ʻO Jean-Paul Sartre

ʻO Jean-Paul Charles Aimard Sartre (1905-1980) - akeakamai Palani, lunamakaʻāinana o atististic existentialism, mea kākau, mea kākau, mea kākau moʻolelo a me nā kumu. Lanakila o ka Nobela 1964 no ka Palapala, i hōʻole ʻia e ia.

Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Jean-Paul Sartre, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.

No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Sartre.

Kawaihae o Jean-Paul Sartre

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Jean-Paul Sartre ma Iune 21, 1905 ma Palisa. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi koa ʻo Jean-Baptiste Sartre a me kāna wahine ʻo Anne-Marie Schweitzer. ʻO ia wale nō ke keiki a kona mau mākua.

ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio

ʻO ka ulia pōpilikia mua loa ma ka moʻomeheu o Jean-Paul i kū mai i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, i ka manawa i hala ai kona makuakāne. Ma hope o kēlā, neʻe ka ʻohana i ka home makua ma Meudon.

Aloha nui ka makuahine i kāna keiki, ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻolako iā ia i nā mea āpau e pono ai. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ua hānau ʻia ʻo Jean-Paul me ka maka hema i kuʻi ʻia a me ke kakalaioa i kona maka ʻākau.

ʻO ka mālama nui ʻana o ka makuahine a me nā ʻohana i ulu i ke keikikāne e like me nā ʻano like me ka narcissism a me ka haʻaheo.

ʻOiai ke hōʻike aku nei nā ʻohana āpau i ke aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo iā Sartre, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻihoʻi aku iā lākou. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i kāna hana ʻo "Lay", ua kāhea ka mea akeakamai i ke ola i loko o ka hale i gehena i piha i ka hoʻokamani.

I nā ʻano he nui, ua lilo ʻo Jean-Paul i atheist ma muli o ke ʻano lewa o ka ʻohana. He Katolika kona kupunawahine, ʻoiai ʻo kona kupuna kāne he Protestant. He mea hōʻike pinepine ke ʻōpio i ke ʻano o ko lākou hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻana i ka manaʻo hoʻomana o kekahi.

Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua manaʻo ʻo Sartre ʻaʻohe waiwai o nā hoʻomana ʻelua.

I kona wā ʻōpio, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ka Lyceum, a ma hope ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula ʻo Higher Normal. I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino ua ulu ʻo ia i ka hoihoi i ka paio i ka mana.

Akeakamai a me ka palapala

I ka pale kūleʻa ʻana i kāna pepa akeakamai a ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻo akeakamai ma ka Le Havre Lyceum, ua hele ʻo Jean-Paul Sartre i kahi hana ma Pelelina. Ke hoʻi nei i ka home, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia e aʻo i nā ʻano limu like ʻole.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Sartre e kahi ʻano hoʻomākeʻaka maikaʻi, nā ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ke kuapo. He hoihoi ia i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki ua hiki iā ia ke heluhelu ma mua o 300 mau puke! I ka manawa like, kākau ʻo ia i nā mele, nā mele a me nā moʻolelo.

ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ʻo Jean-Paul e paʻi i kāna mau hana koʻikoʻi mua. ʻO kāna puke Nusea (1938) i hoʻokumu i kahi resonance nui i ke kaiāulu. I loko o ia mea, ua kamaʻilio ka mea kākau e pili ana i ka absurdity o ke ola, ka haunaele, ka ʻole o ke ʻano i ke ola, ka manaʻolana ʻole a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka mea nui o kēia puke i ka hopena e loaʻa ke ʻano ma o ka hana ʻana wale nō. Ma hope o kēlā, hōʻike ʻo Sartre i kahi hana ʻē aʻe - kahi hōʻuluʻulu o 5 mau moʻolelo pōkole "The Wall", kahi e kani pū nei me ka mea heluhelu.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua (1939-1945), ua koho ʻia ʻo Jean-Paul i loko o ka pūʻali koa, akā ua hoʻolaha ke komisina iā ia ʻaʻole kūpono no ka lawelawe no kāna makapō. ʻO ka hopena, ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kāne i ka corps meteorological.

I ka wā i noho ai ka Nazis ma Farani i 1940, ua pio ʻo Sartre, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o 9 mau mahina. Akā i loko o nā ʻano paʻakikī, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e manaʻolana e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ua aloha ʻo Jean-Paul e leʻaleʻa i kona mau hoanoho i ka hale pā me nā moʻolelo hoʻomākeʻaka, i komo i nā hoʻokūkū mokomoko a hiki nō hoʻi iā ia ke hoʻokumu i kahi hana. I ka makahiki 1941, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka paʻahao hapa makapō, a ʻo kahi hopena ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻi i ke kākau.

I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua paʻi ʻo Sartre i ka pāʻani anti-fascist The Flies. Ua inaina ʻo ia i ka Nazis a hōʻino aloha ʻole i nā mea āpau no ka hana ʻole ʻana e pale aku i ka Nazis.

I ka manawa o kāna moʻomeheu, ua makemake nui ʻia nā puke a Jean-Paul Sartre. Ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka mana ma waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kaiāulu kiʻekiʻe a i waena o nā makaʻāinana. ʻO nā hana i paʻi ʻia ua ʻae ʻo ia iā ia e haʻalele i ke aʻo ʻana a noonoo nui i ka akeakamai a me nā palapala.

