Louis XIV de Bourbon, ka mea i loaʻa ma ka hānau ʻana ka inoa ʻo Louis-Dieudonné, ʻo ia ka "Sun King" a me Louis the Great (1638-1715) - Ke Aliʻi o Palani a me Navarre i ka manawa 1643-1715.
Kākoʻo kūpaʻa o ke aupuni mōʻī piha i noho mana ma kahi o 72 mau makahiki.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Louis XIV, a mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Louis 14.
Kahu o Louis XIV
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Louis 14 ma Kepakemapa 5, 1638 ma ka hale aliʻi Farani Saint-Germain. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i ka ʻohana o King Louis XIII a me Queen Anne o ʻAsuria.
ʻO ke keikikāne ka hiapo a kona mau mākua ma 23 mau makahiki o ko lāua ola male. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Louis-Dieudonne, ʻo ia hoʻi - "Na ke Akua i hāʻawi mai". Ma hope, ua hānau hou kahi kāne male aliʻi, ʻo Pilipo.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻO ka ulia pōpilikia mua loa ma ka moʻolelo pilikino o Louis i ka makahiki 5, i ka wā i make ai kona makuakāne. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ke keikikāne he mōʻī, ʻoiai kona makuahine i hana ma ke ʻano he kuhina.
Ua noho aliʻi ʻo Anna o ʻAturia i ka mokuʻāina me ka Cardinal Mazarin kaulana loa. ʻO ia ka mea i lawe i ka mana i loko o kāna mau lima ponoʻī, e kiʻi pololei ana i ka waihona.
Wahi a kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, pelu loa ʻo Mazarin no ka mea aia he 2 mau lole wale nō i loko o nā kapa komo o Louis, a ʻo kēlā me nā pāʻina.
Ua ʻōlelo ka cardinal i hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hoʻokele waiwai e ke kaua kīwila - ka Fronde. I ka makahiki 1649, ke mahuka ʻana mai ka poʻe haunaele, noho ka ʻohana aliʻi ma kekahi o nā noho o ka ʻāina, aia ma 19 km mai Palisa aku.
Ma hope, e ala ka makaʻu makaʻu a me ka paʻakikī ma Louis XIV i ka makemake no ka mana loa a me ka waiwai.
Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki, ua kāohi ʻia ka haunaele, ma muli o ka hopena ua lawe hou ʻo Mazarin i nā aupuni āpau. Ma hope o kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1661, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Louis i nā mea hanohano a pau a ua kūkala ākea hoʻi mai ia lā e noho kūʻokoʻa ana ʻo ia.
Manaʻo nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo ia ia manawa ka manawa o ke kanaka ʻōpio i hoʻopuka ai i ka huaʻōlelo kaulana: "ʻO ka mokuʻāina wau." ʻO nā luna, ʻoiai, ua maopopo i kona makuahine i kēia manawa e hoʻolohe wale lākou iā Louis 14.
Ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke aupuni
Ma hope koke iho o kona piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ka noho aliʻi, ua hana nui ʻo Louis i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia iho, e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻopaʻa hohonu e like me ka hiki i nā subtleties āpau o ke aupuni. Ua heluhelu ʻo ia i nā puke a ua hana ʻo ia i ka mea e ikaika ai kona mana.
E hana i kēia, ua hoʻokau ʻo Louis i nā loea kālaiʻāina i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe, mai iā ia i koi ai i ka hoʻolohe pono ʻole. I ka manawa like, ua nui ka nāwaliwali o ka mōʻī no ka waiwai nui, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi e ka haʻaheo a me ka narcissism.
I kona kipa ʻana aku i kona mau wahi noho a pau, ua kanikau ʻo Louis XIV no ko lākou akahai. No kēia kumu, i ka makahiki 1662, ua kauoha ʻo ia e hoʻolilo i ka hale moe holoholona i Versailles i hale aliʻi nui, kahi e ala ai ka lili o nā aliʻi ʻEulopa āpau.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi no ka kūkulu ʻana i kēia noho, kahi i hala ma kahi o ka hapalua kenekulia, ma kahi o 13% o nā kālā i loaʻa mai ka waihona i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki! ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻaha ʻo Versailles e lili a pīhoihoi i waena o nā luna āpau, ʻo ka mea maoli, ʻo ia ka mea a ke aliʻi Farani e makemake ai.
