Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist a me ka huakaʻi, kekahi o nā mea mua i hiki i ka hopena a hōʻoia i ka manaʻo e ulu ana nā ʻano meaola like ʻole i ka manawa a ke iho mai nā kūpuna maʻamau.

I kāna kumumanaʻo, kahi hōʻike kikoʻī nona i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1859 i loko o ka puke "The Origin of Species", ua kāhea ʻo Darwin i ke koho kūlohelohe i ke ʻano nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā laha.

Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o kā Darwin biography, a mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.

No laila, eia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Charles Darwin.

Ko kā Darwin moʻolelo moʻokalaleo

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Charles Darwin ma Pepeluali 12, 1809 ma ke kūlanakauhale Pelekane ʻo Shrewsbury. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi kauka waiwai a mea kālā ʻo Robert Darwin a me kāna wahine, ʻo Susanne. ʻO ia ka lima o nā keiki ʻeono me kona mau mākua.

ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio

I ke kamaliʻi, ʻo Darwin, me kona makuahine a me kona mau kaikunāne, he kahunapule ʻo ia o ka Church Unitarian. Ma kahi o 8 ona mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hele i ke kula, kahi i hoihoi ai i ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe a me ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hala kona makuahine, a ʻo kahi hopena a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike ʻuhane o nā keiki i ka ʻole.

I ka 1818, ua hoʻouna ʻo Darwin Sr. i kāna mau keikikāne, ʻo Charles lāua ʻo Erasmus, i ke Kula Anglican o Shrewsbury. ʻAʻole makemake ka mea kūlohelohe i ka wā e hele i ke kula, ʻoiai ke ʻano maoli, āna i aloha nui ai, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ma laila.

Me nā mākau mediocre kaulike i nā kaukana āpau, ua loaʻa iā Charles ka inoa maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he haumana hiki ʻole. I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hoihoi ka keiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā butterflies a me nā minelala. Ma hope, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hoihoi nui i ka hopu holoholona.

I ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ua hoihoi ʻo Darwin i ka kemika, no ka mea, ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo ia e ke poʻo o ka hale haʻuki, nāna i manaʻo he mea ʻole kēia ʻepekema. ʻO ka hopena, ua loaʻa i ke kanaka ʻōpio kahi palapala me nā māka haʻahaʻa.

Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomau ʻo Charles i kāna aʻo ma ke Kulanui o Edinburgh, kahi i aʻo ai ʻo ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma hope o 2 mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula nui, ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻo ia i makemake iki i ka lāʻau. Hoʻomaka ke kāne e haʻalele i nā papa, a hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana i nā holoholona i ukana ʻia.

ʻO kā Darwin kākāʻōlelo i kēia mea he kauā mua i kapa ʻia ʻo John Edmonstone, ʻo ia ka mea i hele ma waena o ka Amazon ma ke ʻano he kōkua i ke kaiaʻāina ʻo Charles Waterton.

ʻO nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia o Charles ma ka anatomy o invertebrates kai. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna mau hanana i ka hui haumāna Plinievsky. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻepekema ʻōpio e kamaʻāina me ka materialism.

Ua hauʻoli ʻo Darwin i ka lawe ʻana i nā papa ma ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe, mahalo iā ia i loaʻa ai kahi ʻike mua i ka papa o nā kālaihonua, a ua kiʻi ʻia hoʻi i nā hōʻiliʻili i loko o ka hale hōʻikeʻike o ke kulanui.

I ka ʻike ʻana o kona makuakāne e pili ana i kā Charles aʻo ʻana i mālama ʻole ʻia, ua koi ʻo ia e hele kāna keiki i ke Kulanui ʻo Christ, Ke Kulanui ʻo Cambridge. Makemake ke kāne i ke kanaka ʻōpio e loaʻa ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i kāhuna pule o ka Ekalesia ʻEnelani. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Darwin ʻaʻole e kūʻē i ka makemake o kona makuakāne a lilo koke i haumāna no ke koleke.

Ke loli nei i kahi kula aʻo, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ka kāne i ka hoihoi nui no ke aʻo ʻana. Ma kahi o ia, makemake ʻo ia i ke kī pū, ka hopu holoholona, a me ka holo lio. Ma hope, ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ka entomology - ka ʻepekema o nā kolo.

