ʻO Marat Akhtyamov
ʻO ʻIvana ʻInikovich Shishkin (1932 - 1898) ka hōkū mālamalama i loko o ka galaxy o nā haku ʻāina Lūkini. ʻAʻohe mea i hōʻike aku i ke akamai i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano Lūkini. ʻO kāna mau hana āpau i lalo o ka manaʻo o ke aniani o ka nani o ke kūlohelohe e like me ka hiki.
Ua puka mai he mau haneli mau hana mai lalo o kā Shishkin palaki, penikala a me ka mea ʻoki kalai. Nui wale nā kiʻi pena he haneli. I ka manawa like, he paʻakikī loa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i ka manawa o ke kākau ʻana a i ʻole ke akamai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma 60 ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mea ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka 20. Akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā poʻomanaʻo, ʻenehana a me nā hoʻolālā kala i waena o nā kiʻi a Shishkin.
ʻO ia ʻano kaulike, i hui pū ʻia me ka maʻalahi o waho, ua pāʻani i kahi hoʻomākeʻaka hoʻomāinoino me kā Shishkin hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. Nui nā poʻe e pili ana i ka pena ʻana, ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pena ʻana, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pena ʻana, e noʻonoʻo i ka pena ʻana o I.I Shishkin he maʻalahi, a he primitive hoʻi. Ua hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia kēia maʻalahi e ka poʻe kālepa, ʻaʻohe mea pehea i kāhea ʻia ai i Rūsia i ka wā o ka loli o ke aupuni politika. ʻO ka hopena, i ka manawa hoʻokahi hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Shishkin ma nā wahi āpau: ma nā hana hou ʻana, nā kapeta, nā mea ʻono, a pēlā aku. Aia kahi ʻano iā Shishkin ma ke ʻano he mea hana i kahi mea luʻuluʻu a me nā formic.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai, he ʻokoʻa a he nui nā hana a ʻIvan Shishkin. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia ʻano. Akā no kēia mea pono ʻoe e ʻike i ka ʻōlelo o ka pena ʻana, nā hanana nui mai ka moʻomeheu a ka mea pena a hiki ke hana i nā hana akamai e hoʻomaopopo iā lākou.
1. ʻO ʻIvana ʻInikovich Shishkin i hānau ʻia ma Elabuga (ʻo Tatarstan kēia manawa). ʻO kona makuakāne ʻo ʻIvani Vasilievich Shishkin kahi kanaka makana, akā ua laki ʻole i ka ʻoihana. Loaʻa iā ia ke poʻo inoa o ka mea kalepa o ka lua o ka hui, ua kūleʻa ʻo ia me ke kūleʻa ʻole ʻana i kau inoa mua ʻana i ke kolu o ka guild, a laila kau inoa loa ʻia mai nā mea kālepa ma ka papa waena. Akā ma Elabuga he mana nui kona ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi lako wai i ke kūlanakauhale, a laila he mea nunui ia i nā kūlanakauhale nui aku. ʻIke ʻo ʻIvan Vasilievich e pili ana i nā wili a ua kākau pū ʻo ia i kahi manual no kā lākou kūkulu. Eia hou, ua makemake ʻo Shishkin Sr. i ka mōʻaukala a me ka archeology. Ua wehe ʻo ia i kahi kanu kanu kahiko o Ananyinsky ma kahi kokoke o Yelabuga, a no ia mea ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i lālā pili o ka Hui Archaeological Moscow. No nā makahiki he nui ʻo ʻIvan Vasilievich ka meia.
ʻOʻIvan Vasilievich Shishkin
2. Maʻalahi ke kaha kiʻi iā ʻIvana a lawe ʻaneʻane i kāna mau manawa kaʻawale. Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana no ʻehā mau makahiki ma ka Gymnasium Kazan Mua, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoi loa o ka ʻāina, hōʻole ʻo ia e hoʻomau i kāna mau aʻo ʻana. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i makemake e lilo i mea kālepa a i luna mana paha. No nā makahiki lōʻihi ʻehā, e hakakā ana ka ʻohana no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka muli loa, ka mea i makemake e aʻo i ka pena ("e lilo i mea pena" e like me ka ʻōlelo a kona makuahine). I ka makahiki 20 wale nō i ʻae ai kona mau mākua e ʻae iā ia e hele i ke Kula ʻo Lukia a me Sculpture i Moscow.
