ʻO ka Soviet Union, ʻo ia nō, he ʻāina hakakā a ʻano like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomohala nui kēia mokuʻāina ʻoiai ʻo nā mea kākau moʻolelo kūlike ʻole, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kākau o nā memoire, hoʻokele e hoʻopaʻa i kēia a i kēia manawa i kā lākou hana. Eia kekahi, ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, me he mea lā ʻaʻole lākou e wehewehe i nā wā like ʻole, akā i nā honua ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā meʻe, ʻo kahi laʻana, o kā Yuri Trifonov moʻolelo "House on the Embankment" a me nā huapalapala o ka puke moʻolelo a Mikhail Sholokhov "Virgin Land Upturned" live (me kahi manaʻo) ma kahi o ka manawa like. akā ʻaʻohe pili maoli ma waena o lākou. Koe, paha ka makaʻu o ka make i kēlā me kēia manawa.
ʻO nā mea hoʻomanaʻo o ka poʻe i noho i ka USSR e like me ke ʻano kānalua. Hoʻomanaʻo kekahi e hele nei i ka waihona mālama kālā e uku no nā pono hana - hāʻawi koʻu makuahine i ʻekolu rubles a ʻae iā lākou e hoʻolilo i ka loli i kā lākou manaʻo iho. Ua koi ʻia kekahi e kū i ka lālani e kūʻai i kahi kini o ka waiū a me kahi kini waiwa waiwa. ʻAʻole i paʻi ʻia nā puke a kekahi no kekahi mau makahiki ma muli o ka nawaliwali o ka manaʻo, a ua inu kekahi i kahi mea ʻawaʻawa no ka mea ua kāʻalo ʻia ʻo ia me ka Makana Lenin.
ʻO ka USSR, ma ke ʻano he mokuʻāina, ua pili i ka mōʻaukala. Hiki i nā kānaka āpau ke manaʻoʻiʻo e hoʻi mai kēia hauʻoli a i ʻole ʻaʻole e hana hou ʻia kēia mea weliweli. Akā hoʻokahi ala a ʻano ʻē aʻe paha, ʻo ka Soviet Union, me nā mea maikaʻi āpau a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole, e noho mau ia i kahi o kā mākou wā i hala.
- Mai 1947 a 1954, hoʻemi ʻia nā kumukūʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki (i ka puna) i ka Soviet Union. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hoʻolaha aupuni kūpono e pili ana i ka paʻi me nā ʻōkuene kikoʻī nona nā huahana a me ka pākēneka e hoʻēmi ʻia ai ke kumukūʻai. Ua helu pū ʻia ka pono āpau i ka heluna kanaka. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma kahi hōʻemi kumukūʻai ma 1953, ua "pōmaikaʻi" ka heluna kanaka o ka Soviet Union i nā 50 biliona rubles, a ʻo ka hōʻemi hou aʻe ua lilo ka moku i 20 biliona rubles. Ua noʻonoʻo ke aupuni i ka hopena o ka hopena: kahi hāʻule o nā kumukūʻai ma ke kālepa mokuʻāina kokoke i ka hāʻule o nā kumukūʻai i nā mākeke mahiʻai hui. ʻOiai ua hoʻemi nā kumukūʻai ma ke kālepa mokuʻāina i 2.3 mau manawa ma mua o ʻehiku mau makahiki, ua hāʻule nā kumukūʻai ma nā mākeke mahi like e 4 mau manawa.
- ʻO kā Vladimir Vysotsky mele "A Case at a Mine" i ka hoʻohewa kolohe ʻana i ka hana o nā piʻina pau ʻole o nā helu hana i ʻaneʻane i kēlā me kēia hana, i hoʻolaha ʻia mai ka waenakonu o 1950. Hōʻole nā huaʻōlelo o ke mele e hoʻopakele i kahi hoa hana mai ka ʻōpala, nāna "E hoʻomaka e hoʻokō i ʻekolu mau lula / E hoʻomaka e hāʻawi i ka lānahu i ka ʻāina - a iā mākou kahi khan!" A hiki i ka 1955, aia kahi ʻōnaehana holomua o ka uku, e like me ka mea i uku ʻia ai nā huahana i uku ʻia i ka nui nui ma mua o ka hoʻolālā. Ua ʻano ʻokoʻa ia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, akā like ke ʻano nui: hana ʻoe i nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe - nui aʻe kāu kuleana. ʻO kahi laʻana, uku ʻia kahi mea huli no nā ʻāpana 250 i hoʻolālā ʻia i ka mahina ma 5 rubles. ʻO nā ʻāpana i hoʻolālā ʻia a 50 i uku ʻia no 7.5 rubles, ʻo 50 aʻe - no 9 rubles, a pēlā aku. Ua hōʻemi wale ʻia kēia hana, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia hoʻi e ka piʻi mau o nā uku hana me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o nā uku. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā limahana me ka mālie a me ka wikiwiki ʻole e hoʻokō i nā loina e kū nei, ʻoi aku iā lākou i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki e nā pākēneka. A i nā makahiki 1980, ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā ʻoihana e hana ana i nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā huahana i hoʻolālā ʻia i hana ʻia i kahi mode crunch ma ka hopena o ka manawa hōʻike (mahina, hapahā a makahiki paha). Ua hopu koke nā mea kūʻai i ke kiko, a, no ka laʻana, hiki i nā mīkini home i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka hopena o ka makahiki i loko o nā hale kūʻai no nā makahiki - he ʻaneʻane pili pono i ka male male.