I ka manawa like, lilo ʻo Sartre i mea kākau o kahi noiʻi akeakamai i kapa ʻia ʻo "Being and Nothingness", a lilo ia i puke kūmole no ka poʻe ʻepekema Farani. Ua hoʻomohala ka mea kākau i ka manaʻo ʻaʻohe ʻike, akā ʻike wale i ka honua a puni. Eia kekahi, kuleana kēlā me kēia kanaka i kāna hana iā ia iho wale nō.

Ua lilo ʻo Jean-Paul i ʻelele poʻokela loa o ka atheistic existentialism, ka mea hōʻole i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o nā mea (phenomena) hiki i kahi mea pohihihi (ke Akua), ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou "ʻano" a i ʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo.

ʻO nā manaʻo akeakamai o ka Palani ke kani nei me ka hapa nui o kona mau hoa makaʻāinana, ma muli o kāna mau ukali he nui. ʻO kā Sartre mau manaʻo - "make ke kanaka e kūʻokoʻa", lilo i mākia kaulana.

Wahi a Jean-Paul, ʻo ke kūʻokoʻa kanaka kūpono ke kūʻokoʻa o ke kanaka mai ke kaiāulu. He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo he koʻikoʻi ʻo ia no ka manaʻo o Sigmund Freud no ka mea ʻike ʻole. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻolaha ka mea noʻonoʻo e hana mau nei ke kanaka me ka noʻonoʻo.

Eia kekahi, e like me kā Sartre, ʻo ka hōʻeha hysterical ʻaʻole kūlohelohe, akā ʻōwili wale ʻia. I nā makahiki 60, aia ʻo ia i ka piko o ke kaulana, e ʻae ana iā ia iho e hōʻino i nā hui kaiaulu a me nā kānāwai.

I ka makahiki 1964 makemake ʻo Jean-Paul Sartre e hōʻike i ka Nobel Prize in Literature, ua hōʻole ʻo ia. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i kāna hana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ona makemake e ʻaiʻē ʻia i nā hui kaiaulu, e nīnau ana i kona kūʻokoʻa.

Ua pili mau ʻo Sartre i nā manaʻo hema, e loaʻa ana ka inoa ma ke ʻano he koa ikaika i ke aupuni o kēia manawa. Ua pale aku ʻo ia i nā Iudaio, kūʻē i ka Algerian a me nā kaua Vietnam, hoʻopiʻi aku iā US no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Cuba, a me ka USSR no Czechoslovakia. Ua puhi ʻia kona hale i ʻelua mau manawa, a holo wikiwiki aku nā pūʻali koa i loko o ke keʻena.

I ka papa o kahi kūʻē ʻē aʻe, i piʻi a lilo i haunaele, ua hopu ʻia ka mea akeakamai, a ʻo ia ka mea i huhū nui i ke kaiāulu. I ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia ai kēia iā Charles de Gaulle, ua kauoha ʻo ia e hoʻokuʻu iā Sartre, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana: "ʻAʻole paʻa ʻo Palani iā Voltaires."

Ke ola pilikino

ʻOiai he haumāna ʻo ia, ua hui ʻo Sartre iā Simone de Beauvoir, kahi āna i ʻike koke ai i kahi ʻōlelo maʻamau. Ma hope, ua ʻae ke kaikamahine ua loaʻa iā ia i pālua. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻōpio e noho i ka male kīwila.

A ʻoiai he nui nā mea a nā māhoe, ma ka manawa like me ko lākou pilina me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hoʻopunipuni ʻo Jean-Paul iā Simone, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻopunipuni pū kekahi iā ia me nā kāne a me nā wahine.

Eia kekahi, ua noho nā ipo i nā hale like ʻole a hui ke makemake lākou. ʻO kekahi haku wahine o Sartre ka wahine Lūkini ʻo Olga Kazakevich, nāna i hoʻolaʻa i ka hana ʻo "The Wall". ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻopunipuni ʻo Beauvoir iā Olga ma ke kākau ʻana i ka puke Noʻonoʻo ʻo ia e noho i kona hanohano.

ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo Kozakevich i "hoaaloha" o ka ʻohana, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka ka pilopaka i ke aloha me kona kaikuahine ʻo Wanda. Ma hope, ua komo ʻo Simone i kahi pilina pili loa me kāna haumāna ʻōpio ʻo Natalie Sorokina, ka mea i lilo i haku wahine ʻo Jean-Paul.

Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hōʻino ai ke olakino o Sartre a ua moe ʻo ia i kahi moe, ʻo Simone Beauvoir ka mea mau me ia.

Make

I ka hopena o kona ola, ua makapo loa ʻo Jean-Paul ma muli o ka glaucoma holomua. Ma mua iki o kona make ʻana, ua noi ʻo ia ʻaʻole e hoʻonohonoho i kahi hoʻolewa nani a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kākau i nā obituary nui e pili ana iā ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia makemake i ka hoʻokamani.

Ua hala ʻo Jean-Paul Sartre ma ka lā 15 ʻApelila 1980 i ka makahiki 74. ʻO ke kumu o kona make ʻana he edema pulmonary. Ma kahi o 50,000 ka poʻe i hiki i ke ala hope loa o ka akeakamai.