No kekahi mau haneli mau makahiki i kēia manawa, ua haki nā mea kākau moʻolelo iā Kievan Rus, a i ʻole kapa ʻia ʻo Rus kahiko. Ua hōʻole kekahi o lākou i ka noho ʻana o ia ʻano kūlana i ke kumu. Ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ke kūlana e ke kūlana geopolitical i ulu a e hoʻomau mau nei i nā ʻāina ma mua o Kievan Rus i nā makahiki 30 i hala iho nei, ma hope o ka hiolo ʻana o ka USSR. ʻAʻole aʻo pinepine ka poʻe mōʻaukala i ka wā i hala, akā hoʻokō i ka hoʻonohonoho politika o nā elite o ko lākou mokuʻāina. No laila, lapuwale ka manaʻolana i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana iā Kievan Rus i ka wā e hiki mai ana e loaʻa ana kahi ʻano o ka hopena kūkulu.
Akā ʻo Kievan Rus, inā paha e manaʻo ʻia he mokuʻāina a i ʻole ʻole. Ua noho ka poʻe ma nā ʻāina mai ka Northern Dvina a i ka Taman Peninsula a mai nā lālā o ka Dnieper a hiki i luna. Ua noho lākou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa: hakakā a hui pū lākou, holo aku mai ka hoʻoluhi a neʻe ma lalo o ka lima o nā aliʻi ikaika. Ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a nā Mongol i ke kenekulia 13, ua hala pinepine ʻo Kiev mai ka lima a ka lima a luku ʻia, ua waiho ʻia he ʻano hōʻailona o ka lokahi, ʻoiai he hui kuhi hewa. A ʻo ka poʻe maʻamau, e like me nā manawa ma mua a me nā wā e hiki mai ana, pono e hana ma ka māla a i ʻole ma ka hale hana, loaʻa ko lākou ola, a mai hoʻopoina i ka hoʻokupu. I ka manawa me ka palaoa a kālā paha, a i ka wā me kou koko a ola paha. E hoʻāʻo e haʻalele i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa mōʻaukala a me nā kaua pau ʻole o nā keiki aliʻi no nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ka hōʻemi ʻana, a e nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ke ola o nā Slav ma Kievan Rus.
1. Kanu ʻia i ka panalāʻau o Kievan Rus, ʻo ka nui, ka rai hoʻoilo (ʻai na ka poʻe) a me nā ʻoka (meaʻai no nā lio). ʻO ka palaoa Spring a me ka palaoa nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. Ma nā ʻāina momona ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka palaoa, nā legume a me nā mea kanu ʻoihana - ua ulu ka hemp a me nā olonā.
2. He mau māla mea kanu kā kēlā me kēia pā me ka pī, kāpī, turnip a me nā aniani. ʻO nā mea kanu no ke kūʻai aku e ulu wale ana a puni nā kūlanakauhale nui.
3. Liʻiliʻi ka holoholona, me nā lio kekahi. Mālama ʻia nā holoholona ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki - ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, puaʻa, kao a me nā hipa me ka hānau ʻole i hele ma lalo o ka pahi. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka meaʻai i ka moa a me ka hopu holoholona.
4. Loaʻa i nā waiʻona lama ponoʻī wale nō i kahi ikaika liʻiliʻi loa, i loko o kahi pākēneka. Ua inu nui lākou i ka meli, tī a me nā jelly. Loaʻa ka waiʻona i ka piko o ke kaiāulu wale nō.
5. ʻO ka waiwai nui nā mea kūʻai aku i ka mahiʻai ʻo ia ka meli a me ka wax me ia.
6. ʻAneʻane wale nō ka mahiʻai pāʻoihana ma nā ʻāina aliʻi a me nā mōneka. Ua hana maʻalahi nā mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa e hānai i kā lākou ponoʻī a me ko lākou mau ʻohana. Eia nō naʻe, wehewehe ka poʻe o nā wā haole i nā huahana like ʻole he nui i kūʻai ʻia aku i nā mākeke ma nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa no ʻEulopa.
7. Nui ka loaʻa kālā mai nā ʻāina aliʻi. Ua hiki i nā Monasteries ke mālama i nā māla, a ua mālama nā mōʻī i nā pua o nā lio i nā tausani.
8. Hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo "ilina" e hōʻike i kahi hale kupapaʻu ma kahi wale nō o 18 kenekulia. I ka manawa mua, i nā manawa o Kievan Rus, he ʻāpana ia o ka panalāʻau o ke aliʻi nui, a ma laila kahi lunamakaʻāinana no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻauhau. Ua haku ʻo Princess Olga i nā hale pule i mea e hōʻoki ai i ka polyudye - ʻauhau ʻauhau hoʻoilo. I ka manawa o ka polyudye, ua hakakā nā aliʻi a me nā pūʻali me ka ikaika a me ka mea nui, i kekahi manawa ʻohiʻohi i nā mea āpau a lākou i ʻike ai (no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻeha ʻo Prince Igor). I kēia manawa, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi ʻauhau balota, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka pā hale pule.
9. He mea nui ka kālepa no ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kievan Rus. Nui nā kūlanakauhale i kū aʻe ma ke ʻano he wahi no ke kūkaʻi waiwai ma waena o nā mea hana lima a me nā mahiʻai, no laila, aia kekahi mea e kālepa ai. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Kievan Rus i kahi kālepa haole ʻē aʻe, ke hele nei mai nā Varangians a i nā Helene. ʻO nā huluhulu, nā lole, ka piʻipiʻi a me nā mea hoʻonaninani i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻē, akā ʻo nā kauā ka mea kūʻai nui A ʻaʻole pio nā haole i kekahi wahi, akā nā kamaʻāina. ʻO nā mea i lawe nui ʻia he mea kaua, nā metala hao ʻole, nā mea ʻala a me nā waiwai maikaʻi, e like me nā lole makamae.
10. Ma Rūsia, ʻaʻole kahi ʻohana kahi ʻāpana kū kānāwai i ke ʻano o kēia manawa - ʻaʻole ona waiwai. No ka wahine kekahi mea, na ke kāne kahi mea, akā ʻaʻole i hui ʻia i ka ʻohana a hiki ke kūʻai aku ʻia, hoʻoili ʻia a hoʻoilina ʻokoʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā hana a me nā makemake lehulehu i mālama ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi o kēia mau palapala e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana o ka ʻāina e ke kāne mai kāna wahine, kona kaikuahine a me kāna hūnōna kāne.
11. I ka mua, ua hana nā keiki aliʻi a me nā koa i ke kālepa. Mai ke kenekulia 11, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoluʻolu o nā aliʻi me nā hana, a me nā koa me nā uku.
12. I ka manawa o ka hoʻouka kaua Mongol, aia ma kahi o 60 mau hana lima lima ma Lūkia. I kekahi mau kūlanakauhale aia a hiki i 100. Ma ka ʻōlelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea hana lima i kā lākou mau hoa hana ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Artisans i ke kila a hana i nā mea kaua, hana i nā huahana mai ka wahie, ke aniani a me nā metala hao ʻole, i milo ʻia a me nā lole i hana ʻia.
13. ʻOiai ka stratification waiwai koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻohe pōloli a nui ʻole nā mea noi i Kievan Rus.
14. He nui nā mea haʻi moʻolelo, nāna i hoʻokipa ka poʻe i nā mākeke, i hōʻike ʻia i kā lākou hana i nā hana lima o nā koa o ka wā i hala. Aia ma kahi o 50 mau koa pēlā.
15. Kūkulu ʻia nā kūlanakauhale a me nā pā kaua i ka wahie. ʻEkolu wale nō mau hale paʻa pōhaku, a me ka Castle Vladimir o Andrei Bogolyubsky.
16. Ma Kievan Rus ua nui ka poʻe heluhelu. ʻOiai ma hope o ka bapetizo ʻana, ʻaʻole i lilo ka heluhelu i kuleana no nā alakaʻi o ka hale pule. ʻOiai nā leka birch bark mai ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā i mālama ʻia.
Kāhea ʻo Birch bark i kahi lā
17. I kona wā keu, he kūlanakauhale nui a nani loa ʻo Kiev. Hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe kipa o nā ʻāina ʻē iā Constantinople, ʻo ia ke kapikala maoli o ka honua.
18. Ma hope o ka bapetizo ʻia ʻana o Rus e Vladimir, ua ikaika loa ka mana o ka hoʻomana pegana. ʻO nā mōʻī a me kā lākou ukali i kapa pinepine i nā keiki e nā inoa Slavic. I kekahi manawa ua alakaʻi kēia i ka huikau: kāhea nā mea kākau moʻolelo i ke kanaka like i nā inoa like ʻole: i loaʻa i ka bapetizo ʻana a hāʻawi ʻia i ka wā hānau.
19. Ma ka hoʻohui i nā ʻohana Slavic he nui, ua noho ka poʻe ʻē aʻe ma Rūsia. No laila, ma Kiev aia kahi kaiāulu Iudaio nui nui. Ma ka huli, ua nui nā Slav i noho i nā kūlanakauhale e pili ana iā Kievan Rus, ma ka Don.
20. I loko nō o kahi ʻōnaehana o ke kānāwai i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia (ma "Russkaya Pravda", ʻo kahi laʻana, aia ma mua o 120 mau ʻatikala), ua luku ʻia ʻo Kievan Rus e ka maopopo ʻole ma ke kānāwai i ka hoʻoilina o ka inoa o ke keiki aliʻi. ʻO ka hoʻoilina e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ke kiʻekiʻe loa i ka ʻohana, ke loaʻa ka papa ʻaina i kahi papa ʻaina e alo ana i ke keiki a ke keiki aliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hakakā a me nā hakakā kūloko.
21. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua a Prince Oleg iā Constantinople i 907 i nā makahiki e like me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Hollywood: 2000 mau waʻa o 40 mau koa, e holo wikiwiki ana i nā puka o ke kūlanakauhale ma nā huila. Eia kekahi, 12 hryvnia (ma kahi o 2 kg kēia) hoʻokupu no kēlā me kēia rook oarlock. Akā he mea maoli ka ʻaelike 911: aloha aloha a me ka mahalo, inviolability o nā mea kālepa, a pēlā aku. ʻAʻohe huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ke kālepa me ka uku ʻole. Akā aia kahi paukū e pili ana i ke kōkua ʻana i nā luina haole i ka pilikia. I ʻEulopa i kēlā mau makahiki, ulu pono ke kānāwai kahakai me ka ikaika a me ka mea nui: nā mea āpau i piholo kokoke i ke kahakai no ka mea nona ka ʻāina kahakai.
22. Ma kekahi huakaʻi kālepa i Constantinople, ua lawe ʻia a hiki i 5,000 tone o nā ukana mai Kiev mai. Ua hoʻemi iki ʻia lākou i ka hoʻi, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā waiwai Byzantine. Ma o ka Saint-Gotthard Pass - ke ala hoʻokahi e pili ana iā ʻEulopa ʻĀkau me ʻEulopa Hema - ma hope o 500 mau makahiki, ma kahi o 1,200 mau tona o nā ukana i lawe ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Aia kekahi ala ʻē aʻe o ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana mai Lūkia a i Constantinople a hoʻi. Noho nā kauā ma nā hoe o nā moku, kahi a Rus i hana nui ai i ke kālepa ʻana. Ma Byzantium, ʻaʻole kūʻai wale ʻia nā waiwai i lawe ʻia, akā ʻo nā kauā a me nā moku - "i nā Helene ma ka papa". Ua hana ʻia ka huakaʻi hoʻi e ka ʻāina.
Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Prince Igor e nā Drevlyans no ka hana pono ʻole i ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, ua ʻae ʻo ia i nā mea mālama kālā Varangian e ʻaihue i kēia ʻohana, a laila hele mai me ke kumu like nona iho. Ua ʻike ka Drevlyans ʻaʻohe ala ʻē aʻe e kāpae ai i ka hana ʻino a ke keiki aliʻi nui.
24. I ke au o Olga, ua hiki pono iā Rūkia ke loaʻa ka bapetizo ʻana mai ka pope mai. Ua hoʻomaka ka schism ma waena o nā hale pule, a no laila ʻo ke kamāliʻiwahine, i bapetizo ʻia ma Konatinopona, ma hope o ka ʻaelike ʻole me nā aliʻi kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i mau ʻelele i ka mōʻī ʻo Otto I. Ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kahi bihopa iā Lūkia, a ua make ma kahi o ke ala. E kiʻi i ka pīhopa i Kiev, hiki i ka moʻolelo ke hele ʻokoʻa.
25. ʻO ka kaʻao e pili ana i ka "hoʻolei hoʻomana", i ʻōlelo ʻia, na Prince Vladimir i alakaʻi ma mua o ka bapetizo ʻia ʻana o Rus i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike i ke akahele a me ka noʻonoʻo o ke keiki aliʻi. ʻLelo ʻia ua kāhea ke kamāliʻikāne i nā mea hoʻolaha o ka Kakolika, ka Iudaio, ka Hoʻomana Mohameka a me ka Orthodoxy. Ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana i kā lākou mau haʻiʻōlelo, hoʻoholo ʻo Vladimir ua kūpono ʻo Orthodoxy no Rūsia.
26. ʻO ke kuhi ua pono ʻo ia i kahi hui politika me Byzantium ke nānā aku he ʻoi aku ke kūpono. Ua bapetizo ʻia ʻo Vladimir ponoʻī, a ua makemake ka emepela Byzantine i ke kōkua pūʻali koa mai nā Lūkini. Eia hou, ua hoʻokele ʻo Vladimir i ka haʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka autocephaly o ka hale pule i kāna aliʻi. ʻO ka lā kūhelu o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano e Russia ʻo 988. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ma 1168, ua kipaku ʻo Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich iā Bishop Anthony mai Chernigov no ka mea ua hoʻomāinoino ʻo ia i ke keiki aliʻi me ke koi e ʻai ʻole i ka ʻiʻo i nā lā wikiwiki. A noho ākea ʻo bigamy a hiki i ke kenekulia 13.
27. Ma lalo o Vladimir ka Nui i hoʻomaka ai ka hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā laina notch, nā pā kaua a me nā hale paʻa e pale ai i nā palena o ka mokuʻāina mai ka poʻe nomad. ʻO ka paʻa loa o ia ʻano paʻa hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ka Stalin Line i kapa ʻia, i kūkulu ʻia ma mua o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic Nui.
28. ʻO ka pogrom Iudaio mua i ka mōʻaukala o Lūkia i mālama ʻia ma 1113. Ua hōʻino nā hoʻouka kaua a nā Polovtsians a hoʻoholo i ka hale o kahi poʻe he nui. Ua ʻākoakoa lākou i Kiev a pono e hōʻaiʻē kālā mai nā Kievite waiwai, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he Iudaio. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Prince Svyatopolk, ua kāhea ka poʻe kamaʻāina o Kiev no ka noho aliʻi o Vladimir Monomakh. I ka mua ua hōʻole ʻo ia, a ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka lehulehu i ko lākou hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i nā ʻaihue a me nā pogroms. Mai ka manawa ʻelua, ʻae ʻo Monomakh i ke aupuni.
29. Hōʻike nā kumuwaiwai haole i ke kenekulia XI he mea hoʻokūkū ʻo Kiev iā Constantinople. Ma o ka male ʻana, ua pili ʻo Yaroslav the Wise i nā luna o ʻEnelani, Polani, Kelemania, Scandinavia, Palani a me Hungary. ʻO ke kaikamahine a Yaroslav ʻo Anna ka wahine a ke aliʻi Farani ʻo Henry I, a ʻo kāna kaikamahine, ua mare ʻia me ka Emepera Roma Hemolele ʻo Henry IV.
30. I ka wā o Kievan Rus (i ke kenekulia XIII), aia he 150 mau kūlanakauhale ma kona panalāʻau. ʻElua mau kenekulia ma mua aia wale nō 20. ʻO ka inoa ʻo "Gardarika" - "Kaona o nā kūlanakauhale" - hāʻawi ʻia iā Rūsia e nā haole, ʻaʻole i kū mai no ka mea ua pūʻiwa lākou i ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale, akā no ka nui o ko lākou ʻāina. ...
31. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā hana centrifugal ma Lūkia: ʻo ka Ipatiev Chronicle ma kahi o 80 mau makahiki e hoʻoponopono ana i nā "showdown" 38 ma waena o nā aliʻi. I ka manawa like, hānau ʻia a make paha he 40 mau aliʻi, aia he 8 mau ʻaikāne o ka Lā a me ka Mahina a me 5 mau ōlaʻi. Ua kaua aku nā mōʻī i nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana a i hele paha i nā hoʻouka kūʻē i nā haole iā lākou iho he 32 mau manawa - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hakakā ʻana i waena o lākou iho. Ua hoʻomau kekahi mau "paio" i mau makahiki.
32. ʻO ke kālā a Kievan Rus 'i ka poʻe uninitiated hiki ke kahaha nui me kāna ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kēlā me kēia kālā i hana ʻia i ke gula a me ke kālā, i lawe ʻia mai nā ʻāina mamao mai, e holoholo ana. Ua paʻi nā keiki aliʻi i kā lākou kālā ponoʻī. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau i nā nui a me ka hanohano, i hāʻawi i ka hana no ka poʻe kūʻai kālā. ʻO ke kālā kālā ke ʻano ʻo ka hryvnia, akā, ʻo ka mea mua, he mau kaupaona like ʻole ka hryvnia, a ʻo ka lua, he mau ʻano like ʻole: gula, kālā a me hryvnia kun (pōkole no "marten fur"). ʻO kā lākou kumukūʻai, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole i kūlike - he ʻehā mau manawa ka emi o ka kun hryvnia ma mua o ka hryvnia kālā.
33. O nā metala ma ka panalāʻau o Kievan Rus, he hao wale nō i loaʻa. Ua lawe ʻia mai kēpau mai Bohemia (Lepupalika Czech i kēia manawa). Ua lawe ʻia mai ke keleawe mai Caucasus a me Asia Minor. Ua lawe ʻia ke kālā mai ka Urals, ka Caucasus a me Byzantium. Ua hele mai ke gula ma ke ʻano o nā kālā a waiwai pio paha o ke kaua. Ua paʻi lākou i kā lākou kālā ponoʻī mai nā metala makamae.
34. ʻO Novgorod kahi moe o ka ʻoihana kūkulu ʻoihana ma Lūkia. Eia kekahi, i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, kahi a lākou e makemake ai e kūkulu i nā mea hana keaka, ʻo ia ʻano hana hoʻomākeʻaka ka mea i hoʻohenehene ʻia. Ma mua o kekahi o nā kaua, ka voivode Kiev, e makemake ana e hoʻonāukiuki i ka poʻe Novgorodians, ua hoʻohiki lākou e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau kauā a hoʻouna iā lākou i Kiev e kūkulu hale no nā koa Kiev.
35. ʻO ka lole, ka manaʻo, ka hemp a me ka lilina i hoʻohana ʻia i lole. ʻO nā lole lahilahi, e laʻa me ka silika, i lawe nui ʻia mai Byzantium.
36. He kuleana nui ko Hunting i ke ola hoʻokele waiwai o ka heluna kanaka o Kievan Rus. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kaʻiʻo no ka meaʻai, nā ʻili no ka lole a me nā ʻauhau. No nā keiki aliʻi, he leʻaleʻa ka ʻimi holoholona. Mālama lākou i nā hale ʻai, nā manu ʻimi holoholona, a ʻo kekahi mau leopadi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā ʻia.
37. ʻAʻole like me nā haku feudal ʻEulopa, ʻaʻohe hale aliʻi a hale aliʻi paha nā aliʻi Lūkini. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hale o ke keiki aliʻi inā ma ka manawa like i lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he detachment - kahi paʻa kūlanakauhale kūloko. ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā hale o nā aliʻi mai nā hale o ke keikikāne a me nā kamaʻāina waiwai - he hale lāʻau lākou, ʻoi aku paha ka nui o ka nui.
38. Hoʻolahalaha nui ke kauā. Hiki ke komo i loko o nā kauā ma ka male ʻana i kahi kauā. A e like me nā hōʻike haole, ʻo ka ʻōlelo kūpaʻa o nā mākeke kauā hikina ka Lūkia.
