Homer (9-8 mau kenekulia BC) - Ke mele mele kahiko o Helene, ka mea hana i nā mele epic "Iliad" (ke kia hoʻomanaʻo kahiko o nā puke ʻEulopa) a me "Odyssey". Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā papyri moʻokalaleo Helene kahiko mai Homer mai.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea hoihoi i ka moʻolelo pilikino a Homer, a mākou e haʻi e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, eia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Homer.
Kamaʻilio moʻolelo a Homer
E like me kēia lā, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ko Homer ola. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei nā mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka lā a me kahi o ka hānau a ka haku mele.
Manaʻo ʻia ua hānau ʻia ʻo Homer i nā kenekulia 9th-8th. BC. Wahi a nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala like ʻole, hiki iā ia ke hānau ʻia ma nā kūlanakauhale e like me Salamis, Colophon, Smyrna, Athens, Argos, Rhodes a me Ios.
Hōʻike nā kākau a Homer i ka moʻolelo kahiko loa o ka honua. Ua nele lākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka poʻe o kona wā, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu i ke ola o ka mea kākau.
I kēia lā, ua ola nā palapala medieval he nui, e wehewehe nei i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Homer. Eia nō naʻe, nīnau nā mea kākau moʻolelo o kēia au i kēia mau kumuwaiwai ma muli o ka haʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana he nui i ka manawa a ke akua e pili pono ai i ke ola o ka mea haʻi moʻolelo.
ʻO kahi laʻana, e like me kekahi o nā kaʻao, ua lilo ka maka o Homer ma hope o kona ʻike ʻana i ka pahi kaua a Achilles. I mea e hōʻoluʻolu ai iā ia, ua hāʻawi ke akua wahine iā Thetis iā ia me ka makana o ke oli.
I nā hana pilikino o ka haku mele, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua loaʻa iā Homer kona inoa ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka makapō. Unuhi ʻia mai ka Helene kahiko, ʻo kona inoa maoli he "makapō".
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i loko o kekahi mau puke kahiko ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻomaka lākou e kāhea iā ia ʻo Homer ke hele makapō ʻole ia, akā, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻike ʻana. Wahi a kekahi mau biographers kahiko, ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia e ka wahine Crifeida, ka mea i kapa iā ia ʻo Melesigenes.
Ma ke ʻano he makua, loaʻa pinepine i ka haku mele i nā ʻahaʻaina mai nā luna a me nā kānaka waiwai. Eia hou, ua hele mau ʻo ia ma nā hālāwai o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā mākeke.
Aia kekahi hōʻike e hele nui ana ʻo Homer a hauʻoli i ka hanohano nui i ke kaiāulu. Ma muli o kēia he mea paʻakikī ʻole ia i ka ʻaihue auwana a kekahi mau mea kākau moʻolelo e hōʻike iā ia.
Aia ka manaʻo pālahalaha nui loa nā hana a ka Odyssey, Iliad a me Homeric Hymns ka hana a nā mea kākau like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo Homer kahi mea hana wale nō.
Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hopena e ka mea ʻo ke kāne no ka ʻohana o ka poʻe mele. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kēlā manawa he nui nā ʻoihana i hoʻoili pinepine ʻia mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi hanauna.
Mahalo i kēia, hiki i kekahi o ka ʻohana ke hana ma lalo o ka inoa o Homer. Inā manaʻo mākou he ʻoiaʻiʻo nā mea āpau, a laila kōkua kēia i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu o nā wā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele.
Lilo i haku mele
Wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Herodotus, ua noho ʻo Homer i ka hale like me kona makuahine ma Smyrna. Ma kēia kūlanakauhale, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke kula ʻo Femiya, e hōʻike ana i nā pono kālaiʻike maikaʻi.
Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kāna kumu aʻo, ua alakaʻi ʻo Homer i ke alakaʻi o ke kula a ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo i nā haumāna. Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua makemake ʻo ia e ʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka honua a puni ʻo ia, ma muli o kahi huakaʻi kai e holo ai.
Ma kāna huakaʻi ʻana, ua kākau ʻo Homer i nā moʻolelo like ʻole, nā hana a me nā kaʻao. I ka hōʻea ʻana i ʻIthaca, ua hōʻemi ʻia kona olakino. Ma hope ua hele ʻo ia e huakaʻi i ka honua i ka wāwae, me ka hoʻomau ʻana e ʻohiʻohi i nā mea.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Herodotus ua pau ka ʻike ʻana a ka mea haku mele i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Colophon. I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e kāhea iā ia ʻo Homer.
I ka manawa like, kānalua nā ʻepekema o kēia au i ka mōʻaukala o Herodotus, eia nō naʻe, a me nā hana a nā mea kākau kahiko ʻē aʻe.
Nīnau Homeric
I ka 1795, ua hōʻike ʻo Friedrich August Wolff i kahi kumumanaʻo i lilo i kapa ʻia ʻo Homeric Nīnau. Penei ke ʻano o ia: ʻoiai ʻo ka mele i ka wā o Homer ma ke ʻano waha, ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea haʻi moʻolelo makapō ke lilo i mea kākau o ia mau hana paʻakikī.
Wahi a Wolf, ua loaʻa ke ʻano hana o ka hana ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe. Mai ia manawa mai, ua mahele ʻia nā mea kākau moʻolelo a Homer i ʻelua mau hoʻomoana: "nā kānaka kālailai" i kākoʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o Wolf, a me nā "Unitarians" e ʻōlelo nei no nā mea kākau hoʻokahi - Homer
Makapō
Hōʻole ka hapa nui o nā hana a Homer i kona makapō. Kūkākūkā lākou i kēlā manawa ua kapa pinepine ʻia ka poʻe akamai i ka makapō i ke ʻano ua hoʻonele ʻia lākou i ka ʻike maka, akā ʻike i ka nānā ʻana i ke kumu o nā mea.
No laila, ua like ka huaʻōlelo "makapō" me ka naʻauao, a ua manaʻo ʻole ʻia ʻo Homer kekahi o ka poʻe naʻauao loa.
Nā hana kiʻi
Wahi a nā ʻōwili kahiko e ola nei, he kanaka mākaukau ʻo Homer. Aia i kāna mau mele nā ʻike e pili ana i nā wahi āpau o ke ola.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo Plutarch i koi ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Alexander Nui i ka Iliad. A e like me ka "Odyssey" ma Helene, ua aʻo ʻia nā keiki e heluhelu.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Homer ka mea kākau ʻaʻole wale no ka Iliad a me ka Odyssey, akā ʻo ka comedy Margit a me Homeric Hymns kekahi. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia me kahi pōʻaiapuni o nā hana: "Cypriot", "Taking Ilium", "Ethiopis", "Small Iliad", "Returns".
Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā kākau a Homer e kahi ʻōlelo ʻokoʻa i ʻokoʻa i nā hana a nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe. ʻO kāna ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻaʻole hoihoi wale ia, akā maʻalahi ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana.
Make
Wahi a kekahi o nā kaʻao, ma mua iki o kona make ʻana, ua hele ʻo Homer i ka mokupuni ʻo Ios. Ma laila ʻo ia i hui ai me nā lawaiʻa ʻelua i nīnau iā ia i ka nane penei: "Loaʻa iā mākou ka mea i loaʻa ʻole iā mākou, a ʻo ka mea a mākou i hopu ai ua kīloi mākou".
Ua komo ka mea akamai i loko o ka noʻonoʻo lōʻihi, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi pane. E like me ka mea i loaʻa, hopu nā keiki kāne i nā kika, ʻaʻole iʻa.
Ua huhū loa ʻo Homer no ka hiki ʻole iā ia ke hoʻoponopono i ka puzzle a paheʻe ʻo ia a pā i kona poʻo.
Wahi a kahi mana ʻē aʻe ua hoʻomake ke kanaka haku mele iā ia iho, ʻoiai ʻaʻole weliweli ka make iā ia e like me ka nalo ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo.
Nā kiʻi Homer
