ʻO Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) - Palani makemakika, mīkini, physicist, astronomer a me akeakamai. ʻO ke poʻo o ka Paris Academy of Science, kahi lālā o ka French Academy a ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau kula ʻē aʻe i ka honua. ʻO ia kekahi o nā makemakika nui loa i ka mōʻaukala kanaka.
Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Poincaré, me Hilbert, ʻo ia ka makemakika hope loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa - he ʻepekema hiki ke uhi i nā wahi makemakika a pau o kona manawa.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Poincaré, a mākou e kūkākūkā ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Henri Poincaré.
Kawaihae o Poincaré
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Henri Poincaré ma ka lā 29 ʻApelila 1854 ma ke kūlanakauhale Palani ʻo Nancy. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o ke polofesa lapaʻau ʻo Léon Poincaré a me kāna wahine ʻo Eugenie Lanois. He kaikaina kona, ʻo Alina.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Henri Poincaré e ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, i noho pū me ia a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola. I kona wā kamaliʻi, ua maʻi ʻo ia i ka diphtheria, a i kekahi manawa ua lolo ka wāwae o ke keikikāne a me ka pā.
No kekahi mau mahina, ʻaʻole hiki iā Poincaré ke kamaʻilio a neʻe. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i kēia wā o ka manawa ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i kāna ʻike pepeiao a kū aʻe kahi hiki kūikawā - ka ʻike kala o nā kani.
Mahalo i ka hoʻomākaukau home maikaʻi loa, ua hiki iā Anri 8 makahiki ke komo koke i ka Lyceum no ka makahiki 2. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā mākia kiʻekiʻe i nā aʻo āpau a ua loaʻa ka hanohano ma ke ʻano he haumāna erudite.
Ma hope ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Poincaré i ke Kula o ka Moʻokalaleo, kahi i haku ai ʻo ia i ka Lākina, Kelemania a me Pelekane. I ka 17 o kona mau makahiki, ua lilo ʻo ia i kekelē laepua. A laila makemake ʻo ia e loaʻa i ke kekelē laepua i nā ʻepekema (kūlohelohe), e hala ana i ka hōʻike me kahi māka "ʻoluʻolu".
Ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka hōʻike makemakika, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Henri, ma muli o kona noʻonoʻo ʻole, i ka likiki hewa.
I ka hāʻule o 1873, ua komo ke kanaka ʻōpio i ke Kula Polytechnic. Ua hoʻopuka koke ʻo ia i kāna ʻatikala ʻepekema mua e pili ana i ka geometry ʻokoʻa. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomau ʻo Poincaré i kāna aʻo ʻana ma ke Kula ʻo Mines - kahi ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma aneʻi hiki iā ia ke pale aku i kāna pepa kauka.
Ka hana ʻepekema
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna kekelē, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Henri e aʻo ma kekahi o nā kula ʻo Cannes. I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kekahi mau hana koʻikoʻi i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā hana automorphic.
Ke aʻo nei i nā hana automorphic, ua ʻike ke kanaka i ko lākou pilina me ka geometry o Lobachevsky. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia i nā hāʻina e hiki ai ke helu i nā kaulike kaulike laina me nā coefficients algebraic.
Ua huki koke ka manaʻo o Poincaré i ka maka o nā makemakika ʻEulopa mana. I 1881 ua kono ʻia ka ʻepekema ʻōpio e aʻo ma ke Kulanui o Palisa. I kēlā mau makahiki o kona ola, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hana i kahi lālā o ka makemakika hou - ka manaʻo qualitative o nā kaulike kaulike.
I ka manawa 1885-1895. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Henri Poincaré e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau pilikia paʻakikī i ka astronomy a me ka physics physics. I ka waenakonu o 1880, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokūkū makemakika, e koho ana i ke kumuhana paʻakikī. Pono ʻo ia e helu i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kino o nā ʻōnaehana o ka lā.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Poincaré i nā hana kūpono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia, a ma muli o ka hopena ua loaʻa iā ia ka makana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi o nā lālā o ka papa hoʻokolokolo ma hope o kā Henri hana ʻana, e hoʻomaka ana kahi au hou i ka moʻolelo o nā mechanical lani i ka honua.
I ka wā o ke kāne ma kahi o 32 mau makahiki, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ke poʻo i ka ʻāpana o ka physics physics a me kaori probability ma ke Kulanui o Palisa. Ma aneʻi ua hoʻomau ʻo Poincaré i ke kākau ʻana i nā hana ʻepekema hou, e hana ana i nā mea ʻike nui he nui.
Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua koho ʻia ʻo Henri i Pelekikena o ka French Matematika Society a me kahi lālā o ka Paris Academy of Science. I ka makahiki 1889, ua paʻi ʻia kahi hana 12-puke "Papa o ke Pilikino Pilikino" e ka ʻepekema.
Ma hope o kēia, ua paʻi ʻo Poincare i ka monograph "Nā Hana Hou o nā Mīkini Celestial". ʻO kāna mau hana ma kēia wahi nā mea nui i hoʻokō ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka lani mai ka wā o Newton.