ʻO 20 mau makahiki mua o kona noho aliʻi ʻana, ua noho ʻo Louis 14 ma Louvre, a ma hope ua noho ʻo ia ma Tuileries. Akā nō naʻe, ua lilo ʻo Versailles i wahi noho mau o ka mōʻī i 1682. Pili nā loio a me nā kauā āpau i nā loina koʻikoʻi. He pīhoihoi ia i ke koi ʻana o ka mōʻī i ke kīʻaha wai a waina paha, ua komo nā kauā he 5 i ke kaʻina hana no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kīʻaha.
Mai kēia mea hiki ke hoʻopau i ka nani o ka pāʻina kakahiaka, ka ʻaina awakea a me ka ʻaina awakea o Lui. I ke ahiahi, makemake ʻo ia e hoʻonohonoho i nā pōpō a me nā leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe ma Versailles, i hele ʻia e ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe Farani.
ʻO ko nā hale salona o ko ka hale aliʻi ko lākou mau inoa ponoʻī, e like me nā lako pono o kēlā me kēia hale. ʻOi aku ma mua o 70 mika ka lōʻihi a me 10 mau mika ka laulā o ka Mirror Gallery. ʻO nā kinikini aniani, he mau kaukani a me nā aniani o ka papahele i hoʻonani i ka loko o ka lumi.
Ma ka pā o Louis ka Nui, makemake nā mea kākau, nā moʻomeheu a me nā mea noʻeau. Hoʻokū pinepine ʻia nā hana keaka ma Versailles, nā masquerades a me nā ʻoliʻoli ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO kekahi o nā aliʻi o ka honua wale nō ke hiki ke loaʻa i kēlā waiwai nui.
Kālaiʻāina
Mahalo i ka ʻike a me ka ʻike, ua hiki iā Louis XIV ke koho i nā moho kūpono loa no kēia a i ʻole ia pou. ʻO kahi laʻana, mahalo i nā hana a ke Kuhina Waiwai, ʻo Jean-Baptiste Colbert, ua waiwai nui ʻia ka waihona kālā Farani i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua ulu ikaika ka ʻoihana, hoʻokele waiwai, navy a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. Eia hou, ua piʻi ʻo Palani i kahi kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻepekema, ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o Lui, ua kūkulu ʻia nā citadels ikaika, i kēia lā ma lalo o ka palekana o UNESCO.
ʻO ka pūʻali koa Palani ka mea nui, alakaʻi maikaʻi ʻia a alakaʻi ʻia ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa. He mea hoihoi ua koho ʻo Louis 14 i alakaʻi i nā panalāʻau, e koho ana i nā moho maikaʻi loa.
Koi ʻia nā alakaʻi ʻaʻole wale no ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano pololei, akā, inā pono hoʻi, e mākaukau mau no ke kaua. Ma ka huli, aia nā kūlanakauhale ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻoihana a i ʻole nā ʻaha kūkā i hoʻokumu ʻia mai nā burgomasters.
Ma lalo o Louis XIV, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke Code Commercial (Ordinance) e hōʻemi ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka. Ua hao ʻia nā waiwai āpau mai kēlā poʻe Palani i makemake e haʻalele i ka ʻāina. A ʻo kēlā mau kamaʻāina i komo i ka lawelawe o nā mea kūkulu moku haole ke kū nei i ka make.
Ua kūʻai ʻia a hoʻoilina ʻia nā pou aupuni. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa i loaʻa i nā luna i kā lākou uku ʻaʻole mai ka moʻohelu kālā, akā mai nā ʻauhau. ʻO ia, hiki iā lākou ke helu wale i kahi pākēneka o kēlā me kēia huahana i kūʻai ʻia a kūʻai ʻia paha. Ua hoʻonāukiuki kēia iā lākou e hoihoi i ke kālepa.
I kāna mau manaʻo hoʻomana haipule, ua pili ʻo Louis 14 i ke aʻo a ka poʻe Iesuito, a lilo ia i mea hana na ka ʻaoʻao Katolika ikaika loa. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma Farani kekahi mau hoʻomana hoʻomana ʻē aʻe i pāpā ʻia, ma muli o ka mea i haʻi ʻia i kēlā me kēia mea he Katolika wale nō.
No kēia kumu, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka Huguenots - nā ukali o Calvinism i loko o ka hoʻomaʻau weliweli. Ua lawe ʻia nā luakini mai o lākou aku, pāpā ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā lawelawe akua, a me ka lawe pū ʻana mai i nā hoa makaʻāinana i ko lākou manaʻoʻiʻo. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā male ma waena o nā Katolika a me nā Protestant i pāpā ʻia.