Hoʻomaka ʻo Charles Darwin e ʻohiʻohi i nā nalo. Ua aloha ʻo ia i ka botanist ʻo John Stevens Henslow, ke aʻo mai iā ia i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā kūlohelohe a me nā mea kolo. ʻIke ʻo ia e hala koke ʻo ia i nā hōʻike hope loa, ua hoʻoholo ka haumāna e noʻonoʻo nui i kāna mau aʻo ʻana.

ʻO ka pīhoihoi, maikaʻi loa ʻo Darwin ma ka haku ʻana i nā mea āna i haʻo ai ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ka helu 10 mai ka 178 i hala i ka hoʻokolokolo.

Huakaʻi

Ma hope o ke puka ʻana mai ke kulanui i 1831, ua holo ʻo Charles Darwin ma ka huakaʻi a puni ka honua ma ka Beagle. Ua komo ʻo ia i loko o kahi huakaʻi ʻepekema ma ke ʻano he naturalist. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he 5 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka huakaʻi.

ʻOiai nā lālā o ka luina e hana nei i nā palapala kiʻi kiʻi o nā kahakai, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo Charles i nā mea hana like ʻole e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala maoli a me ka honua. Ua kākau pono ʻo ia i kāna mau mea i ʻike ai, a ua hoʻouna aku kekahi i Cambridge.

I loko o kāna huakaʻi ma ka Beagle, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo Darwin i kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā holoholona, a ua wehewehe pū ʻia nō hoʻi ka anatomy o kekahi mau invertebrates moana ma kahi ʻano laconic. Ma ka moku ʻo Patagonia, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ke koena o kahi megather megatherium kahiko, e like me ka moku kaua nunui.

Ma kahi kokoke i ka loaʻa, ua ʻike ʻo Charles Darwin i ka nui o nā pūpū mollusk o kēia mau lā, e hōʻike ana i ka nalo hou o ka megatherium. Ma Beritania, ua lilo kēia ʻike i mea hoihoi i waena o nā ʻepekema.

ʻO ka ʻimi hou ʻana o kahi i hehi ai i Patagonia, e hōʻike ana i ka strata kahiko o ko kā mākou honua, ua hoʻoneʻe ka mea kūlohelohe e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo kuhihewa i kā Lyell hana "e pili ana i ka paʻa mau a me ka luku ʻia o nā lāhui."

I ka hōʻea ʻana o ka moku i Chile, ua loaʻa iā Darwin kahi manawa kūpono e nānā ponoʻī ai i kahi ōlaʻi ikaika. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka honua ma luna o ka ʻilikai. I ka Andes, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā pūpū o nā mollusks, a ʻo ka hopena a ua kanaka nei i ʻōlelo ai ʻaʻole nā mea ākea a me nā atoll ma mua o ka hopena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka iwi honua.

Ma nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos, ua ʻike ʻo Charles i ka ʻakaʻaka maoli o nā ʻōiwi he nui nā ʻano ʻokoʻa mai nā mea i loaʻa ma Chile a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Ma Nuhōlani, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā iole kangaroo a me nā platypuse, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ia i nā holoholona like i nā wahi ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻopili ʻia e ka mea āna i ʻike ai, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Darwin ua hana ʻelua mau mea hana i ka hana ʻana o ka Honua. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomau ka "Beagle" i kāna huakaʻi i ka wai o ʻAmelika Hema.

Ma ka moʻolelo o 1839-1842. Ua hōʻike ʻo Charles Darwin i kāna mau ʻike i loko o nā pepa ʻepekema: "Diary of the Investigations of a Naturalist", "Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" and "Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs."

ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka ʻepekema ka mea mua e wehewehe i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "snow penitent" - nā hana kūikawā ma ka papa o ka hau a i ʻole nā māla lāʻau i ke ʻano o nā pyramid kikoʻī a hiki i 6 m kiʻekiʻe, mai kahi mamao e like me ka lehulehu o nā mōneka kukuli.

Ma hope o ka hopena o ka huakaʻi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Darwin e ʻimi no ka hōʻoia o kāna kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka loli o nā laha. Ua hūnā ʻo ia i kāna mau manaʻo mai nā mea āpau no ka mea ua ʻike ʻo ia me kāna mau manaʻo e hōʻino ʻo ia i nā manaʻo haipule i ke kumu o ka honua a me nā mea āpau i loko.

He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o kāna mau koho ʻana, ua kūleʻa ʻo Charles. Akā, ua hoʻohoka ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻīlio Karistiano a me nā kuʻuna.

