Ma waena o nā Nobel Prize ʻelima i ʻae ʻia (i ka kemika, physics, lāʻau lapaʻau, palapala a me ka maluhia), ʻo ia ka makana physics i hāʻawi ʻia e like me nā lula ʻoi loa a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa i kāna ʻoihana. Aia wale kahi moratorium 20 mau makahiki i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi makana no kahi ʻike kikoʻī - pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka manawa. Kūpono nui nā physicists - i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i ka wā ʻōpio, a make paha ka mea moho ma waena o 20 mau makahiki ma hope o kona ʻike ʻia.
Ua loaʻa iā Zhores Ivanovich Alferov kahi makana ma 2000 no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā semiconductors no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka optoelectronics. Ua loaʻa mua ʻo Alferov i nā heterosuctures semiconductor i ka waenakonu o ka makahiki 1970, no laila, ʻo nā loea Suedena nāna i koho i nā laureates i ʻoi aku i ka "rula o 20 mau makahiki".
I ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka Nobel Prize, ua loaʻa iā Zhores Ivanovich nā makana aupuni āpau i hiki i kahi ʻepekema ke loaʻa. ʻAʻole ka Nobel Prize ka hopena, akā ʻo ke kalaunu o kāna ʻoihana ʻoi. Hāʻawi ʻia i lalo nā ʻike ʻike hoihoi a koʻikoʻi hoʻi:
1. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Zhores Alferov i ka makahiki 1930 ma Belarus. He alakaʻi Soviet nui kona makuakāne, no laila neʻe pinepine ka ʻohana. ʻOiai ma mua o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic, ua hoʻokele ka Alferovs e noho ma Novosibirsk, Barnaul a me Stalingrad.
2. ʻO ka inoa maʻamau kahi hana maʻamau i ka Soviet Union i nā 1920s a me 1930s. Ua kapa pinepine nā mākua i kā lākou mau keiki ma hope o nā poʻe hoʻohuli kipi kaulana o ka wā i hala a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO Marx ka inoa o Brother Jaurès.
3. I ke kaua, ua make ʻo Marx Alferov ma mua, a noho kona ʻohana ma ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk. Ma laila ʻo Zhores i hoʻopau ai i 8 mau papa. A laila ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka makuakāne iā Minsk, kahi o ke keikikāne i koe i puka i ke kula me ka hanohano. Ua loaʻa ʻo Zhores i ka hale kupapaʻu o kona kaikaina ma 1956 wale nō.
4. Ua ʻae ʻia kahi haumāna hou i ka Faculty of Electronic Engineering o ka Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute me ka nānā ʻole ʻia.
5. I ke kolu o kona makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Zhores Alferov e alakaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa, a ma hope o ke kēkelē, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo ia e Phystech kaulana. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo nā alakaʻi i poʻomanaʻo nui o ka hana Nobel laureate e hiki mai ana.
6. ʻO ka holomua nui mua o Alferov ka ulu like ʻana o nā transistors kūloko. Ma muli o nā kumuwaiwai o ka hana ʻelima mau makahiki, ua kākau ke ʻōpio physicist i kāna Ph.D. puke kākau, a ua hāʻawi ka ʻāina iā ia i ke Kauoha o ka hōʻailona o ka hanohano.
7. ʻO ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi kūʻokoʻa, i koho ʻia e Alferov ma hope o ka pale ʻana i kāna thesis, lilo i kumuhana o kona ola. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hana ma nā heterostruktur semiconductor, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 1960 ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he mea ʻole i ka Soviet Union.
8. E waiho maʻalahi, kahi heterostructure kahi hui pū o ʻelua semiconductors i ulu ma kahi substrate maʻamau. ʻO kēia mau semiconductors a me ke kinoea i hana ʻia ma waena o lākou e hana i kahi semiconductor triple, kahi e hiki ai ke hana i kahi laser.
9. Ke hana nei ʻo Alferov a me kāna hui i ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana i kahi laser heterostructure mai ka 1963, a ua loaʻa ka hopena i makemake ʻia ma 1968. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike i ka Makana Lenin.
