ʻO Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman (1888-1925) - Lūkini a me Soviet makemakika, physicist a me geophysicist, mea hoʻokumu o cosmology o ke kino o kēia manawa, ka mea kākau o ka mana mua kūwaho ʻole o ka Universe (Friedman's Universe).
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Alexander Fridman, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou he moʻolelo pōkole o Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman.
Mōʻaukala o Alexander Fridman
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Alexander Fridman ma Iune 4 (16), 1888 ma St. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana hana. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Alexander Alexandrovich, he mea hulahula a me ka haku mele, a ʻo kona makuahine, ʻo Lyudmila Ignatievna, he kumu mele.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻO ka pōʻino mua ma ka moʻolelo pilikino o Friedman i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 9, i ka manawa a kona mau mākua i hoʻoholo ai e haʻalele. Ma hope o kēlā, hānai ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻohana hou o kona makuakāne, a me nā ʻohana o kona kupuna kāne a me kahi ʻanakē. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i nā pilina me kona makuahine ma mua koke o kona make ʻana.
ʻO ke keʻena aʻo mua o Alexander ka hale haʻuki ʻo St. Ma ʻaneʻi i hoʻomohala ai ʻo ia i ka hoihoi i ka astronomy, ke aʻo ʻana i nā hana like ʻole ma kēia kahua.
I ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kipi 1905, ua hui ʻo Friedman i ka ʻĀina Kula Temepela Kemokalaka ʻĀkau. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, paʻi ʻo ia i nā pepa i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka lehulehu.
ʻO Yakov Tamarkin, ka makemakika kaulana hope loa a pelekikena hope o ka American Matematika Society, ua aʻo ʻia i ka papa like me Alexander. Ua ulu ka pilina aloha ma waena o nā kāne ʻōpio, ʻoiai lākou i nakinaki ʻia e nā makemake like. I ka hāʻule o 1905, ua kākau lākou i kahi ʻepekema ʻepekema, i hoʻouna ʻia i kekahi o nā hale paʻi ʻepekema mana loa ma Kelemania - "Matematika Annals".
Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kēia hana i nā helu Bernoulli. A ʻo kahi hopena, i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua paʻi ka makasina Kelemania i ka hana a nā haumāna gymnasium Lūkini. I ka 1906, ua puka ʻo Fridman me ka hanohano mai ka hale haʻuki, a ma hope ua komo ʻo ia i ke Kulanui o St. Petersburg, ke Kumu o ka Physics a me ka Makemakika.
Ma hope o ke puka 'ana mai ke kulanui, ua noho' o Aleksandr Aleksandrovich ma ke Keʻena Matematika e hoʻomākaukau no ke kekelē laeoʻo. I loko o nā makahiki 3 e hiki mai ana, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā papa hana, haʻi ʻōlelo a hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika a me ka physics.
Ka hana ʻepekema
I ka manawa ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki ʻo Fridman, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i wahi ma ka Aerological Observatory, ma kahi kokoke i St. Petersburg. A laila ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noiʻi hohonu i ka aerology.
Ua mahalo ke poʻo o ka mea nānā i nā hiki o ka ʻepekema ʻōpio a kono iā ia e hoʻopaʻa i ka meteorology hōʻeuʻeu.
A ʻo kahi hopena, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1914, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Alexander i Kelemania no kahi hana me ka meteorologist kaulana Wilhelm Bjerknes, ka mea kākau o ka manaʻo o mua i ka lewa. I loko o kekahi mau mahina, lele ʻo Friedman i nā mokulele, a he mea kaulana loa ia manawa.
I ka wā i haki ai ke Kaua Honua Mua (1914-1918), ua hoʻoholo ka makemakika e hui pū me ka air force. I loko o nā makahiki ʻekolu e hiki mai ana, ua lele ʻo ia i kahi pūʻulu o nā mikiona hakakā, kahi i komo ʻole ai ʻo ia i nā kaua me ka ʻenemi, akā ua hoʻokō pū kekahi i ka nānā hou ʻana i ka lewa.
No kāna mau lawelawe i ka Fatherland, ua lilo ʻo Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman i ka Naita o St. George, i loaʻa iā ia ka Golden Weapon a me ke Kauoha o St. Vladimir.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala o ka pailaka i nā papa no ka pōkā pahū ʻana. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i kāna mau ulu āpau i nā kaua.
I ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, noho ʻo Friedman ma Kiev, kahi a ia i aʻo ai ma ke Kula Koa o Observer Pilots. I loko o kēia manawa, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka hana aʻo mua ma ka hoʻokele ea. I ka manawa like, lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke poʻo o ka Central Air Navigation Station.