Ma hope, i ka wā i nīnau ʻia ai ke kāne e pili ana i kāna mau haipule hoʻomana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole ia he atheist ma ke ʻano ʻaʻole ia i hōʻole i ke ola o ke Akua. Akā, ua manaʻo ʻo ia iā ia iho he agnostic.

ʻO ka haʻalele hope loa ʻana mai ka hale pule ma Darwin i hana ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana o kāna kaikamahine ʻo Anne i ka makahiki 1851. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kōkua ʻana i nā kāhuna, akā hōʻole ʻo ia e hele i nā lawelawe. I ka hele ʻana o kona poʻe ʻohana i ka hale pule, ua holoholo ʻo ia.

I ka makahiki 1838 ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Charles i ke kūlana kākau ʻōlelo o ka Geological Society of London. Ua paʻa ʻo ia i kēia kūlana ma kahi o 3 mau makahiki.

Kumumanaʻo o ka hanauna

Ma hope o ka huakaʻi ʻana a puni ka honua, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Darwin e mālama i kahi diary, kahi āna i puʻunaue ai i nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā holoholona laka i nā papa. Ma laila ʻo ia i kākau ai i kāna mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke koho kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka Origin of Species ka hana a Charles Darwin kahi a ka mea kākau i hāpai ai i kahi kumumanaʻo o ka ulu. Ua paʻi ʻia ka puke ma Nowemapa 24, 1859, a ua manaʻo ʻia ke kahua o ka biology evolution. ʻO ka manaʻo nui e ulu ka heluna kanaka i nā hanauna ma o ke koho kūlohelohe. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo i wehewehe ʻia i loko o ka puke i loaʻa ko lākou inoa ponoʻī - "Darwinism".

Ma hope mai ua hōʻike aku ʻo Darwin i kahi hana kaulana ʻē aʻe - "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection." Ua kau ka mea kākau i ka manaʻo he kūpuna ko ke kanaka a me ka moʻo. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hoʻopili anatomical hoʻohālikelike a hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻike embryological, no laila ke hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻoia i kāna mau manaʻo.

Ua loaʻa i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ke kaulana nui i ko Darwin wā e ola ana, a ʻaʻole lilo i kona kaulana a hiki i kēia lā. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma aneʻi, ʻo ia, e like me ma mua, koe wale nō kahi kumumanaʻo, ʻoiai he mau kiko ʻeleʻele kona.

ʻO kahi laʻana, i ke kenekulia i hala i hiki ai i kekahi ke lohe e pili ana i nā mea i loaʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia ua hōʻoia ʻia e iho ke kāne mai kahi moʻo. Ma ke ʻano he hōʻike, ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā iwi o "Neanderthals", i ʻano like me kekahi mau mea ola, i ka manawa like e like me nā primata a me nā kānaka.

Eia nō naʻe, me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā hana o kēia au no ka ʻike ʻana i ke koena o ka poʻe kahiko, ua mōakāka no nā kānaka kekahi mau iwi, a no nā holoholona kekahi, a ʻaʻole nō nā moʻo mau.

A hiki i kēia manawa, aia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa wela ma waena o nā mea kākoʻo a me nā mea kūʻē i ka manaʻo o ka evolution. Me kēia mau mea āpau, ma ke ʻano he mea pale i ke kumu akua o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia hanaia anaa me nā mea hoʻouluulu o ke kumu mai nā moʻo hiki ʻole ke hōʻoia i ko lākou kūlana i kekahi ʻano.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, he pohihihi piha ke kumu o ke kanaka, no ka nui o nā manaʻo ʻokoʻa e uhi ʻia e ka ʻepekema.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nō hoʻi e kāhea pinepine nā mea kākoʻo o Darwinism i ko lākou kumumanaʻo ʻepekema, a me nā manaʻo haipule - manaʻoʻiʻo makapō... Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea ʻelua ma nā ʻōlelo i lawe wale ʻia i ka manaʻoʻiʻo.

Ke ola pilikino

He hoahānau kā Charles Darwin wahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Emma Wedgwood. Ua ʻae aku nā kāne hou i ko lākou pilina e like me nā kuʻuna āpau o ka Ekalesia Anglican. He 10 keiki a ka wahine, ʻekolu o lākou i make i ka wā kamaliʻi.

ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kekahi o nā keiki i ka maʻi a nāwaliwali paha. Ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ʻo ke kumu o kēia pili pili ʻana me Emma.