- Ma kahi o ka hoʻomaka o ka perestroika i luku i ka USSR, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pilikia o ka ʻilihune ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ia, i ka ʻike o nā luna, ua ola mai ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, a ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻole i ka loaʻa o ka ʻilihune. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā helu helu kūhelu i ka makahiki 1960, aia wale nō he 4% o nā kamaʻāina i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia capita loaʻa ma kahi o 100 rubles i kēlā me kēia mahina. I ka makahiki 1980, aia he 60% o ia mau kamaʻāina (loaʻa i ke ʻano o ka awelika no kēlā me kēia kālā i loaʻa ma nā ʻohana). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i mua o nā maka o kekahi hanauna, aia kahi lele kūpono i ka loaʻa kālā o ka lehulehu. Akā ʻo kēia kaʻina maikaʻi he hopena maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi. I ka ulu ʻana o nā loaʻa kālā, ulu pū nā koi o ka poʻe, i hiki ʻole i ka mokuʻāina ke hoʻokō i ka manawa.
- ʻO ka ruble Soviet ka lāʻau. ʻAʻole like me nā kālā ʻē aʻe, "gula", ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai manuahi ʻia. I ke kumumanaʻo, aia ke aka o nā mākeke kūleʻa haole, akā ʻo kāna mau mea kālepa kūleʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, loaʻa iā 15 mau makahiki i ka hale paʻahao, a i ʻole hiki i ka laina kī. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai ma kēia mākeke ma kahi o 3-4 rubles i kēlā me kēia kālā US. Ua ʻike ka poʻe e pili ana i kēia, a he nui ka poʻe i manaʻo he kūpono ʻole nā kumukūʻai Soviet kūloko - ua kūʻai ʻia nā jeans ʻAmelika he 5-10 kālā ma nā ʻāina ʻē, ma ke kalepa mokuʻāina he 100 rubles ko lākou kumukūʻai, a no nā mea hoʻokalakupua hiki ke kūʻai ʻia he 250. ʻO kēia ka mea i hōʻoluʻolu ʻole ʻia, a lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā kumu o ka hāʻule ʻana. USSR - ʻo ka hapa nui o ka heluna nui o ka ʻāina i manaʻo he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka waiwai o ka mākeke a me ka nui o nā huahana. Kakaikahi ka poʻe i manaʻo ma ka mākeke Soviet non-market, ua like nā 5 kopecks ma ka liʻiliʻi he $ 1.5 ke hoʻohālikelike i ka huakaʻi ma ka metro ʻo Moscow a me New York. A inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i nā kumukūʻai no nā pono hana - uku lākou i kahi ʻohana Soviet ma kahi o 4 - 5 rubles - a laila lele ka uku hoʻololi ruble i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe lani.
- ʻAe ʻae ʻia a puni ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "stagnation" i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka Soviet Union. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻike i kēia stagnation i nā helu - ulu ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina e 3-4% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻaʻole kēia nā pākēneka o kēia manawa i nā ʻōlelo kālā, akā ka hopena maoli. Akā kū ka stagnation i ka manaʻo o ke alakaʻi Soviet. Ma nā huaʻōlelo he nui, ua ʻike lākou i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono maʻamau - ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka hale, ka hana ʻana o nā huahana mea kūʻai aku maʻamau - ke hoʻokokoke aku nei ʻo Soviet Union a i ʻole ka huki ʻana i nā ʻāina komohana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i nānā iki nā alakaʻi o ka Politburo o ke Komite Waena o ka CPSU i ka loli psychological i hiki i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu. ʻO nā kūpuna o Kremlin, haʻaheo (a kūpono ia) i ko lākou wā e ola ana ua neʻe ka poʻe mai nā dugout a i nā hale ʻoluʻolu a hoʻomaka lākou e ʻai maʻamau, ua lohi loa ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo i ka hōʻoluʻolu o nā pono maʻamau i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia.