ʻO ke kiʻi ponoʻī i kona wā ʻōpio
3. ʻOiai nā loiloi maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ke kūlana politika a me ka moʻomeheu ma Rūsia i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ua manuahi nā loina o ke Kula ʻo Lukia a me ke kiʻi kiʻi ʻana o kēia kula. kaha kiʻi. I ke kumu, koi lākou i hoʻokahi mea mai nā haumāna - e hana hou aku. Pono ʻo Young Shishkin iā ia. ʻO kekahi o kona mau hoaaloha i loko o kahi leka ua hoʻopiʻi hewa iā ia, e ʻōlelo ana ua hana hou ʻo Sokolniki i nā mea āpau. ʻAe, i kēlā mau makahiki, he mau moemoeā ʻo Sokolniki lāua ʻo Sviblovo, kahi i hele ai nā mea pena kiʻi ʻāina i nā kiʻi.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i ke Kula ʻo Lukia a me ke kiʻi kiʻi ʻana ma Moscow
4. Ma ke kula, ua hana ʻo Shishkin i kāna kāʻei mua. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i haʻalele i nā kiʻi a me nā paʻi. Ma ke kumu o kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka Artists 'Artel i 1871, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Society of Russian Aquafortists. ʻO Shishkin kekahi o nā mea mua ma Lūkia i hoʻomaka e mālama i ke kahakaha kiʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻano kaʻawale ka pena. ʻImi nā hoʻokolohua mua o nā mea kahakaha i ka hiki ke hana hou i nā hana i hana ʻia no ka pena ʻana. ʻO Shishkin, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e paio e hana i nā kahakaha kumu. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i ʻelima mau album o ke kaha kiʻi a lilo i mea kahakaha ʻoi loa ma Rūsia.
Kākau ʻana iā "Kapua ma luna o ka ulu"
5. Mai kona wā ʻōpio, ua huli ʻeha loa ʻo ʻIvana ʻInikovich i nā loiloi kūwaho o kāna mau hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea kupanaha - ka ʻohana, ma muli o kā lākou kaohi ponoʻī, kōkua iki iā ia, no laila ke olakino o ka mea pena kiʻi, mai ka manawa āna i haʻalele ai no Moscow, kokoke i ka hopena. Ma hope loa, i ka wā makua, e huhū maoli ʻo ia i ka wā e mahalo ai ka Academy, i kahi o kāna hana, hāʻawi iā ia i ke kauoha, ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka inoa o ke polopeka. Ua hanohano ke kauoha, akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi iki i kekahi mea. I tsarist Russia, ʻo nā luna koa i kūʻai i nā makana ma kā lākou iho. A hāʻawi ke poʻo inoa o ke polopeka i kahi loaʻa paʻa paʻa.
6. I ke komo ʻana i loko o ka Academy of Arts, ua hoʻohana ʻo Shishkin i kekahi mau kau kula o ke kauwela - e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka Academy kahi mea e kapa ʻia ai ka hana ʻoihana - lilo ma Valaam. ʻO ke ʻano o ka mokupuni, aia ma ka ʻākau o ka Lake Ladoga, ua pīhoihoi i ka mea pena kiʻi. I nā manawa a pau āna e haʻalele ai iā Balaʻama, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noʻonoʻo e hoʻi. Ma Valaam, ua aʻo ʻo ia e hana i nā kaha peni nui, a ʻo nā mea loea i kekahi manawa i kuhihewa no ke kahakaha ʻana. No nā hana Valaam, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Shishkin i mau makana Academy, e like me ka Mele Gula Nui me ka palapala "Worth".
ʻO kekahi o nā sketches mai Valaam
7. ʻAʻole aloha ʻo ʻIvana ʻIvovovich i kona ʻāina hānau ma ke ʻano he kūlohelohe wale nō. Me ka Mele Gula Nui, ua loaʻa iā ia i ka manawa like ka kuleana i kahi huakaʻi hana hana wā lōʻihi i uku ʻia ma waho. Ke nānā nei i ka loaʻa kālā o ka mea pena, ʻo kēia paha ka manawa mua a hope loa i ke ola. Akā ua noi ʻo Shishkin i ke alakaʻi o ka Academy e pani i kāna huakaʻi i nā ʻāina ʻē me kahi huakaʻi ma Kama a me Volga i ke kai Caspian. ʻAʻole wale nā luna i pīhoihoi. ʻOiai ʻo nā hoaaloha pili i ka pāleo ua koi aku i ka mea pena kiʻi e hui pū i nā hua o ka mālamalama ʻEulopa. I ka hopena, hāʻawi ʻo Shishkin. Ma ka nui, ʻaʻohe mea kūpono i ka huakaʻi. ʻAʻole i pīhoihoi nā haku ʻEulopa iā ia. Ua hoʻāʻo ka mea pena e pena i nā holoholona a me nā kaona o ke kūlanakauhale, akā me ka makemake a makemake ʻole paha, ua koho ʻo ia i kahi ʻano, ma ka liʻiliʻi e like me kāna mea aloha ʻo Balaʻama. ʻO ka hauʻoli wale nō ka hauʻoli o nā hoa hana ʻEulopa a me kahi kiʻi i pena ʻia ma lalo o ka uku mua i lawe ʻia ma St. Petersburg, e hōʻike nei i kahi pūʻā bipi i ka nahele. Ua bapetizo ʻo Shishkin iā Paris "Babulona hemolele", akā ʻaʻole i hele i Italia: "ʻono loa ia". Mai nā ʻāina ʻē, ua mahuka ʻo Shishkin i ka wanaʻao, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahina i uku hope loa ʻia e noho ai a hana i Yelabuga.
