Leonard Euler (1707-1783) - Swiss, Kelemania a me Lūkia makemakika a me ka mīkini, nāna i hāʻawi i kahi kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mau ʻepekema (a me physics, astronomy a me kekahi mau ʻepekema noi). I loko o nā makahiki o kona ola ua paʻi ʻo ia ma mua o 850 mau hana e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻImi hohonu ʻo Euler i ka hua ʻai, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kemika, aeronautics, nā mele mele, nā ʻōlelo he nui a me nā ʻōlelo ʻEulopa. He lālā ʻo ia o nā ʻepekema ʻepekema he nui, ʻo ia ka lālā Lūkia mua loa o ka American Academy of Arts and Science.
Nui nā mea hoihoi i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Leonard Euler, a mākou e haʻi e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, eia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Euler.
Kawaihae no Leonard Euler
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Leonard Euler ma ka lā 15 ʻApelila 1707 ma ke kūlanakauhale Swiss o Basel. Ua ulu a makua ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o Pastor Paul Euler a me kāna wahine ʻo Margaret Brooker.
He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka makemake o ka makuakāne o ka ʻepekema i ka makemakika. I loko o nā makahiki 2 mua o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula nui, ua hele ʻo ia i nā papa o ka makemakika kaulana ʻo Jacob Bernoulli.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻO nā makahiki mua o ko Leonard wā kamaliʻi i lilo i ke kauhale o Rihen, kahi i neʻe ai ka ʻohana Euler ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana o kā lāua keiki kāne.
Loaʻa ke keiki i kāna aʻo mua ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a kona makuakāne. He pīhoihoi ʻo ia i kona hōʻike ʻana i ka hiki i ka makemakika i ka wanaʻao.
I ka wā o Leonard ma kahi o 8 mau makahiki, ua hoʻouna kona mau mākua iā ia e aʻo ma ka hale haʻuki, aia ma Basel. I kēlā manawa i kāna moʻomeheu, ua noho ʻo ia me kona tūtū wahine.
I ka makahiki 13, ua ʻae ʻia ka haumāna taleni e hele i nā haʻiʻōlelo ma ke Kulanui o Basel. Ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻo Leonard a ua ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia e Professor Johann Bernoulli, ʻo ia ke kaikaina o Jacob Bernoulli.
Ua hāʻawi ka polofesa i ke kanaka ʻōpio me ka nui o nā hana makemakika a ua ʻae ʻo ia iā ia e hele mai i kona hale i nā Pōʻaono e wehewehe i ka paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo i nā mea.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua hoʻoholo kūleʻa ka ʻōpio i nā hōʻike ma ke Kulanui o Basel ma ke Kumu Kula. Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kulanui, ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kekelē laeoʻo, e hāʻawi ana i kahi haʻi'ōlelo ma ka Lākina, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i ka ʻōnaehana a Descartes me ke akeakamai maoli o Newton.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, e makemake ana e hōʻoluʻolu i kona makuakāne, ua komo ʻo Leonard i ke kumu aʻo theological, me ka hoʻomau ʻana e hoʻopaʻa ikaika i ka makemakika. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka wā ma hope ua ʻae ʻo Euler Sr. i kāna keiki e hoʻohui i kona ola me ka ʻepekema, no ka mea ua ʻike ʻo ia i kāna makana.
I kēlā manawa, ua paʻi nā moʻolelo pilikino o Leonard Euler i kekahi mau pepa ʻepekema, e like me ka "Dissertation in Physics on Sound". Ua komo kēia hana i ka hoʻokūkū no ke kūlana hakahaka o ke polofesa o ka physics.
I loko nō o nā loiloi maikaʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Leonard he 19 ona makahiki no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻoihana.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua loaʻa iā Euler kahi kono hoʻowalewale mai nā ʻelele o ka St. Petersburg Academy of Science, kahi e hele nei a lilo a makemake nui i nā ʻepekema loea.
ʻOihana ʻepekema ma St.
I ka makahiki 1727, hele mai ʻo Leonard Euler i St. Petersburg, kahi i lilo i mea kōkua i ka makemakika kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ke aupuni Lūkini iā ia i kahi keʻena a hoʻonohonoho i kahi uku o 300 rubles i ka makahiki.
Hoʻomaka koke ka makemakika e aʻo i ka Lūkini, kahi hiki iā ia ke haku i kahi manawa pōkole.
Ma hope mai ua lilo ʻo Euler i mau hoaaloha me Christian Goldbach, ke kākau ʻōlelo paʻa o ke kula. Ua alakaʻi lākou i kahi leka uila, i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā he kumu waiwai nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema i ka 18 kenekulia.
ʻO kēia wā o ko kā Leonard moʻolelo moʻomeheu i hoʻohua mau. Mahalo i kāna hana, ua loaʻa koke iā ia ka kaulana a me ka ʻike ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai ke kaiāulu ʻepekema.