Ua hana ʻo Alexander Alexandrovich i kahi lawelawe meteorological ma mua, nāna i kōkua i ka pūʻali koa e ʻike i ka wānana o ka wā. A laila hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka ʻoihana Aviapribor. He pīhoihoi ia ma Rūsia ka mea kanu mea hana mokulele mua.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua hana ʻo Fridman ma ke Kulanui Perm hou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Faculty of Physics and Matematika. I 1920, hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ʻekolu mau keʻena a me nā kula ʻelua ma ke kumu - geophysical and mechanical. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia no ka noho o ka hope-rector o ke kula nui.
I kēia manawa o ka moʻolelo pilikanaka, ua hoʻonohonoho ka ʻepekema i kahi kaiāulu kahi e aʻo ʻia ai ka makemakika a me ka physics. Ma hope koke iho, ua hoʻomaka kēia hui e paʻi i nā ʻatikala ʻepekema. Ma hope ua hana ʻo ia i loko o nā hale kiaʻi like ʻole, a aʻo pū i nā haumāna e noi i nā aerodynamics, mīkini a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Ua helu ʻo Aleksandr Aleksandrovich i nā hoʻohālikelike o nā atoms electron he nui a hoʻopaʻa i nā invariants adiabatic. I kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻoponopono i loko o ka puke ʻepekema "Journal of Geophysics and Meteorology".
I ka manawa like, ua hele ʻo Friedman i kahi huakaʻi ʻoihana i kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa. I kekahi mau mahina ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua lilo ʻo ia i poʻo no ka Main Geophysical Observatory.
Nā hana ʻepekema
I loko o kona ola pōkole, ua hoʻokō ʻo Alexander Fridman e hoʻokō i ka kūleʻa ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o kekahi mau hana ma ka meteorology hōʻeuʻeu, hydrodynamics fluid compressible, physics atmospheric, a me relativistic cosmology.
I ke kauwela o 1925, ua lele ka loea Lūkini, a me ka pailaka ʻo Pavel Fedoseenko, i kahi pāluna, a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka USSR i kēlā manawa - 7400 m! ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea mua i haku a hoʻomaka i ka haʻi ʻana i ka calculus calculus, ma ke ʻano he ʻaoʻao hoʻohui o ka papahana o ka relativity nui.
Ua lilo ʻo Friedman i mea kākau o ka hana ʻepekema "The World as Space and Time", nāna i kōkua i kona mau hoa makaʻāinana e hele a maʻa me ka physics hou. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi k modelkohu o kahi Universe stationary non-stationary, kahi i wānana ai i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka Universe.
Ua hōʻike nā helu a ka physicist i ke ʻano o kā Einstein hiʻohiʻona o ke Universe kū i kahi hihia kūikawā, ma muli o ka hopena ua hōʻole ʻo ia i ka manaʻo e koi ana ke kumumanaʻo nui o ka hilinaʻi i ka finiteness o kahi.
Ua hōʻoia ʻo Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman i kāna mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka pono o ka Universe ma ke ʻano he nui o nā hihia: kaomi ʻia ka Universe i kahi kiko (i ʻole mea), a laila hoʻonui hou ia i kekahi nui, a laila huli hou i wahi, a pēlā aku.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻōlelo ke kāne e hiki ke hana ʻia ke ao holoʻokoʻa "mai ka ʻole." Ma hope koke iho, ua wehe ʻia kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o Friedman a me Einstein ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka Zeitschrift für Physik. I ka mua, ua hoʻohewa ka hope i ka manaʻo o Friedman, akā ma hope o kekahi manawa ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e ʻae he pololei ka physicist Lūkia.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻO ka wahine mua a Alexander Fridman ʻo Ekaterina Dorofeeva. Ma hope o kēlā, ua male ʻo ia i kahi kaikamahine ʻōpio ʻo Natalia Malinina. I kēia hui ʻana, he keiki kāne kā lāua, ʻo Alexander.
He pīhoihoi ia ma hope mai ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Natalya i ke kekelē o Doctor of Physical and Matematika. Hoʻohui ʻia, alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka lālā Leningrad o ka Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere a me Radio Wave Propagation o ka USSR Academy of Science.
Make
I loko o kahi huakaʻi meli me kāna wahine, loaʻa ʻo Friedman i ka typhus. Ua make ʻo ia i kahi maʻi typhoid i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ma muli o ke kūpono kūpono ʻole. Ua make ʻo Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman ma ka lā 16 Kepakemapa 1925 i ka makahiki 37.
Wahi a ka physicist ponoʻī, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ka maʻi typhus ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka pea holoi ʻole ʻia i kūʻai ʻia ma kekahi o nā kahua kaʻaahi.
Nā kiʻi na Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman
