ʻO Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970) - Kumu Hoʻolālā Soviet a me nā mea kākau keiki. ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻōnaehana aʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻike o ke ʻano o ke keiki ma ke ʻano he waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa, kahi e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka aʻo ʻana.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Sukhomlinsky, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Vasily Sukhomlinsky.
Kawaihae o Sukhomlinsky
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Vasily Sukhomlinsky ma ka lā 28 Kepakemapa 1918 ma ke kauhale o Vasilyevka (i kēia manawa ʻo ka moku ʻo Kirovograd). Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mahiʻai ʻilihuna Alexander Emelyanovich a me kāna wahine ʻo Oksana Avdeevna.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Sukhomlinsky Sr. kekahi o nā poʻe koʻikoʻi o ke kauhale. Ua komo ikaika ʻo ia i ka nohona lehulehu, ua hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā nūpepa ma ke ʻano he selkor, alakaʻi i kahi hale mahiʻai mahiʻai hui, a aʻo pū i ka hana (kamana) i nā keiki kula.
Ua holo ka makuahine o ke kumu e hiki mai ana i kahi ʻohana, a ua hana pū kekahi ma kahi mahiʻai hui a ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka mahina ma ke ʻano he humuhumu. Ma waho o Vasily, ua hānau ʻia kahi kaikamahine ʻo Melania a me ʻelua mau keikikāne, ʻo ʻIvana lāua ʻo Sergey, i ka ʻohana Sukhomlinsky. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi a lilo lākou i mau kumu.
I ka piha ʻana o Vasily i 15 mau makahiki, ua hele ʻo ia i Kremenchuk e kiʻi i kahi aʻo. Ma hope o ke kēkelē ʻana mai ke kumu o nā limahana, ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i nā hōʻike ma ke keʻena pedagogical.
I ka makahiki 17, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Sukhomlinsky i ke aʻo ʻana ma kahi kula leka i kokoke i kāna kamaʻāina ʻo Vasilievka. I loko o kēlā manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻohuli i ka Poltava Pedagogical Institute, a mai laila ʻo ia i puka ai i 1938.
Ua lilo i kumu hōʻoia, ua hoʻi ʻo Vasily i ka home. Ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻomaka ai e aʻo i ka ʻōlelo a me nā palapala a Ukrainian ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Onufriev. Ua holo maikaʻi nā mea āpau a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui (1941-1945), i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i hele ai i mua.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua ʻeha nui ʻo Sukhomlinsky e ka shrapnel i kekahi o nā kaua kokoke i Moscow. Eia nō naʻe, mālama nā kauka i ke ola o ke koa. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ka waiho ʻana o kahi ʻāpana pūpū i kona umauma a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana mai ka haukapila, makemake hou ʻo Vasily e hele i mua, akā ua ʻike ke komisina iā ia ʻaʻole kūpono no ka lawelawe. I ka manawa i hoʻokuʻu ai ka pūʻali koa Red e hoʻokuʻu iā Ukraine mai ka Nazis, ua hoʻi koke ʻo ia i ka home, kahi e kali ana kāna wahine a me kāna keiki kāne nona.
I kona hōʻea ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau, ua aʻo ʻo Sukhomlinsky ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia kāna wahine a me kāna keiki e ka Gestapo. ʻEkolu mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua lilo ʻo ia i poʻokumu o ke kula kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua hana ʻo ia i kēia kūlana a hiki i kona make ʻana.
Haʻawina pedagogical
ʻO Vasily Sukhomlinsky ka mea kākau o kahi ʻōnaehana pedagogical kū hoʻokahi e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka humanism. I kona manaʻo, pono nā kumu e ʻike i kēlā me kēia keiki i kahi ʻano kaʻawale, kahi e pono ai ka hānai ʻana, ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana a me ka hana hanana.
Ke uku nei i ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike hana ma ke kula, ua kūʻē ʻo Sukhomlinsky i ka loiloi mua (mai ka makahiki 15), i hoʻolako ʻia e ke kānāwai. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia hiki i ka hoʻomohala pilikino holoʻokoʻa ke hiki ke hana wale ʻia ke kula a me ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano he kime.
Me nā kumu o ke kula ʻo Pavlysh, nona ka luna ʻo Vasily Alexandrovich, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi ʻōnaehana kumu o ka hana pū ʻana me nā mākua. ʻAneʻane no ka manawa mua ma ka mokuʻāina, ua hoʻomaka kahi kula no nā mākua e hana ma aneʻi, kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā haʻiʻōlelo a me nā kamaʻilio ʻana me nā kumu a me nā psychologists, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana.
Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Sukhomlinsky ʻo ka manaʻo nui o nā keiki, hoʻomāinoino, hoʻokamani a me ka hōʻino ka mea i loaʻa mai i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻohana. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ma mua o kēlā me kēia keiki, ʻoiai ka mea paʻakikī loa, koi ʻia ke kumu e hōʻike i kēlā mau wahi kahi e hiki ai iā ia ke piʻi i nā piko kiʻekiʻe.
Ua kūkulu ʻo Vasily Sukhomlinsky i ke kaʻina aʻo ma ke ʻano he hana hauʻoli, e nānā ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike o nā haumāna. I ka manawa like, pili nui i ke kumu - i ke kaila o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea a me ka hoihoi i nā haumāna.
Ua hoʻomohala ke kāne i kahi papahana hoʻonaninani o "ka naʻau uʻi", e hoʻohana ana i nā manaʻo kanaka o ka honua. I ka piha, ua hōʻike ʻia kona mau manaʻo ma "Studies on Communist Education" (1967) a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.
Ua koi aku ʻo Sukhomlinsky e aʻo i nā keiki i kuleana lākou i nā ʻohana a me ke kaiāulu, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, i ko lākou lunamanaʻo. I kāna hana kaulana "100 mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no nā Kumu," kākau ʻo ia e nānā wale ke keiki ʻaʻole wale i ka honua a puni ona, akā ʻike pū kekahi iā ia iho.
Mai ka wā kamaliʻi, pono e hoʻokomo i kahi keiki me ke aloha i ka hana. I mea e hoʻomōhala ai ʻo ia i ka makemake no ke aʻo ʻana, pono nā mākua a me nā kumu e aloha a hoʻomōhala i loko ona ka manaʻo haʻaheo o ka limahana. ʻO ia, koi ke keiki e hoʻomaopopo a ʻike i kāna kūleʻa ponoʻī i ke aʻo ʻana.
Hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka poʻe ma o ka hana - ke hana kēlā me kēia i kekahi mea no kekahi. A ʻoiai he mea nui ia i ke kumu, pono ʻo ia e kaʻana i kāna mau hopohopo me kona mau mākua. No laila, ma o ka hana like ʻana e hiki ai iā lākou ke hānai i kahi kanaka maikaʻi mai kahi keiki.
Ma ka hana a me nā kumu o ka juvenile delinquency
Wahi a Vasily Sukhomlinsky, ʻo ka poʻe i hiamoe mua, hiamoe ka manawa kūpono, a ala lākou i kakahiaka nui e ʻike i ka ʻoi loa. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia ke olakino maikaʻi ke hoʻolilo ke kanaka i ka hana noʻonoʻo 5-10 mau hola ma hope o ke ala ʻana mai ka hiamoe.
I nā hola aʻe, pono e hōʻemi ke kanaka i ka hana hana. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he kaumaha ʻike nui, ʻo ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia no nā hola 5-7 i hala ma mua o ka hiamoe.
Ma muli o nā helu helu, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sukhomlinsky i ka hihia ke hana ʻia kahi keiki i nā haʻawina no kekahi mau hola ma mua o kona hiamoe ʻana, ua kūleʻa ʻole ʻo ia.
E pili ana i ka lawehala ʻōpio, ua hōʻike ʻo Vasily Alexandrovich i nā manaʻo hoihoi he nui. Wahi a ia, ʻo ka nui ʻole o ke kanaka i ka lawehala, ʻo ka mea ʻilihune ka noʻonoʻo, nā pono kūpono a me nā pono o ka ʻohana.
ʻO kēlā mau hopena i hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo Sukhomlinsky ma ke kumu o ka noiʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ke kumu, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi ʻohana o nā ʻōpio i uhaʻi i ke kānāwai i waihona hale ʻohana: "... I loko o nā ʻohana 460 a pau i helu au i nā puke he 786 ... ʻAʻohe o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i hiki ke kapa i kahi ʻāpana o nā mele symphonic, opera a me nā keʻena paha."
Make
Ua make ʻo Vasily Sukhomlinsky ma ka lā 2 Kepakemapa 1970 i ka makahiki 51. I loko o kona ola ʻana, ua kākau ʻo ia i nā monograpo he 48, ma luna o nā ʻatikala he 600, a ma kahi o 1,500 mau moʻolelo a me nā kaʻao.
Nā kiʻi ʻo Sukhomlinsky