ʻO ka noho politika ʻole i loko o Lūkia, kahi i holomua ma hope o ka make ʻana o Empress Anna ʻItovovna, ka mea i koi aku i ka ʻepekema e haʻalele iā St.
I ka makahiki 1741, ma ke kono a ka mōʻī Prussian ʻo Frederick II, ua huakaʻi ʻo Leonhard Euler me kona ʻohana i Pelelina. Ua makemake ka mōʻī Kelemania e loaʻa kahi kula ʻepekema, no laila makemake ʻo ia i nā lawelawe a ka ʻepekema.
Hana ma Berlin
I ka wā i wehe ʻia kāna kula ʻoi loa ma Berlin ma 1746, ua lilo ʻo Leonard ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka māhele makemakika. Eia hou, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e kiaʻi i ka hale kiaʻi, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o nā limahana a me nā kālā.
Ua ulu ka mana o Euler, a me nā mea e pono ai, i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka hopena, ua waiwai nui ʻo ia i hiki iā ia ke kūʻai i kahi waiwai lewa ma Charlbornburg.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pilina o Leonard me Frederick II. Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau moʻolelo o ka makemakika ua paʻa ka inaina o Euler i ka mōʻī Prussian no ka hāʻawi ʻole iā ia i ke kūlana pelekikena o ka Berlin Academy.
ʻO kēia a me nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui a ke aliʻi i koi aku ai iā Euler e haʻalele iā Berlin ma 1766. I kēlā manawa ua loaʻa iā ia kahi makana maikaʻi mai Catherine II, ka mea i piʻi aʻe i ka noho aliʻi.
E hoʻi i St. Petersburg
Ma St. Petersburg, ua hoʻokipa ʻia ʻo Leonard Euler me ka hanohano nui. Ua hāʻawi koke ʻia iā ia kahi kūlana hanohano a ua mākaukau hoʻi e hoʻokō ʻaneʻane i kekahi o kāna mau noi.
ʻOiai hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kā Euler ʻoihana, ua waiho nui kona olakino i makemake ʻia. ʻO ka cataract o ka maka hema, nāna i hoʻopilikia iā ia i Berlin, a holomua i ka nui.
ʻO ka hopena, i ka 1771, ua hana ʻo Leonard i kahi ʻoki, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi abscess a aneane nele loa i kāna mau maka.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua hōʻea kahi ahi koʻikoʻi ma St. Petersburg, a ua pili pū kekahi i ka hale o Euler. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻopakele kupanaha ʻia ka ʻepekema makapō e Peter Grimm, kahi mea hana lima mai Basel.
Ma ke kauoha pilikino a Catherine II, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale hou na Leonard.
Me nā hoʻāʻo he nui, ʻaʻole i kū ʻo Leonard Euler i ka hana ʻepekema. I ka hiki ʻole iā ia ke kākau hou no nā kumu olakino, ua kōkua kāna keiki ʻo Johann Albrecht i ka makemakika.
Ke ola pilikino
I ka makahiki 1734, ua male ʻo Euler iā Katharina Gsell, ke kaikamahine a ka pena pena Swiss. I kēia male, he 13 mau keiki a ka wahine, 8 o lākou i make i ka wā kamaliʻi.
He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kāna keiki mua, ʻo Johann Albrecht, i lilo i makemakika loea i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I ka makahiki 20, ua pau ʻo ia i ka Berlin Academy of Science.
ʻO ke keikikāne ʻelua, ʻo Karl, i aʻo i ka lāʻau, a ʻo ke kolu, ʻo Christoph, i hoʻopili i kona ola me nā hana pūʻali koa. ʻO kekahi o nā kaikamahine a Leonard lāua ʻo Katarina, ʻo Charlotte, lilo i wahine a kahi aristocrat Dutch, ʻo kahi Helena, ua male i kahi luna Lūkini.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai ma Charlbornburg, ua lawe ʻo Leonard i kona makuahine kāne make a me kona kaikuahine ma laila a hoʻolako i nā hale no kāna mau keiki āpau.
I ka 1773, ua nalowale ʻo Euler i kāna wahine aloha. Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki, male ʻo ia iā Salome-Abigail. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo kāna mea i wae ʻia ʻo ia ka kaikuahine o kāna wahine i hala.
Make
Ua make ka Leonard Euler nui ma Kepakemapa 18, 1783 i ka makahiki 76. O ke kumu o kona make ana he hahau.
I ka lā o ka make o ka ʻepekema, ua loaʻa nā formula e wehewehe ana i ka lele ʻana i kahi pāluna ma kāna mau papa papa 2. E lele koke nā kaikuaʻana ʻo Montgolfier i Palisa ma ka pāluna.
ʻO ka haʻawina a Euler i ka ʻepekema kahi nui loa i aʻo ʻia kāna mau ʻatikala a paʻi ʻia no 50 mau makahiki ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka makemakika.
