ʻO Richard I ka Liona Liona (1157-1199) - Ke aliʻi Pelekane a me ka lehulehu mai ka moʻokūʻauhau Plantagenet. He inoa kapakapa iki kāna - ʻO Richard ʻAe-a-ʻAʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi he laconic a maʻalahi paha e piʻo iā ia i kekahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ʻē aʻe.
Manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā crusaders kaulana loa. Ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kona noho aliʻi ʻana ma waho o ʻEnelani i nā wā lele kaua a me nā hoʻouka kaua ʻē aʻe.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Richard I ka Liona, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai ma kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, eia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Richard 1.
Kawaihae o Richard I ka Liona
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Richard ma ka lā 8 Kepakemapa, 1157 ma ke kūlanakauhale Pelekane ʻo Oxford. ʻO ia ke kolu o nā keiki a ka mōʻī Pelekane ʻo Henry II a me Alienora o Aquitaine. Ma waho ona, ua hānau ʻia he ʻehā mau keiki kāne hou na ko Richard mau mākua - Ua make ʻo William (i ka wā kamaliʻi), Henry, Jeffrey lāua ʻo John, a ʻekolu mau kaikamahine - Matilda, Alienora a me Joanna.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ma ke ʻano he keikikāne a kahi wahine aliʻi, ua loaʻa iā Richard kahi aʻo maikaʻi loa. I ka wā ʻōpio, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻike i nā mākaukau koa, ʻo ia ke kumu i makemake ai ʻo ia e pāʻani i nā pāʻani e pili ana i nā pūʻali koa.
Hoʻohui, ua makemake mua ke keiki i ka politika, ka mea i kōkua iā ia i kāna piliona e hiki mai ana. I kēlā me kēia makahiki makemake ʻo ia e hakakā i nā mea hou aku. Ua kamaʻilio ka poʻe o ka wā iā ia ma ke ʻano he koa koa a koa hoʻi.
Ua mahalo ʻia ʻo Richard Richard i ke kaiāulu, i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻolohe ʻole i ka hoʻolohe ʻana mai nā aristocrats i kāna aupuni. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻoiai, he Katolika haipule ʻo ia, ua nānā nui ʻo ia i nā hoʻolauleʻa hale pule.
Ua komo ke kāne i nā hana haipule me ka leʻaleʻa, hīmeni i nā mele o ka hale pule a "alakaʻi" hoʻi i ka papa hīmeni. Eia hou, makemake ʻo ia i ka poema, a ʻo ka hopena ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e kākau i nā mele.
ʻO Richard the Lionheart, e like me kona mau kaikaina ʻelua, aloha nui i kona makuahine. A ʻo kekahi, ua hana anuanu nā kaikaina i ko lākou makuakāne no ka haʻalele ʻana i ko lākou makuahine. I ka makahiki 1169 ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Henry II i ka mokuʻāina i mau duchies, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā lākou i waena o kāna mau keikikāne.
I ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua kau ka lei o ko Richard kaikaina, ma lalo o ka inoa o Henry III, i kipi i kona makuakāne no ka hoʻonele ʻia o nā mana aliʻi. Ma hope, ua hui pū ke koena o nā keiki kāne a ka mōʻī, me Richard, i kēia haunaele.
Ua lawe ʻo Henry II i nā keiki kipi a pio pū i kāna wahine. I ka manawa i ʻike ai ʻo Richard e pili ana i kēia, ua hāʻawi mua ʻo ia i kona makuakāne a noi iā ia no ke kala. ʻAʻole kala wale ka mōʻī i kāna keikikāne, akā ua waiho pū kekahi iā ia i ke kuleana kuleana nona nā kalana. A ʻo kahi hopena, i ka makahiki 1179, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā Richard ka inoa ʻo Duke o Aquitaine.
Ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke aupuni
I ke kauwela o 1183, make ʻo Henry III, no laila ua lilo ka noho aliʻi Pelekane iā Richard the Lionheart. Koi aku kona makuakāne iā ia e hoʻololi i ka mana ma Aquitaine i kona kaikaina ʻo John, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻo Richard i kēia, a ua ulu ka hakakā me John.
I kēlā manawa, ua lilo ʻo Philip II Augustus i mōʻī Farani hou, e koi ana i nā ʻāina Continental o Henry II. Ke makemake nei e lilo i ka waiwai, hoʻonāukiuki ʻo ia a huli iā Richard i kona mākua.