ʻO ka bipi kauō kaulana
8. ʻO ka hoʻi i St. Petersburg kahi lanakila o ka mea pena kiʻi. ʻOiai ʻo ia e noho ana ma Yelabuga, ua pīpī kāna mau hana ʻEulopa. Ma Kepakemapa 12, 1865, lilo ʻo ia i mea aʻo. ʻO kāna kiʻi pena "Nānā ma kahi kokoke i Dusseldorf" i noi ʻia no kekahi manawa mai ka mea nona Nikolai Bykov e hōʻike ʻia ma ka World Exhibition ma Palisa. ʻO ko Shishkin's canvas coexisted me nā kiʻi pena na Aivazovsky lāua ʻo Bogolyubov.
E ʻike ma kahi o Dusseldorf
9. ʻO Nikolai Bykov i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei ʻaʻole i uku hapa wale no ka huakaʻi a Shishkin i ʻEulopa. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lilo kāna mana i nā lālā o ka Academy i mea hoʻoholo i ka nīnau no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mea pena i ka inoa o ka mea aʻo. I ka manawa i loaʻa iā ia ka "Nānā ma kahi kokoke iā Dusseldorf" ma o ka leka uila, ua holo wikiwiki ʻo ia e hōʻike i ke kiʻi i nā mea pena kiʻi kaulana. A ʻo ka ʻōlelo a Bykov i kaupaona ʻia i nā pōʻai noʻeau. Ua puka ʻo ia mai ka Academy iā ia iho, akā ʻaʻole i kākau iki. ʻIke ʻia no kāna kiʻi ponoʻī a me kahi kope o ke kiʻi o Zhukovsky na Karl Bryullov (ʻo kēia kope i hoʻokani ʻia i ka lotiri e hoʻōla iā Taras Shevchenko mai nā kauā). Akā ua loaʻa iā Bykov ka makana o ka foresight e pili ana i nā mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio. Kūʻai ʻo ia i nā kiʻi pena mai nā ʻōpio Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Kiprensky a, ʻo Shishkin, e ʻohiʻohi ana i kahi hōʻiliʻili ākea.
ʻO Nikolay Bykov
10. I ke kauwela o 1868, ʻo Shishkin, ka mea e mālama ana i ka mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio ʻo Fyodor Vasiliev, i hui me kona kaikuahine ʻo Evgenia Alexandrovna. I ka hāʻule, ua pāʻani lākou i kahi male. Ua aloha kekahi i kekahi, akā ʻaʻole i lawe ka male i ka hauʻoli. Ua hoʻomaka ka papa ʻeleʻele i ka 1872 - ua make ka makuakāne o ʻIvana ʻIvanavich. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua make kahi keikikāne makahiki ʻelua i ka maʻi typhus (ʻo ka mea pena kiʻi ponoʻī hoʻi i maʻi nui ʻia). Ua make ʻo Fyodor Vasiliev ma hope ona. I Malaki 1874, ua hala ka wahine a Shishkin, a hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope ua make kekahi keiki ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Evgenia Alexandrovna, ka wahine mua a ka mea pena kiʻi
11. Inā ʻaʻole ʻo Shishkin i mea kaha kiʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki iā ia ke lilo i ʻepekema-botanist. ʻO ka makemake e lawe maoli i nā holoholona lōhiu iā ia e hoʻopaʻa pono i nā mea kanu. Ua hana ʻo ia i kēia i kāna huakaʻi mua i ʻEulopa a i kona wā hoʻomaha loa (ie hana ʻia ma ka lilo o ka Academy) huakaʻi i Czech Republic. Loaʻa iā ia nā alakaʻi mea kanu a me kahi microscope ma ka lima, kahi mea nui ʻole ia no nā mea pena kiʻi ʻāina. Akā ʻo ka naturalism o kekahi o nā hana a ka mea pena kiʻi e nānā pepa loa.