ʻO nā ʻike ʻepekema i ka wā o ka noho mua a me ka lua ma St.
I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻomeheu, ua aʻo nui ʻo Leonard Euler i ka mīkini, ke mele mele a me ka hoʻolālā. Ua paʻi ʻo ia ma kahi o 470 mau hana ma nā kumuhana like ʻole.
Ua uhi ka hana ʻepekema nui o ka "Mekanika" i nā wahi āpau o kēia ʻepekema, me nā mekanika lani.
Ua aʻo ka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ke kani, e hoʻokumu i kahi kumumanaʻo o ka leʻaleʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mele. I ka manawa like, hāʻawi ʻo Euler i nā helu helu i ka wā kani, ka chord, a i ʻole ke kaʻina. ʻO ke kēkelē haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka leʻaleʻa.
Ma ka ʻāpana ʻelua o "Mekanika" ua nānā ʻo Leonard i ka hana moku a me ka hoʻokele.
Hāʻawi ʻo Euler i nā makana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka geometry, ka paʻi kiʻi, nā helu helu a me ke kumumanaʻo kūpono. ʻO ka hana ʻaoʻao 500 "Algebra" kūpono i ka nānā nui ʻana. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i kākau ʻo ia i kēia puke me ke kōkua o kahi stenographer.
Ua noiʻi nui ʻo Leonard i ke kumumanaʻo o ka mahina, nā ʻepekema moku, helu kumumanaʻo, akeakamai maoli, a me nā dioptrics.
Hana ʻo Berlin
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻatikala 280, ua paʻi ʻo Euler i nā kuʻina ʻepekema he nui. Ma ka moʻolelo o 1744-1766. ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i lālā hou o ka makemakika - ka helu o nā ʻano like ʻole.
Mai lalo o kāna peni i puka mai ai nā kuʻikahi ma optics, a me nā mahele o nā hoku a me nā kometa. Ma hope mai ua paʻi ʻo Leonard i nā hana koʻikoʻi e like me "Artillery", "Introduces to the analysis of the infinitesimal", "Differential calculus" and "Integral calculus".
I kona mau makahiki ma Berlin, ua aʻo ʻo Euler i nā optika. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o ka puke Dioptrics ʻekolu mau leo. I loko o ia mea, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā ala like ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā mea kani, e like me nā teleskopa a me nā microscope.
ʻŌnaehana o ka makemakika hōʻailona
Ma waena o nā haneli o nā hanana a Euler, ʻo ka mea kaulana loa ka hōʻike o ke kumumanaʻo o nā hana. Kakaikahi ka poʻe i ʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻolauna i ka notation f (x) - ka hana "f" e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa "x".
Ua hōʻemi ke kāne i ka makemakika no nā hana trigonometric e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ka hōʻailona "e" no ka logarithm maoli (i ʻike ʻia ʻo "Euler's number"), a me ka huapalapala Helene "Σ" no ka huina a me ka huapalapala "i" no ka mokuna manaʻo.
Ka Ikepili
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Leonard i nā hana exponential a me nā logarithms i nā hōʻoia analitika. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi hana i hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻonui i nā hana logarithmic i loko o kahi mana uila.
Eia hou, ua hoʻohana ʻo Euler i nā logarithms e hana me nā helu maikaʻi ʻole a paʻakikī. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻonui nui ʻo ia i ka māhele o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā logarithms.
A laila ua loaʻa i ka ʻepekema kahi ala kūikawā e hoʻonā i nā kaulike quadratic. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi hana hou no ka helu ʻana i nā integrals e hoʻohana ana i nā palena paʻakikī.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua loaʻa ʻo Euler i kahi haʻilula no ka calculus o nā ʻano, i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ka "Euler-Lagrange equation."
Kumumanaʻo helu
Ua hōʻoia ʻo Leonard i ka theorem liʻiliʻi a Fermat, nā ʻike hou a Newton, ka haʻi ʻōlelo a Fermat ma nā huina o 2 square, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi pū ʻia ka hōʻoia o ka theorem a Lagrange ma ka huina o 4 square.
Lawe pū mai ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻohui nui i ke kumumanaʻo o nā helu kūpono, e hopohopo nei i nā makemakika he nui o ia manawa.
Pilikino a me Astronomy
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Euler i kahi ala e hoʻonā ai i ka hoʻohālikelike o Euler-Bernoulli, a laila hoʻohana ikaika ʻia i nā helu ʻenehana
No kāna mau lawelawe i ke kahua o ka astronomy, ua loaʻa iā Leonard nā makana hanohano he nui mai ka Paris Academy. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā helu pono ʻana o ka paralax o ka Lā, a ua hoʻoholo pū ʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i nā kaho o nā kometa a me nā kino lani ʻē aʻe.
Ua kōkua nā helu a ka ʻepekema i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā pākaukau ʻoi loa o nā koina lani.
Na Leonard Euler i kiʻi