I ka makahiki 1188, lilo ʻo Richard the Lionheart i mea kōkua na Pilipo, a me ia i hele ai i ke kaua me ke aliʻi ʻEnelani. ʻOiai ʻo Heinrich i hakakā me ka wiwo ʻole me kona mau ʻenemi, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke eo iā lākou.
I ka manawa i aʻo ai ʻo Henry 2 maʻi nui e pili ana i ka kumakaia a kāna keiki ʻo John, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi haʻalulu nui a ua maule koke. I kekahi mau lā ma hope, i ke kauwela o 1189, ua make ʻo ia. Ma ke kanu ʻana i kona makuakāne, ua hele ʻo Richard i Rouen, kahi i loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo Duke o Normandy.
Kulekele kūloko
Ma hope o kona lilo ʻana i aliʻi hou no ʻEnelani, ua hoʻokuʻu mua ʻo Richard I ka Liona i kona makuahine. He mea pīhoihoi ʻo ia i kala aku i nā hoapili a kona makuakāne, a koe ʻo Etienne de Marsay.
ʻAʻole hoʻi i emi iki ka hoihoi o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i holoi ʻo Richard i nā barona me nā makana, ka mea i huli i kona ʻaoʻao i ka wā o ka hakakā me kona makuakāne. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia iā lākou no ka lapuwale a me ka kumakaia ʻana o ka mōʻī o kēia wā.
I kēia manawa, ua hana ka makuahine o ke aliʻi hou i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā paʻahao i hoʻouna ʻia i nā hale paʻahao ma o ke kauoha a ke kāne make. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻo Richard 1 the Lionheart i nā kuleana o nā luna kiʻekiʻe i nalowale iā lākou ma lalo o Henry 2, a hoʻi i ka ʻāina i nā pīhopa i holo aku ma ʻō aku o kona mau palena no ka hoʻomaʻau.
I ka hāʻule o 1189, ua noho aliʻi ʻia ʻo Richard I. Ua uhi ʻia ka hanana kalaunu e nā pogroms Iudaio. No laila, ua hoʻomaka kona nohoaliʻi ʻana me ka loiloi o ka moʻohelu kālā a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā luna i ka moku aliʻi.
No ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala o ʻEnelani, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopihapiha o ka waihona ma o ke kālepa ʻana o nā keʻena aupuni. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi a me nā kāhuna pule, makemake ʻole e uku no nā noho aupuni, ua hopu koke ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻia i ka hale paʻahao.
Ma ka noho aliʻi he 10 mau makahiki o ka ʻāina, aia ʻo Richard the Lionheart ma ʻEnelani no hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō. I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻomeheu, ua kia nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ʻāina a me nā moku koa. No kēia kumu, lilo ka nui o ke kālā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana koa.
Ma waho o ka ʻāina no nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ʻEnelani, i ko Richard hele ʻole ʻana, noho aliʻi maoli ʻia ʻo ia e Guillaume Longchamp, ʻo Hubert Walter a me kona makuahine. Ua hōʻea ka mōʻī i ka home no ka manawa ʻelua i ka puna o 1194.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻi ka mōʻī i kona homeland ʻaʻole no ka lula akā no ka ʻauhau ʻauhau hou aʻe. Ua pono ʻo ia i kālā no ke kaua me Pilipo, a ua pau i ka 1199 me ka lanakila o ka poʻe Pelekania. ʻO ka hopena, pono nā Farani e hoʻihoʻi i nā panalāʻau i lawe ʻia ma mua mai ʻEnelani.
Kulekele ʻē
I ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Richard the Lionheart i mōʻī, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻonohonoho i kahi kaua i ka ʻĀina Hemolele. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā hoʻomākaukau kūpono a me ka hōʻiliʻili kālā ʻana, ua hele ʻo ia i kahi piʻi.
He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hui pū ʻo Philip II i ka hoʻouka kaua, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā mea kaua Pelekane a me Palani. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka pūʻali o nā mōʻī ʻelua i helu ʻia he 100,000 koa i kēlā me kēia!
Ua hele pū ka huakaʻi lōʻihi me nā pilikia like ʻole, me ke aniau maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka poʻe Farani, ka mea i hōʻea i Palesetina ma mua o ka poʻe Pelekania, hoʻomaka e hoʻopuni iā Acre.