10. A laila hoʻomaka ka hui a Alferov e hana i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka radiation radiation a loaʻa hou i ka holomua. Ua hana nui nā hālāwai Heterostructure me nā aniani i nā keena lā, e ʻae iā lākou e hopu kokoke i ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o ka lā. Ua hoʻonui kēia (mau haneli mau manawa) i ka maikaʻi o nā hunaola lā.
11. Ua loaʻa nā kūkulu i kūkulu ʻia e ko Alferov hui i kā lākou noi i ka hana ʻana i nā LED, nā pūnaewele lā, nā kelepona paʻalima a me nā ʻenehana kamepiula.
12. ʻO nā paneli lā, i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui o Alferov, ke hoʻolako nei i ke kikowaena mokulele Mir me 15 mau makahiki.
13. I ka makahiki 1979 ua koho ʻia ka ʻepekema i kālaiʻike, a ma nā makahiki 1990 ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i hope pelekikena o ka Academy of Science. I ka 2013, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia no ka noho Pelekikena o ka Academy of Science, ua lilo ʻo Alferov i ka lua.
14. No 16 mau makahiki mai 1987, ua poʻo ʻo Zhores Alferov iā Phystech, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ai i kahi mamao loa i ka makahiki 1950.
15. ʻO Deputy Academic Alferov kahi hope o ka USSR a he hope no ka mokuʻāina ʻo Duma o nā hui āpau a koe wale nō ka mea mua.
16. He piha piha ʻo Zhores Ivanovich i ke Kauoha o ka Merit no ka ʻāina Fatherland a he ʻelima mau kauoha hou aʻe, e like me ke Kauoha a Lenin, ka makana kiʻekiʻe loa a ka USSR.
17. Ma waena o nā makana i loaʻa iā Alferov, a me ka Nobel Prize, e komo pū ana nā makana mokuʻāina a me Lenin o ka USSR, ka makana mokuʻāina ʻo Lūkia a ma kahi o ka ʻumi mau makana haole.
18. Hoʻokumu kūʻokoʻa ka ʻepekema a me ka kālā kālā ʻana i ka Foundation for the Support of Talent Youth.
19. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka Nobel Prize in Physics i ʻekolu, ʻaʻole naʻe ma nā kaulike like. No laila, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hapalua o nā makana i ka Jack American ʻAmelika Kilby, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lua ma waena o Alferov a me ka physicist Kelemania ʻo Herbert Kroemer.
20. ʻO ka nui o ka Nobel Prize ma 2000 he 900 tausani kālā. He ʻumi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Alferov, Kilby a me Kroemer i ka 1.5 miliona.
21. Ua kākau ʻo Academic Mstislav Keldysh ma ke kipa ʻana i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻōlelo ʻoiaʻiʻo nā ʻepekema kūloko e hana hou nei lākou i nā mea hou a Alferov i hana ai.
22. He mea haʻi moʻolelo ʻo Alferov, he haʻi ʻōlelo a he haʻi ʻōlelo hoʻi. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo Kroemer lāua ʻo Kilby iā ia e kamaʻilio ma kahi ʻahaʻaina no nā makana - ua ʻōlelo hoʻokahi laureate mai hoʻokahi makana, a ua ʻike ka ʻAmelika a me ka Kelemania i ka ʻoi loa o ka ʻepekema Lūkia.
23. ʻOiai ʻo kona mau makahiki makua, alakaʻi ʻo Zhores Ivanovich i kahi nohona hana nui. Alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā kula nui, nā keʻena a me nā ʻenehana ma Moscow a me St. Petersburg, me ka kapikala o ka ʻĀkau i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka Pōʻakahi a me ka Pōʻalima, a me Moscow - ke koena o ka pule.
24. Ma nā manaʻo politika, pili ka ʻepekema i nā komunista, akā ʻaʻole ia he lālā o ka Communist Party o ka Russian Federation. Ua hoʻohewa pinepine ʻo ia i nā hoʻoponopono o nā 1980 a me nā makahiki 1990 a me ka hopena o ka nohona kaiaulu.
25. Ua male ʻo Zhores Ivanovich no ka lua o ka manawa, he keiki kāne kāna, kaikamahine, moʻopuna a me ʻelua mau moʻopuna wahine.
