ʻO Publius Virgil Maron (70-19 mau makahiki. ʻOiai ʻo ia ka mea kākau o 3 mau mele maikaʻi loa, ua kāʻili ʻo ia i ka Greek Greek Theocritus ("Bucolics"), Hesiod ("Georgics") a me Homer ("Aeneid").
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Virgil, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Publius Virgil.
Kawaihae o Virgil
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Virgil ma ka lā 15 ʻOkakopa, 70 BC. ma Cisalpine Galia (Lepupalika Roman). Ua ulu ʻo ia i kahi ʻohana maʻalahi akā waiwai o Virgil Sr. a me kāna wahine, ʻo Magic Polla.
Ma waho o ia, he ʻekolu mau keiki hou a kona mau mākua, a hoʻokahi wale nō i hiki ke ola - Valery Prokul.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻAneʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka wā kamaliʻi o ka haku mele. I kona mau makahiki he 12, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke kula grammar. Ma hope o kēlā ua aʻo ʻo ia ma Milana, Roma a me Napela. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Biographers ʻo ia ka makuakāne nāna i paipai iā Virgil i ka hana kālaiʻāina, e makemake ana i kāna keiki e noho i ka pōʻai o nā aristocrats.
I nā ʻoihana aʻo, ua aʻo ʻo Virgil i ka haʻi ʻōlelo, ke kākau ʻana a me ke akeakamai. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia, e like me kāna mau manaʻo, ʻo ke kuhikuhi akeakamai kokoke iā ia ʻo Epicureanism.
ʻOiai ke holomua nei ʻo Publius i kāna aʻo ʻana, ʻaʻole pono iki iā ia ka haʻiʻōlelo, kahi a kekahi kālaiʻāina e pono ai. Hoʻokahi wale nō manawa a ke kāne i ʻōlelo ai i ka hoʻokolokolo, kahi i ʻeha ai ʻo ia i kahi fiasco haki. Ua lohi loa kāna ʻōlelo ʻana, kānalua, a huikau hoʻi.
Ua aʻo pū ʻo Virgil i ka ʻōlelo Helene a me nā palapala. Ua luhi ke kūlanakauhale iā ia, no ka hopena a makemake mau ʻo ia e hoʻi i kona panalāʻau maoli a noho i ke kūlike me ke kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka hopena, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻi hou ʻo Publius Virgil i kona ʻāina hānau, kahi i hoʻomaka ai e kākau i kāna mau mele mua - "Bucolics" ("Eclogi"). Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke ola noho maluhia a maluhia hoʻi e nā hoʻoponopono aupuni.
Palapala a me akeakamai
Ma hope o ke kaua ma Pilipine, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Kaisara e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻāina i nā koa koa āpau. No kēia kumu, ua kāʻili ʻia kahi ʻāpana o kā lākou waiwai i nā kamaʻāina he nui. Ua lilo ʻo Popelio i kekahi o nā mea i kipaku ʻia mai kā lākou waiwai aku.
I ka manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua loaʻa i kahi Virgil kahi kaulana, mahalo i kāna mau hana ponoʻī - "Polemon", "Daphnis" a me "Alexis". I ka waiho ʻana o ka mea haku mele me ke kaupaku ʻole o kona poʻo, ua huli kona mau hoa aloha iā ʻOtavian Augustus no ke kōkua.
He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo ʻAukake iā ia iho a ʻae i nā hana a ka haku mele ʻōpio, e kauoha ana e hāʻawi ʻia i hale ma Roma, a me kahi waiwai ma Campania. Ma ke ʻano he mahalo, ua hoʻohanohano aku ʻo Virgil iā Octavian ma ka eclogue hou "Tythir".
Ma hope o ke kaua Perusia, ua lawe ʻia kahi nalu hou o ka hoʻopaʻa waiwai i ka mokuʻāina. A uwau hou aku ʻo ʻAukake iā Publius. Ua kākau ka haku mele i ka hiku o ka eclogue no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ke keiki hānau hou a ka mea mālama, e kapa ana iā ia he "kamaʻāina o ke au gula."
