ʻO Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - ʻO ka mea kākau prosa Lūkini, poet, mea akeakamai, lālā o ke Komisina no ka hana ʻana i nā kānāwai ma lalo o Alexander 1. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka mahalo nui ʻia i kāna puke nui "Journey mai St. Petersburg a i Moscow".
Ua piha ka moʻolelo pilikino o Alexander Radishchev i nā mea hoihoi mai kona ola lehulehu.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Alexander Radishchev.
Kawaihae o Alexander Radishchev
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Alexander Radishchev ma ʻAukake 20 (31), 1749 ma ke kauhale ʻo Verkhnee Ablyazovo. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana nui me 11 mau keiki.
ʻO ka makuakāne o ka mea kākau, ʻo Nikolai Afanasyevich, kahi kanaka aʻo a haipule hoʻi i ʻike i nā ʻōlelo ʻehā. ʻO Mother, Fekla Savvichna, i hele mai ka ʻohana hanohano o nā Argamakovs.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Alexander Radishchev i kāna wā kamaliʻi a pau i ke kauhale o Nemtsovo, Kaluga moku, kahi i waiho ai ka waiwai o kona makuakāne.
Ua aʻo ke keiki i ka heluhelu a me ke kākau ʻana mai ka Puʻupuʻu, a aʻo pū i ka ʻōlelo Palani, ka mea i makemake nui ʻia i kēlā manawa.
I ka makahiki 7, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Alexander e kona mau mākua i Moscow, ma ka mālama a kona ʻanakala makua. Ma ka hale o Argamakovs, ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā ʻepekema like ʻole me nā keiki a kona ʻanakala.
He pīhoihoi ʻo ia kekahi kumu aʻo Palani, nāna i holo i kona homeland ma muli o ka hoʻomāinoino politika, ua pili i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki. I loko o kēlā manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ma lalo o ka mana o ka ʻike i loaʻa, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio e hoʻomohala i ka manaʻo manuahi iā ia iho.
Ua hōʻea i ka makahiki 13, ma hope koke iho o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Catherine II, ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo Radishchev e lilo i waena o nā ʻaoʻao emepala.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua lawelawe ke ʻōpio i ka mōʻī wahine i nā hanana like ʻole. 4 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Alexander, me 11 mau aliʻi hanohano, i Kelemania e aʻo i ke kānāwai.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokele ka mōʻaukala Radishchev e hoʻonui ākea i kona mau palena. Ke hoʻi nei i Rūsia, ua nānā ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka wā e hiki mai me ka pīhoihoi a me ka hakakā e lawelawe no ka pono o ka ʻāina makua.
Palapala
Ua hoihoi ʻo Alexander Radishchev i ke kākau ʻana ʻoiai ʻo ia ma Kelemania. I kekahi manawa ma St. Petersburg, ua launa ʻo ia me ka mea nona ka hale paʻi o Zhivopisets, kahi i paʻi ʻia ai kāna moʻolelo.
I kāna moʻolelo, ua wehewehe ʻo Radishchev i ke ola kauhale kaumaha i nā kala, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i poina e ʻōlelo i ka serfdom. Ua huhū ka hana i waena o nā luna, akā hoʻomau ka mea akeakamai i ke kākau ʻana a me ka unuhi ʻana i nā puke.
Ua paʻi ʻia ka hana mua a Alexander Radishchev i hoʻokaʻawale inoa ʻole ʻia.
Ua kapa ʻia ka hana "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kekahi o kāna mau hana." Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ia i kahi hoaaloha o Radishchev ma ke Kulanui o Leipzig.
Aia i loko o kēia puke nā manaʻo a me nā ʻōlelo i kūʻē i ka manaʻo ideology o ka mokuʻāina.
I ka makahiki 1789, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Radishchev e hōʻike i nā censors i ka palapala o "Travels mai St. Petersburg a i Moscow", a na kēia wā e hiki mai ana e lawe pū i ka hanohano a me ke kaumaha nui.
He mea pīhoihoi ia i ka manawa mua ʻaʻole i ʻike nā censors i kekahi mea kipi i ka hana, me ka manaʻo he alakaʻi maʻalahi ka puke. No laila, ma muli o ka palaualelo o ke komisina e komo i loko o ka manaʻo hohonu o "Travel", ua ʻae ʻia ka moʻolelo e paʻi.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe hale paʻi e makemake e paʻi i kēia hana. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Alexander Radishchev, me nā poʻe manaʻo like, e paʻi i ka puke ma ka home.