- ʻO ka hapa nui o ke kūkulu hou ʻana, e like me ka mōʻaukala, he mamo lākou no nā "pio o ka GULAG" i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia. No laila, ʻo Nikita Khrushchev, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka Soviet Union mai 1953 a 1964, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he puʻupuʻu manaʻo, akā lokomaikaʻi a me ke aloha i alakaʻi "mai nā poʻe." E like me, he kanaka ʻōleʻa ʻōhule kēlā nāna i kīkē i kāna kīʻaha ma ka papa ma ka UN a uhi i nā kiʻi moʻomeheu me ka ʻōlelo pelapela. Akā ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻo ia i mau miliona o ka poʻe hala ʻole a kipi hoʻi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ko Khrushchev kuleana i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka USSR e like ia me Mikhail Gorbachev. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻopau kūleʻa ʻo Gorbachev i ka mea a Khrushchev i hoʻomaka ai. ʻAʻole kūpono ka papa inoa o nā hewa a me ka sabotage noʻonoʻo pono o kēia alakaʻi i kahi puke holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kā Khrushchev haʻiʻōlelo ma ka XX Congress o ka CPSU a me ka de-Stalinization ma hope i hoʻokaʻawale i ka nohona Soviet i kahi ala i ʻike ʻia ai kēia hoʻokaʻawale i kēia lā ʻo Rūsia. ʻO ka ʻakaʻaka ma ke kanu ʻana i ke kulina ma ka moku ʻo Arkhangelsk ma ka makahiki 1963 372 wale nō o ke gula - ʻo kēia ka nui o nā metala makamae e pono e kūʻai aku i mea e kūʻai ai i ka palaoa i nalo ma USA a me Kanada. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻomohala haneli haneli o nā ʻāina puʻupaʻa, ka mea i kūʻai ʻia i ka ʻāina he 44 biliona rubles (a inā i hana ʻia nā mea āpau e like me ka noʻonoʻo, e lilo ia i ʻelua mau manawa), ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i kahi hoʻonui kūikawā i ka ʻohi - 10 miliona mau tona o ka palaoa puʻupaʻa i loko o ka hōʻiliʻili holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻāina i kūpono i ka wā. kanalua. ʻO ka hoʻolaha propaganda o 1962 me he mea lā he hoʻomāʻewaʻewa maoli ia i ka poʻe, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai nā kumukūʻai no nā huahana iʻa e 30% (!) Ua kapa ʻia he hoʻoholo hoʻoholo waiwai i kākoʻo ʻia e ka lehulehu. A, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻoili kānāwai ʻole o Crimea i Ukraine he laina kaʻawale ia i ka papa inoa o kā Khrushchev mau hana.
- Mai ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mahiʻai hui mua, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka uku no ka hana i loko o lākou e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "workday". Ua loli kēia anakahi a ua hilinaʻi i ka nui o ka hana i hana ʻia. ʻO nā mahiʻai hui i hana i ka hana e koi ana i nā māka kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke loaʻa iā 2 a me 3 mau lā hana i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua kākau nā nūpepa i ka hana o nā limahana poʻokela i nā lā hana he 100 i ka lā. Akā, no laila, i kahi lā hana pōkole a i ʻole kahi hana i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa ma lalo o hoʻokahi lā hana. I ka huina, aia mai 5 a 7 mau pūʻulu kumukūʻai. No nā lā hana, ua uku ʻia ka mahiʻai hui i ka ʻoluʻolu a i ʻole i ke kālā. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i nā hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i uku maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā lā hana, a i ʻole uku ʻia. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kamaʻāina o ka Lūkini Non-ʻEleʻele Honua Honua a i ʻole ka ʻĀkau, he ʻoiaʻiʻo. I loko o nā makahiki kaua, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā mahiʻai hui i ka awelika o 0.8 a 1.6 kg o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia lā hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ke kanaka ke loaʻa he 25 kg o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia mahina. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki hōʻiliʻili kaua ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mahiʻai hui - 3 kg o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia lā hana i manaʻo ʻia he uku maikaʻi loa. Hoʻopakele wale ʻia e kā lākou hoʻokele waiwai ponoʻī. ʻO kēia nui o ka uku i hōʻeuʻeu i ka noho hou ʻana o nā mahiʻai i nā kūlanakauhale. Ma laila kahi i koi ʻole ʻia ai ia neʻe ʻana, ua loaʻa nā mea mahiʻai i nā mea he nui aku. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Central Asia, ʻo nā uku o nā mea kanu pulupulu (hoʻololi ʻia nā lā hana i kālā) ma mua a ma hope hoʻi o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka awelika ʻoihana.