I kēia manawa, ua hakakā ʻo Richard the Lionheart me ka pūʻali koa o Kupero, alakaʻi ʻia e ka mōʻī impostor ʻo Isaac Comnenus. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina o ka hakakā nui, ua lanakila ka Pelekane ma luna o ka ʻenemi. Ua hao lākou i nā Cypriots a hoʻoholo mai kēlā manawa e kāhea i ka mokuʻāina ʻo ke Aupuni ʻo Kupero.
Ma hope o ke kali ʻana no nā mea kōkua, ua hoʻouka kaua wikiwiki ka Palani iā Acre, a ua hāʻawi pio iā lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma hope. Ma hope, ua hoʻi ʻo Pilipo i ka maʻi, hoʻi i ka home, me ka lawe pū ʻana i ka hapa nui o kāna poʻe koa.
No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā naita i waiho ʻia ma ka lima o Richard the Lionheart. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ia mau helu, ua lanakila ʻo ia ma luna o nā mea kūʻē.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, kokoke ka pūʻali koa o ka luna koa i Ierusalema - ma ka pā kaua Ascalon. Ua komo ka poʻe crusad i loko o kahi kaua kūlike ʻole me ko ka ʻenemi 300,000 pūʻali koa ikaika a kū lanakila akula i laila. Ua komo maikaʻi ʻo Richard i loko o nā kaua, a nāna i hāpai ka manaʻo o kāna mau koa.
I ka hoʻokokoke ʻana aku i ke kūlanakauhale Hemolele, ua nānā ka luna koa i ke kūlana o nā pūʻali koa. Ua hopohopo nui ka mokuʻāina i nā hana nui: ua luhi nā koa i ka huakaʻi lōʻihi, a ua nui ka hemahema o ka meaʻai, nā waiwai kanaka a me nā pūʻali koa.
Ma hope o ka noʻonoʻo hohonu, ua kauoha ʻo Richard the Lionheart e hoʻi i ka Acre naʻi aupuni. ʻAʻole paʻakikī e kaua aku i nā Saracens, ua kau inoa ka mōʻī Pelekane i 3 makahiki me Sultan Saladin. Wahi a ka ʻaelike, ua hiki i nā Karistiano ke kipa palekana aku i Ierusalema.
ʻO ke crusade i alakaʻi ʻia e Richard 1 i hoʻonui ai i ke kūlana Karistiano ma ka ʻĀina Hemolele no hoʻokahi kenekulia. I ka hāʻule o 1192, ua hoʻi ka luna i ka home me nā naita.
I loko o kahi holo moana, ua komo ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻino nui, a ʻo ia kahi hopena i hoʻolei ʻia ai i uka. Ma lalo o ke ʻano o kahi auwana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Richard the Lionheart e holomua ma waena o ka ʻenemi o ʻEnelani - Leopold o ʻAukekulia.
ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ʻike ʻia ka mōʻī a hopu koke ʻia. Ua panai nā kumuhana iā Richard no kahi uku nui. Ke hoʻi nei i kona homeland, ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ka mōʻī e kāna mau vassals.
Ke ola pilikino
I ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hāpai aʻe nā mea kākau moʻolelo Pelekane i ka hihia o ka moekolohe o Richard the Lionheart, ka mea e hoʻomau i ke kūkā nui.
I ka puna o 1191, ua male ʻo Richard i ke kaikamahine a ke aliʻi o Navarre, ʻo Berengaria ka inoa ʻo Navarre. ʻAʻole hānau ʻia nā keiki i kēia hui. Ua ʻike ʻia he pilina aloha ko ka mōʻī me Amelia de Cognac. ʻO ka hopena, he keiki kāne ʻole kāna, ʻo Philippe de Cognac.
Make
ʻO ka mōʻī, ka mea makemake nui i nā ʻoihana koa, ua make ma ke kahua kaua. I ka wā o ka siege o ka hale aliʻi Chaliu-Chabrol ma Malaki 26, 1199, ua ʻeha nui ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻāʻī mai kahi keʻa, a lilo ia i mea make nona.
Ua make ʻo Richard the Lionheart ma ka lā 6 ʻApelila 1199 mai ke kōkō ʻana i ke koko ma nā lima o kahi makuahine ʻelemakule I kona manawa i make ai, he 41 kona mau makahiki.
Nā kiʻi na Richard the Lionheart