Ua kūʻai lilo koke ʻia nā puke mua o Travel. Ua hana ka hana i kahi haunaele nui i loko o ke kaiāulu a hoʻopau koke ʻia i ka lima o Catherine the Great.
I ka heluhelu ʻana o ka mōʻī wahine i ka moʻolelo, hoʻomālamalama ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo hopohopo ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, ua hopu ʻia ka puke a pau a puhi ʻia i ke ahi.
Ma ke kauoha a Ekaterina ua hopu ʻia ʻo Radishchev, a ma hope ua hoʻouna ʻia i kahi pio ma Irkutsk Ilimsk. Eia nō naʻe, ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻomau ai e kākau a noʻonoʻo i nā pilikia o ke ʻano kanaka.
Nā hana kaiaulu a me ka lawe pio ʻana
Ma mua o ka hoʻowahāwahā e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Travel mai St. Petersburg a i Moscow, ua paʻa ʻo Alexander Radishchev i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe like ʻole.
Ua hana ke kāne no kekahi mau makahiki i ka ʻoihana kālepa a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, a laila neʻe ʻo ia i ka hana kuʻuna, kahi i hala nā makahiki he ʻumi i kū ʻo ia i ke kūlana aliʻi.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole i hōʻole ʻo Radishchev i kāna hewa. Eia naʻe, ua pīhoihoi ʻo ia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ia i ka make, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke kipi kiʻekiʻe iā ia.
Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea kākau no ka "komo hewa ʻana i ke olakino o ka mōʻī." Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻo Radishchev mai ka make e Catherine, nāna i hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻi me kahi makahiki heʻumi mau makahiki i lawe pio ʻia i Siberia.
Ke ola pilikino
I loko o nā makahiki o kāna moʻomeheu, ua male ʻelua ʻo Alexander Radishchev.
ʻO kāna wahine mua ʻo Anna Rubanovskaya. I kēia hui ʻana, ʻeono a lāua keiki, a make he ʻelua o lākou i ka wā kamaliʻi.
Ua make ʻo Rubanovskaya i ka hānau ʻana o kāna makahiki ʻeono i 1783 i ka makahiki 31.
I ka wā i hoʻouna ʻia aku ai ka mea kākau hilahila i kahi pio, ua hoʻomaka ka kaikaina o kāna wahine i hala ʻo Elizabeth i ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hele mai ke kaikamahine i Radishchev ma Ilimsk, e lawe pū ana me kāna 2 mau keiki - ʻo Ekaterina lāua ʻo Pavel.
I ka lawe pio ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Elizabeth a me Alexander e noho kāne a wahine. Ma hope he keiki kāne a me ʻelua mau kaikamahine.
I ka 1797 ua lilo ʻo Alexander Nikolaevich i wahine kāne make no ka manawa ʻelua. I kona hoʻi ʻana mai ka lawe pio ʻana, ua loaʻa ʻo Elizaveta Vasilyevna i ke anuanu i ke ala i ka puna o 1797 a make ma Tobolsk.
Nā makahiki i hala a me ka make
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Radishchev mai ka lawe pio ʻana ma mua o ka manawa o ka manawa.
I ka 1796, ʻo Paul I, ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka pilina weliweli me kona makuahine Catherine II, ma ka noho aliʻi.
ʻO ka Emepera, ʻoiai ʻo kona makuahine, ua kauoha ʻo ia e hoʻokuʻu iā Alexander Radishchev i kāna makemake. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua loaʻa i ke akeakamai kahi amnesty piha a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o kāna mau pono i ke au o Alexander I i 1801.
I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, noho ʻo Radishchev ma St. Petersburg, e hoʻomohala ana i nā kānāwai i ke komisina pili.
Ua make ʻo Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev ma ka lā 12 Kepakemapa (24), 1802 i ka makahiki 53. Aia kekahi mau lono e pili ana i nā kumu o kona make ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo lākou ua hoʻomake ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ka inu ʻana i ka lāʻau make.
Eia nō naʻe, maopopo ʻole pehea e hiki ai i ka mea i make ke hana i kahi hoʻolewa i loko o ka hale pule, ʻoiai ma Orthodoxy hōʻole lākou e hana i kahi lawelawe hoʻolewa no ka suicides a hana maʻamau i nā hana hoʻolewa ʻē aʻe.
Wahi a ka palapala kūhelu i make ʻo Radishchev i ka hoʻohana ʻana.