I ka wā i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ai ka maluhia ma ka Lepupalika Roma, ua hiki iā Virgil ke hoʻohana i kāna manawa kaʻawale i ka hana. Hele pinepine ʻo ia i Napela ma muli o ke aniau haʻahaʻa. I kēia manawa, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo ʻo "Georgics" kaulana, e koi ana i kona mau hoapapa e hoʻihoʻi i ka hoʻokele waiwai i luku ʻia ma hope o nā kaua.
Ua loaʻa iā Publius Virgil nā hana nui he nui, mahalo iā ia i hiki iā ia ke aʻo ʻaʻole wale i nā mele o nā mea kākau like ʻole, akā me ka moʻolelo o nā kūlanakauhale kahiko a me nā wahi noho. Ma hope, e hoʻonāukiuki kēia mau hana iā ia e hana i ka honua kaulana "Aeneid".
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo iā Virgil, me Ovid a me Horace, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka poeta ʻoi loa o ka wā kahiko. ʻO ka hana nui mua a Publius ka Bucolics (39 BC), ʻo ia ka pōʻaiapuni o nā paukū kahu hipa. Ua loaʻa i kēia mau loea ka mahalo nui loa, e hoʻolilo ana i kā lākou mea kākau i ka haku mele kaulana loa o kona wā.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia kēia hana i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano bucolic hou. No ka maʻemaʻe a me ka piha o ka paukū, i kēia hihia, ʻo ka piko o ka hana a Virgil i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Georgiki (29 BC), kahi epic didactic e pili ana i ka mahiʻai.
Loaʻa kēia mele i nā paukū 2,188 a me nā puke 4, e pili ana i nā kumuhana o ka mahiʻai, ka ulu ʻana i nā hua, ka hānau holoholona, mālama hānai pipi, ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hoʻomaloka a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
Ma hope o kēlā hoʻomaka ʻana o Virgil e pili ana i ka haku ʻana i ka Aeneid, kahi mele e pili ana i ke kumu o ka mōʻaukala Roma, i hāpai ʻia ma ke ʻano he "pane iā Homer." ʻAʻole i hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i kēia hana a makemake pū ʻo ia e kuni i kāna mea hana nui i ka lā o kona make ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ua paʻi ʻia ka Aeneid a lilo i epic aupuni maoli no ka Lepupalika Roma.
Ua loli koke nā huaʻōlelo he nui mai kēia hana i nā ʻōlelo puanaʻī, me:
- "E hoʻokolokolo pakahi aku i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe."
- "Ua hōʻino ʻia ka make wai no ke gula."
- "Ma ka hoʻopanee ua hoʻopakele ʻo ia i ka hihia."
- "Makaʻu wau i ka poʻe Dana, a me ka poʻe e lawe i nā makana."
I ke au waena a me ke au o ke au hou, ʻo ka Aeneid kekahi o nā hana kahiko i nalo ʻole ka pili. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo Virgil ka mea a Dante i hōʻike ai i The Divine Comedy i alakaʻi nona ma hope o ka honua ma hope. Aia pū kēia mele i loko o ka papa hana kula ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua.
Make
I ka 29 A.D. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Virgil e hele i Helene e hoʻomaha a hana ma ka Aeneid, akā ʻo ʻAukusus, ka mea i hui me ka haku mele ma Athens, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia iā ia e hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau i ka wā hiki wawe. ʻO ka hele huakaʻi maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino o ke kāne.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i ka home, ua maʻi nui ʻo Publius. Ua loaʻa ʻo ia i ke kuni nui, a lilo ke kumu o kona make. I ka manawa ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e puhi i ka Aeneid, kāna mau hoaaloha, ʻo Varius lāua ʻo Tukka, i hoʻohuli i ka mālama ʻana i ka palapala a hoʻohiki ʻia e hoʻonohonoho pono.
Ua kauoha ka mea haku mele ʻaʻole e hoʻohui i kekahi mea iā ia iho, akā e kāpae wale i nā wahi maikaʻi ʻole. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mele i piha i nā mele ʻaʻole piha a me nā māhele. Ua make ʻo Publius Virgil ma Kepakemapa 21, 19 BC. i ka makahiki 50.
Nā kiʻi Virgil
