ʻO kahi mea hao a me ke kalapona me nā mea hoʻohui liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia he hao hao i ʻike ʻia i ka lāhui no 2500 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa e pili ana i nā metala ʻē aʻe, a me nā waiwai kino maikaʻi i mālama i ka hao ma waena o nā alakaʻi i ka metallurgy no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka nui o nā huahana a me nā mīkini no ka nui o nā kumu i hana ʻia mai ia mea, mai nā mea kūʻai aku i nā monument multi-ton a me nā mīkini pono mīkini.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hele a hoʻonui nā mea hou o kēia au e pani i ka hao hao, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻalele i ka hao hao i ka pō - nui ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻololi i nā mea hou a me nā ʻenehana. ʻO ka hao puaʻa e noho kekahi o nā ʻano nui o nā huahana metallurgical no ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki mai ana. Eia kahi koho iki o nā mea e pili ana i kēia alloy.
1. Ka pane ʻana i ka nīnau "He aha ka mea hao hao? pono ʻole e ʻōlelo pololei i ka "cast iron", akā e akāka i ke ʻano o ke kalapona i loko o kēia alloy. No ka mea ʻo ke kila kekahi o ka hao me ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kalapona i loko. Hoolei hao hao mai 2.14% kalapona.
2. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, paʻakikī e hoʻoholo inā hana ʻia ka huahana i ka hao hao a i ʻole ke kila. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka hao hao, akā pono ʻoe i kahi mea like no ka hoʻohālikelike kaumaha. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka hao hao ma mua o ke kila, akā he nui nā papa kila me nā pono o ka hao hao. ʻO kahi ala ʻoiaʻiʻo e kiʻi i kahi wahī a i ʻole ʻāumi. Pino-hao sawdust stains lima, a me nā ʻāpana hāneʻe i aneane lepo.
3. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Lūkia loa ʻo "cast iron" hāʻawi i ke kumu Kina o ka hao - haku ʻia ia me nā leo e pili ana i nā "ʻoihana" hieroglyphs a "ninini".
4. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Kina ka hao hao mua e pili ana i ka 6 kenekulia BC. e I kekahi mau kenekulia ma hope mai, ua haku ʻia e ka poʻe metallurgists kahiko ka hana ʻana o ka hao hao. Ma ʻEulopa a me Lūkia, ua aʻo lākou i ka hana ʻana me ka hao hao i nā wā waena.
5. Ua akamai ʻo Kina i ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻoheheʻe hao ʻana a maikaʻi loa a hua mai i kahi nui o nā huahana mai kēia mea, mai nā pihi a i nā kiʻi nui. Nui nā hale i loaʻa i nā pā wok hao hao hao pā hiki ke hiki i kahi mika ke anawaena.
6. I ka manawa o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hao hao, ua ʻike ka poʻe pehea e hana pū ai me nā metala ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hao hao ma mua o ke keleawe a keleawe a loaʻa koke ka kaulana.
7. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hao hao ma nā mea kaua. I ke au waena, ua kīloi ʻia nā pahu pūkuniahi ʻelua a me nā pūkuniahi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano o nā pahu hao hao, nona ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe, a, no laila, ke kaumaha i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pōhaku, he kipi ia, e ʻae ana e hōʻemi i ke kaupaona, ka lōʻihi o ka barela a me ka pū o nā pū. Ma ka waena wale nō o ke kenekulia 19 i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻololi mai ka hao hao a nā pūkuniahi kila.
8. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻike kalepona, nā waiwai o ke kino a me nā pahuhopu hana, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hao hao he 5: hao hao, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, palupalu, hina a keʻokeʻo.
9. Ma Rūsia, no ka manawa mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kinoea kūlohelohe i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hao puaʻa.
10. ʻO ka heluhelu ʻana i nā puke e pili ana i nā manawa pre-Revolutionary a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, mai huikau: ʻo "iron iron" kahi ipu hao, a ʻo "cast iron" kahi alahao. Ua hana ʻia nā ala hao i ka hao ma hope koke iho o ka hana ʻia o ke kaʻina puddling i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 19, a ua kapa ʻia ka hao he hao i hoʻolei ʻia i nā makahiki he 150 ma hope.
11. Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hao puaʻa me ka hemo ʻana o nā impurities mai ka ore, a hoʻopau me ka omo ʻana o carbon i ka hao. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o kēia wehewehe - nā paʻa o ke kalapona me ka hao i ka hao hao he mea ʻokoʻa loa mai nā paʻa o nā impurities mīkini, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka oxygen me ka hao i ka ore. Hana ke kaʻina ponoʻī i nā kapuahi pupuhi.
12. ʻO nā mea kuke kuke hao he mea mau loa. Hiki i nā ipu hao hao ke lawelawe i nā ʻohana no nā hanauna. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma ka hao hoʻolei kahiko, hana ʻia kahi uhi ʻole pili lāʻau kūlohelohe ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka momona i loko o nā micropores ma luna o ka pā a i ʻole ka hao hao. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pili wale kēia i nā laʻana kahiko - nā mea hana i kēia manawa o nā kīʻaha hao hao e hoʻopili i nā uhi ʻimi hoʻopunipuni iā ia, nona nā ʻano ʻokoʻa āpau a pani i nā pores mai nā mea momona.
13. Hoʻohana kekahi kuke mākaukau i ka ipu hao kuke nui.
14. Hana ʻia nā Crankshafts o nā mīkini diesel kaʻa i ka hao hao. Hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia metala i nā pale a me nā palaka ʻenekini.
15. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hao hao ma ka hana ʻenekini. ʻO nā ʻāpana mīkini nui e like me nā kumu, nā moena, a i ʻole nā nāhelehele nui i hana ʻia i ka hao hao.
16. ʻO nā wili e wili nei no nā mea wili hao metallurgical i hana ʻia i ka hao hao.
17. I ka plumbing, lako wai, hoʻomehana a me ka sewerage, hoʻololi ʻia ka hao hao i kēia manawa e nā mea o kēia au, akā e koi ʻia ana nā mea kahiko.
18. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻonaninani ma nā pilina, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻīpuka i hana ʻia me ka pena kiʻi ʻia a me kekahi mau kia hoʻomanaʻo ma St. Petersburg e hoʻolei ʻia mai ka hao hao.
19. Ma St. Petersburg, aia kekahi mau alahaka i hana ʻia i nā ʻāpana hao. ʻOiai ka palupalu o nā mea, ua ʻae ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana ʻenekini e kū nā alahaka no 200 mau makahiki. A kūkulu ʻia ke alahaka hao mua loa ma 1777 ma Beritania Nui.
20. I ka makahiki 2017, 1.2 piliona mau tona o ka hao puaʻa i puhi ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAneʻane 60% o ka hao puaʻa o ka honua e hana ʻia ma ka PRC. Aia nā metallurgists Lūkini ma ka wahi ʻehā - 51.6 miliona mau tona - ma hope, koe wale no Kina, Iapana a me India.