o 5 - 7 °). I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi o ka pahū, pahū ʻo ia ma muli o ka hoʻomehana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi. Hoʻonā ka uila uila i ka ululāʻau i ke ahi, kuʻi ka nalu ballistic i nā kumulāʻau, a hoʻomau ka lele ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻa a hiki ke lele mamao loa. He kūpono ia e hana hou - ʻo kēia wale nō ka kuhiakau liʻiliʻi loa.
17. mamao loa ke kumumanaʻo nukelea o Kazantsev mai ka mea hoʻowahāwahā loa. Ua kuhiakau ʻia ma kahi o ka pōpilikia kahi pahū o kahi nui nui o ka methane i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā pae o ka honua. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ma ka Honua.
18. Ma loko o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka mana "Comet" (ka hau + paʻa paʻa), ʻo ka nui i manaʻo ʻia o ka comet exploded mai 1 a 200 miliona mau tona. ʻO kēia ma kahi o 100,000 mau manawa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mea kaulana Halley comet. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke anawaena, hiki i ka comet Tunguska ke 50 mau manawa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ko Halley comet.
19. Aia kekahi kuhiakau e like me ka lele ʻana o ka hau hau i ka lewa haʻahaʻa i ka lewa o ka Honua. I ka wā e palu ai ka lewa i ka lewa, ua hāʻule pahū ʻo ia. Ua loaʻa ka pahū i ka mana nui ke hoʻololi i ka nitrogen oxide i nitrogen dioxide (ʻo ka poʻe i ʻike i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka Fast and the Furious franchise e hoʻomaopopo), wehewehe pū kēia i ka ʻōlinolino o ka lewa.
20. ʻAʻole hōʻike hoʻokahi kemika i hōʻike i ka ʻike anomalos o kekahi o kā lākou mea kemika i ka wahi pōʻino. Ma ke ʻano he kiʻi: i kekahi o nā huakaʻi, ua lawe ʻia nā anamanaʻo 1280 o ka lepo, ka wai a me nā mea kanu me ka lana o ka manaʻo e loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nui o 30 mau mea "kānalua". Ua lilo nā mea āpau i loko o ka maʻamau a i ʻole ka kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe mea nui kā lākou nui.
21. ʻIke ʻia nā huakaʻi like ʻole i nā pōpō magnetite, e hōʻike nei i ke kumu extraterrestrial o ke kino lani Tunguska. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa kēlā mau pōpō ma nā wahi āpau - hōʻike wale lākou i ka helu o nā micrometeorites e hāʻule ana i ka honua. Ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka manaʻo e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea i lawe ʻia e Leonid Kulik i hoʻohaumia nui ʻia i ka waihona meteorite o ka USSR Academy of Science.
22. Ua kūleʻa nā huakaʻi ʻepekema i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā koina o ka pūnaewele pahū. I kēia manawa aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 6 o lākou, a hiki ka ʻokoʻa i ka 1 ° i ka latitude a me ka longitude. Ma ka ʻili o ka honua, he mau mile kēia - ke anawaena o ke kone mai ke kiko o ka pahū i ka lewa a i ke kumu o ka ʻili o ka honua.
23. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka pahū ʻo Tunguska kokoke i ka manawa like me kahi o ka pele o kahi lua pele kahiko i hala i hala ma mua o 200 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā meheu o nā pele o kēia lua pele e hoʻopilikia i ke kūlana mineralogical ma ka honua a i ka manawa like e hāʻawi ai i nā meaʻai no nā kuhiakau he nui - i ka wā o nā lua pele, hāʻule nā mea exotic loa ma luna.
24. Ua ulu nā kumulāʻau i loko o ka wahi pahū he 2.5 - 3 mau manawa ka wikiwiki ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa i ka taiga pā ʻole. Kuhi koke kahi kamaʻāina kūlanakauhale i ka hewa o kekahi mea, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo Evenks i kahi wehewehe kūlohelohe i nā mea noiʻi - ua kau lākou i ka lehu ma lalo o nā kumu, a ʻo kēia momona maoli i hoʻonui i ka ulu o ka nahele. ʻO nā mea i lawe ʻia mai nā kumulāʻau Tunguska, hoʻolauna ʻia no ka lūlū ʻana i ka palaoa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o Lūkia, hoʻonui i nā hua (nā helu helu i nā hōʻike a nā ʻepekema e haʻalele akahele ʻia).
25. ʻO ka mea nui nui paha e pili ana i ka hanana i loko o ke kīʻaha ʻo Tunguska. Laki loa ʻo ʻEulopa. Lele i ka mea i pahū i ka lewa no 4 - 5 mau hola ʻē aʻe, a inā ʻo ka pahū e hana ʻia ma ka wahi o St. Inā hāʻule ka nalu haʻalulu i nā kumulāʻau i loko o ka lepo, a laila ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā hale. A ma kahi o St. Petersburg he mau wahi lehulehu o Rūsia a ʻaʻole i emi nā ʻāina ʻoi aku ka nui o ko Finelani a me Kuekene. Inā mākou e hoʻohui i kēia kai eʻe e hiki ʻole ai ke holo aku, holo ka hau i luna o ka ʻili - e ʻeha ka miliona o nā kānaka. Ma ka palapala ʻāina, e hele ana paha ke ala hele i ka hikina, akā no ka mea ʻo ka palapala ʻāina he wānana i ka ʻili o ka honua a kuhi hewa i nā ʻaoʻao a me nā mamao.