- ʻO kekahi o nā papahana kūkulu nui loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka Soviet Union ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). I 1889, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi laina kaʻaahi ma ke ala o kēia manawa o ka BAM i ʻōlelo ʻia "ʻaʻole hiki loa". Ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o ka lua o ke alahao trans-Siberian ma 1938. Ua holo ka hana me nā pilikia a me nā kahamaha. I ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi ʻāpana o nā ala hao no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ala mua i ka moku Stalingrad. Ma hope o ke kapa ʻia ʻana o ka BAM ʻo "Shock Komsomol Construction" i ka makahiki 1974, ua wehe ʻia ka hana ma kahi pae Uniona ʻiʻo nō. Ua hele ka poʻe ʻōpio mai nā wahi a pau o ka Soviet Union i ke kūkulu ʻana o ke alahao. Ma Kepakemapa 29, 1984, ua waiho ʻia kahi loulou gula ma ka mile 1602 o ka BAM ma ka hui Balabukhta ma ka Teritori Trans-Baikal, e hōʻailona ana i ka loulou ma waena o nā ʻāpana hikina a me komohana o ke kūkulu alanui. Ma muli o nā hanana kaulana o ka hopena o nā 1980 a me nā makahiki 1990, ua waiwai ʻole ʻo BAM no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, mai ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki 2000, ua hōʻea ka laina i kona hiki hoʻolālā, a i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka 45th makahiki o kona kūkulu ʻana, ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā hoʻolālā e hōʻano hou i ke ala kaʻa i mea e hoʻonui hou ai i kona hiki. Ma ka laulaha, ua lilo ka BAM i papahana papahana nui loa i ka moʻolelo o ka USSR.
- Aia kekahi manaʻo e "ʻo kēlā me kēia Papuan i piʻi aʻe i luna o ka lāʻau pāma a hoʻolaha i ke ala kaiapili o ka hoʻomohala ʻana ua loaʻa koke iā ia kahi kālā kālā miliona miliona mai ka Soviet Union." He ʻoiaʻiʻo me nā ana nui loa ʻelua - pono a i ʻole kaupaona ʻia ka ʻāina e loaʻa ana ke kōkua ma ka ʻāina a me / a i ʻole nā awa kū moku. ʻO nāʻauwaʻa moana kahi leʻaleʻa pipiʻi ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻōlelo o ke kūkulu moku. ʻO ka nāwaliwali o ia ʻauwaʻa nā awa kū moku. No lākou, pono ke kākoʻo iā Cuba, Vietnam, Somalia, ʻAitiopa, Madagascar a me nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, uku ʻia ke kālā e kākoʻo i nā aupuni i kēia mau a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo nāʻauwaʻa, ka mea e āno ana ma nā awa kū moku o Arkhangelsk lāua ʻo Leningrad, pono nō hoʻi i kālā. Ma ke ʻano he kumu, ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi ke kūʻai ʻana i nā awa mai Iāpana, Uruguay a me Chile, akā ʻo kēia mau ʻāina, eia naʻe, ua kāohi nui ʻia e ka United States.
- ʻO Perestroika, ka mea i luku i ka Soviet Union, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka i ka wā o kahi pilikia, akā i ka hoʻomaka o kahi lele hou i ka hoʻomohala waiwai. Ua ʻike maoli ʻia ka pilikia ma 1981 a me 1982, akā ma hope o ka make ʻana o Leonid Brezhnev a me ka hoʻololi hou ʻana o ke alakaʻi, ua hoʻomaka hou ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōuli hana. ʻO kā Mikhail Gorbachev kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka holomua ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia, akā ʻo nā hana hou āna i hana ai ʻaʻole ia i alakaʻi i kahi hopena maikaʻi, akā i kahi pōʻino. Eia nō naʻe, ua koe ka ʻoiaʻiʻo - ma mua o ka mana o Gorbachev, ua ulu ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoihana Soviet ma mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻāina huakaʻi Komohana.