I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua makemake ʻo Henri Poincaré i ka astronomy, a ua hana pū kekahi lālā hou o ka makemakika - topology. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o nā hana astronomical nui loa. Ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ke ola o nā helu kaulike ʻē aʻe ma mua o kahi ellipsoid (ua ʻimi ʻo ia i ko lākou kūpaʻa).
No kēia ʻike ʻana i ka makahiki 1900, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka Palani i ka mekala gula o ka Royal Astronomical Society o Ladana. Ua paʻi ʻo Henri Poincaré i kekahi mau ʻatikala koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka topology. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomohala a hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna kuhiakau kaulana, i kapa ʻia kona inoa ma hope ona.
Pili pono ka inoa ʻo Poincaré i ka kūleʻa o ke kumumanaʻo o ke ola hou ʻana. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka wā mua o 1898, ma mua o Einstein, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Poincaré i ke kumumanaʻo laulā o ka hoihoi. ʻO ia ka mea mua e ʻōlelo i ka like ʻole o nā phenomena ʻaʻole paʻa loa, akā aia wale nō ka pae.
Eia hou, ua waiho ʻo Henri i kahi mana o ka palena wikiwiki o ka mālamalama. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa ʻo Poincaré, hōʻole loa ʻo Einstein i ka manaʻo o ka ether, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Farani.
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kūlana o Poincaré a me Einstein ʻo ia ka nui o nā hopena relativistic, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Henri ma ke ʻano he hopena loa, a me Einstein - ma ke ʻano pili. ʻIke loa, kahi kālailai pāpaʻu o ke kumumanaʻo kūikawā o ka hilinaʻi (SRT) i nā ʻatikala a Poincaré i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i nānā pono kāna mau hoa i kāna mau manaʻo.
A laila, ua kālailai nui ʻo Albert Einstein i nā kumu o kēia kiʻi kino a hōʻike ʻia i ke kaiāulu o ke ao i nā kikoʻī kikoʻī. I nā makahiki aʻe, i ke kūkākūkā ʻana no SRT, ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ka inoa o Poincaré ma kahi ʻē.
Ua hui hoʻokahi nā makemakika nui ʻelua wale nō - i ka 1911 ma ka First Solvay Congress. ʻOiai ʻo kona hōʻole ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ke aloha hou, ua mālama pono ʻo Henri iā Einstein me ka mahalo.
Wahi a nā mea kākau moʻolelo a Poincaré, ʻo ka nānā nui ʻole ʻana i ke kiʻi ua kāohi iā ia mai ka lilo ʻana i mea kākau pono o ka manaʻo o ka hilinaʻi. Inā ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i kahi kālailai hohonu, me ke ana ʻana o ka lōʻihi a me ka manawa, a laila e kapa ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo ma hope ona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia, e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻaʻole i hiki iā "kau i ke kaomi" a hiki i ka helu hope loa.
I loko o nā makahiki o kāna moʻomeheu ʻepekema, ua hōʻike ʻo Henri Poincaré i nā hana nui ma aneane i nā wahi āpau o ka makemakika, physics, mechanics, akeakamai a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻoholo i kekahi pilikia, ua hoʻopau mua ʻo ia iā ia i kona manaʻo a laila kākau ʻo ia i ka hopena ma ka pepa.
He hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Poincaré, mahalo iā ia i hiki ai ke haʻi maʻalahi i nā ʻatikala a me nā puke āna i heluhelu ai i kēlā me kēia huaʻōlelo. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana i hoʻokahi hana no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Ua ʻōlelo ke kāne ua loaʻa ka hoʻi i ka noʻonoʻo subconscious a hiki ke hana ma luna ʻoiai ke paʻa ka lolo me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua kapa ʻia nā manaʻo nui a me nā kuhiakau ma hope o Poincaré, e ʻōlelo nei no kāna hana kūpanaha.
Ke ola pilikino
Ua hui ka makemakika i kāna wahine i ka wā e hiki mai ana Louise Poulin dʻAndesy i kāna mau makahiki haumāna. Ua male ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka puna o ka makahiki 1881. Ua hānau kēia male i 3 mau kaikamahine a me hoʻokahi keikikāne.
Ua kamaʻilio ka poʻe o Poincaré iā ia ma ke ʻano hanohano, haʻalulu, akahai a me ka nānā ʻole i ke kanaka kaulana. Ua manaʻo kekahi ua haʻalele ʻo ia iā ia, akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO kāna nele i ke kamaʻilio ma muli o ka hilahila nui a me ka noʻonoʻo mau.
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā kūkākūkā ʻepekema, ua kūpaʻa mau ʻo Henri Poincaré i kāna mau manaʻo paʻa. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i komo i nā hōʻino a ʻaʻole hōʻino iā haʻi. ʻAʻole puhipaka loa ke kāne, aloha hele i ke alanui a nānā ʻole i ka hoʻomana.
Make
I ka makahiki 1908, ua maʻi nui ka makemakika, a ʻo kahi hopena ua hana ʻo ia i ka hana. Ma hope o 4 mau makahiki, ua piʻi ikaika loa kona olakino. Ua make ʻo Henri Poincaré ma hope o ke kaha ʻana mai kahi embolism ma Iulai 17, 1912 i ka makahiki 58.
Nā Kiʻi Poincaré