I ka hopena o ka hoʻomaʻau hoʻomana, ma kahi o 200,000 poʻe Protestant i holo aku mai ka mokuʻāina. I ke au o Lui 14, ua kaua maikaʻi ʻo Palani me nā ʻāina like ʻole, mahalo iā ia i hiki ai ke hoʻonui i kāna ʻāina.
Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hui pū nā mokuʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa. No laila, ʻo ʻAsuria, Kuekene, Holland a me Sepania, a me nā aliʻi nui Kelemania, kūʻē i ka poʻe Palani. A ʻoiai ua lanakila lanakila ʻo Louis ma nā kaua me nā mea kōkua, ma hope ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomanawanui i ka nui o nā lanakila.
I 1692, ua lanakila nā Allies i ka ʻauwaʻa Farani ma ke awa ʻo Cherbourg. ʻAʻole hauʻoli ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻauhau, ʻoiai ʻo Louis ka Nui ka pono e hoʻonui i nā kālā e hoʻouka kaua ai. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka nui o nā mea kālā mai Versailles i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i lalo e hoʻopiha i ka waihona.
Ma hope, ua kāhea ka mōʻī i nā ʻenemi no kahi kuikahi, ʻae i ka ʻae ʻana. Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, ua kiʻi hou ʻo ia i kekahi o nā ʻāina naʻi, e like me Lukemapuka a me Catalonia.
ʻO ke kaua weliweli loa paha ke Kaua o ka Hope Sepania ma 1701. Kūʻē aku iā Louis, Pelekane, ʻAukekulia a me Holland. Ma hope o 6 mau makahiki, hele ka poʻe hui kaua ma ka Alps a hoʻouka i nā waiwai o Lui.
No ka pale ʻana iā ia iho mai ka poʻe kūʻē mai, pono i ka mōʻī i nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i loaʻa ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, ua kauoha ʻo ia e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea gula a pau o Versailles, e kiʻi i nā mea kaua like ʻole. ʻO ka Palani maikaʻi loa i ka wā hune.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe ke hoʻolako iā lākou iho me nā mea e pono ai. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o kahi hakakā lōʻihi, ua maloʻo nā pūʻali koa o nā mea kōkua, a i ka 1713 ua hoʻopau ka Palani i ka Utrecht Peace me ka poʻe Pelekania, a hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope me nā Austrian.
Ke ola pilikino
I ka piha ʻana o Louis XIV he 20 mau makahiki, ua aloha ʻo ia iā Maria Mancini, ke kaikamahine a Cardinal Mazarin. Akā ma muli o nā intricacies politika, ua koi aku kona makuahine a me cardinal iā ia e mare i ka Infanta Maria Theresa. Pono kēia male i mea e hoʻopau ai ʻo Palani i kahi kuʻikahi me nā Sepania.
He pīhoihoi ka wahine aloha ʻole ʻia na ka hoahānau o Louis. ʻOiai ʻaʻole aloha ke aliʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana i kāna wahine, nui kāna mau haku wahine a me nā punahele. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia male ʻana, he ʻeono keiki a ka wahine, a he ʻelima o lākou i make i ka wā kamaliʻi.
I ka makahiki 1684, he punahele kā Louis 14, a ma hope he wahine morganatic ʻo Françoise dʻAubigne. I ka manawa like, ua pili ʻo ia me Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, nāna i hānau nā keiki he 4, a ua make ʻelua o lākou i ka wā kamaliʻi.
A laila ua hoihoi ka mōʻī i ka Marquise de Montespan, ʻo ia kāna mea punahele hou. ʻO ka hopena o kā lāua pili ka hānau ʻana o 7 keiki. ʻEkolu o lākou i hiki ʻole ke ola i ka wā makua.
I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, he wahine haku hou kā Louis 14 - ka Duchess o Fontanges. I ka makahiki 1679, ua hānau he wahine hānau pēpē hou. A laila he kaikamahine ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe kā ka mōʻī na Claude de Ven, ʻo Louise ka inoa. Eia naʻe, ua make ke kaikamahine i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
Make
A hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, hoihoi ka mōʻī i nā hihia mokuʻāina a koi aku i ka mālama ʻana i nā loina. Ua make ʻo Louis XIV ma Kepakemapa 1, 1715 i ka makahiki 76. Ua make ʻo ia ma hope o kekahi mau lā o ka ʻehaʻeha mai ka gangrene o ka wāwae. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo ai i ka ʻoki ʻana o kahi wāwae ʻeha i ʻae ʻia no ka hanohano aliʻi.
Kiʻi Louis 14