12. ʻO ka hana mua a Shishkin, i kūʻai ʻia e ka philanthropist kaulana ʻo Pavel Tretyakov, ʻo ia ka pena kiʻi “Noon. Ma kahi kokoke i Moscow ". Hoʻonani ʻia ka mea pena kiʻi e ka manaʻo o ka mea hōʻiliʻili kaulana, a kōkua pū i nā rubles 300 no ka canvas. Ma hope, ua kūʻai ʻo Tretyakov i nā kiʻi pena a Shishkin, a ke piʻi mau nei kā lākou kumukūʻai. ʻO kahi laʻana, no ka pena kiʻi “Pine Forest. ʻO ka lāʻau Mast i ka moku ʻo Vyatka ”Ua uku mua ʻo Tretyakov i 1,500 rubles.
Awakea. Ma kahi kokoke i Moscow
13. Ua hana nui ʻo Shishkin i ka hana a me ka hana o ka ʻAhahui o nā huakaʻi hōʻikeʻike huakaʻi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kona ola holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa mai ka 1871 i pili me nā Itinerants. ʻO ka "Hao Pine ..." like i ʻike maka ʻia e ka lehulehu ma ka hōʻike huakaʻi mua. I ka hui o nā Itinerants, ua hui ʻo Shishkin me ʻIvan Kramskoy, ka mea i mahalo nui i ke kiʻi a ʻIvana ʻItovovich. Ua lilo nā mea pena kiʻi i mau hoaaloha a lilo i manawa nui me ko lākou mau ʻohana ma nā sketch āpau. Ua manaʻo ʻo Kramskoy iā Shishkin i mea pena kiʻi o ka pae ʻEulopa. I kekahi o nā leka mai Palisa mai, ua kākau ʻo ia iā ʻIvanivovovich inā e lawe ʻia kekahi o kāna kiʻi pena i ka Salon, e noho ka lehulehu ma nā wāwae o lākou.
ʻAuwana. I ka wā a Shishkin i ʻōlelo ai, ua hoʻopau kāna papa i nā mea āpau
14. I ka makamua o 1873, ua lilo ʻo Shishkin i polofesa no ka pena kiʻi ʻāina. Ua hāʻawi ka Academy i kēia poʻo inoa e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokūkū, kahi a kēlā me kēia i waiho ai i kā lākou hana. Ua lilo ʻo Shishkin i polofesa no ka pena "Wilderness". Ua loaʻa iā ia ke poʻo inoa o ke polofesa, ka mea i ʻae iā ia e hōʻuluʻulu mana i nā haumāna, no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. Ua kākau ʻo Kramskoy e hiki iā Shishkin ke hōʻiliʻili i 5 - 6 mau kānaka no nā sketches, a e aʻo aku i nā mea noʻonoʻo āpau, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 10 haʻalele ʻo ia i ka Academy wale nō, a ʻo kēlā hoʻi ua ʻoʻopa ia. Ua male ʻo Shishkin i kekahi o kāna mau haumāna, ʻo Olga Pagoda, i ka makahiki 1880. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kēia male ma mua o ka mea mua - ua make ʻo Olga Alexandrovna, ʻaʻohe manawa e hānau he kaikamahine, i ka makahiki 1881. I ka 1887, ua paʻi ka mea pena kiʻi i kahi album o nā kiʻi a kāna wahine i make. He pōkole loa kā Shishkinʻatikala aʻo aʻo hana. ʻAʻole hiki ke koho i nā haumāna, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o kāna koho ʻana.
15. Mālama ka mea pena kiʻi i nā manawa. Ke hele a maʻalahi ka hana o ke paʻi kiʻi ʻana a me ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi i ka lehulehu, kūʻai mai ʻo ia i kahi kāmela a me nā pono kūpono a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ka paʻi kiʻi i kāna hana. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ka hemahema o ke paʻi kiʻi ʻana i kēlā manawa, mahalo nui ʻo Shishkin i ka mea i hiki ke hana i ka hoʻoilo ke ʻaʻohe ala e pena ai i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina mai ke kūlohelohe.
16. ʻAʻole like me ka hapanui o nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻoihana hana, ua mālama ʻo I. Shishkin i ka hana ma ke ʻano he lawelawe. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i maopopo iki i ka poʻe e kali nei no ka hiki mai o ka hoʻoulu. E hiki mai ka hana a me ka hoʻoulu. A ʻo nā hoa hana, kāhāhā i ka hana a Shishkin. 'Lelo nā mea āpau i kēia i nā leka a me nā memoire. ʻO Kramskoy, no ka laʻana, pūʻiwa ʻo ia i ka puʻu o nā kaha kiʻi i lawe ʻia mai e Shishkin mai kahi huakaʻi pōkole i Crimea. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoa aloha ʻo ʻIvana ʻIvovich i kuhi ai i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina i like ʻole me ka mea a kāna hoaaloha i kākau ai e hoʻolōʻihi i kahi manawa e maʻa ai. A hele ʻo Shishkin i waho i ke ʻano a pena i nā kuahiwi Crimean. ʻO kēia mākaukau no ka hana i kōkua iā ia e kāpae i ka ʻalekohola i nā wā paʻakikī o ke ola (aia kahi lawehala.)
17. ʻO ka pena kaulana "Kakahiaka i loko o ka ulu lāʻau paina" i pena ʻia e I. Shishkin i ka laulima ʻana me Konstantin Savitsky. Ua hōʻike ʻo Savitsky i kāna hoa hana i kahi sketch ʻano me ʻelua mau keiki. Ua hoʻopuni ʻo Shishkin i ka noʻonoʻo i nā figurine bear me kahi kahakai a kono iā Savitsky e pena pū i kahi kiʻi. Ua ʻae mākou e loaʻa iā Savitsky ka hapaha o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai, a ʻo Shishkin e loaʻa ke koena. I ka papa o ka hana, ua hoʻonui ka helu o nā cubs i ʻehā. Ua pena ʻo Savitsky i kā lākou mau kiʻi. Ua pena ʻia ke kiʻi i ka makahiki 1889 a ua kūleʻa nui. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Pavel Tretyakov iā ia no 4,000 rubles, a he 1,000 o ia mau mea i loaʻa iā Shishkin. Ma hope, no kekahi kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, holoi ʻo Tretyakov i kā kā Savitsky pūlima mai ka canvas.
Ua ʻike ka poʻe āpau i kēia kiʻi
18. I nā makahiki 1890, ua hoʻomau ʻo Shishkin i ka pilina aloha me kāna hoa hana ʻo Arkhip Kuindzhi. Wahi a ke kaikamahine a Shishkin, i noho ma kona hale, ua hele ʻo Kuindzhi i kā Shishkin ʻaneʻane i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hakakā nā mea kaha kiʻi ʻelua me kekahi o nā Itinerants ma ka hihia o ke komo ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono o ka Academy of Arts: ʻo Shishki lāua ʻo Kuindzhi no ke komo ʻana, a ua hana pū kekahi i kahi kope o kahi palapala hoʻohui hou, a ua kūʻē ʻia kekahi o nā Itinerants. A hiki iā Kuindzhi ke manaʻo ʻia he mea hui pū o kā Shishkin pena "In the Wild North" - Hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Komarova ua kau ʻo Arkhip Ivanovich i kahi kiko liʻiliʻi ma ka canvas i hoʻopau ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kahi kukui mamao.
"I ka ʻĀhiu ʻāhiu ..." ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke ahi a Kuindzhi, akā ʻo ia nō
19. Ma Nowemapa 26, 1891, ua wehe ʻia kahi hōʻike nui o nā hana na ʻIvan Shishkin i loko o ke keʻena o ka Academy. No ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala o ka pena Lūkini, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā hana i hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi hōʻike pilikino, akā nā ʻāpana hoʻomākaukau hoʻi: sketches, sketch, drawings, etc. Ua hoʻoholo ka mea pena kiʻi e hōʻike pehea e hānau ʻia ai kahi pena, e hōʻike ai i ke kaʻina hanau. ʻOiai nā loiloi koʻikoʻi mai nā hoa hana, ua hana ʻo ia i kēlā mau hōʻike kuʻuna.
20. Ua make ʻo ʻIvana ʻInikovich Shishkin i kāna hale hana ma Malaki 8, 1898. Hana pū ʻo ia me kāna haumāna ʻo Grigory Gurkin. Noho ʻo Gurkin ma ke kihi mamao loa o ka hale hana a lohe i kahi ʻū. Ua holo ʻo ia i luna, lālau i ke kumu e hāʻule ana ma kona ʻaoʻao a kauō iā ia i ka moe. Aia ʻo ʻIvana ʻInikovich ma luna ona a make i kekahi mau minuke ma hope. Ua kanu lākou iā ia ma ka hale kupapaʻu o Smolensk ma St. Ma 1950, ua hoʻohuli ʻia kahi kanu o I. Shishkin i ka Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Kia hoʻomanaʻo no I. Shishkin
