ʻO ka ʻōlelo ka hana mua loa a paʻakikī hoʻi a kahi kanaka e hoʻohana ai. ʻO ia ka mea kahiko, nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea wehewehe o nā kānaka. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi kaiāulu liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe ke noho me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo, e haʻi ʻole i ka lāhui o kēia au. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema e hoʻāʻo e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka honua me ka ʻole o ka pauka, nā metala, ka lāʻau, a pēlā aku. ʻAʻole ia e noʻonoʻo i kahi honua me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo - ʻo ia honua, i ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa.
Mālama ke kanaka i nā mea āpau i hana ʻole ʻia e ia (a me ka mea i hana ʻia) me ka hoihoi nui. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka ʻōlelo. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike ʻo wai ka mea mua e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke kumu a mākou e kapa ai i ka berena, a no ka poʻe Kelemania ʻo ia ka "brot". Akā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā nīnau e nīnau pinepine ʻia. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe aʻo e hoʻokau iā lākou, e hoʻāʻo koke - ma o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana no kēia manawa - e loaʻa nā pane. Me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā palapala i kākau ʻia, aia ka hoʻokūkū, a no laila nā loiloi, e hoʻomaopopo ana i nā hemahema o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua pane ʻo A.S. Pushkin i kahi palapala i kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi o kekahi o kāna mau hana, i loaʻa ai nā koi 251.
I kona wā e ola ana, ua hoʻokau pinepine ʻia ʻo Pushkin i ka hoʻohewa aloha ʻole
Ma ka liʻuliʻu, ua ʻōnaehana nā lula ʻōlelo, a ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e pili ana i kēia ʻōnaehana - i kekahi manawa i mau makahiki he nui ma hope o ka make - e kapa ʻia nā linguist. Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻōlelo i ka ʻepekema me nā mahele, nā hoʻopaʻi, nā kula, nā kaiāulu a me nā poʻe kūʻē pū kekahi. A ua hoʻohuli ʻia hiki i ka ʻōlelo ʻana ke kālailai i kahi ʻōlelo i nā morpheme-mole, akā ʻaʻole naʻe hiki ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana kūlike a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo.
1. Hoʻomaka ka moʻaukala o ka linguistics e alakaʻi i kahi manawa kokoke mai ka manawa o ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana kākau mua. ʻOiai, ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema, ua ala aʻe nā linguistics ma hope. Maliʻa paha, ua hana ʻia kēia ma kahi o ka 5th-4th mau kenekulia BC. e., i ka wā ma Helene kahiko i hoʻomaka ai i ke aʻo ʻana i ka haʻi ʻōlelo. ʻO ke kaʻina aʻo me ka heluhelu ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo o nā haʻiʻōlelo like ʻole a me ke kālailai ʻana iā lākou mai ka manaʻo o ka heluhelu, kaila, ke kūkulu. I nā kenekulia mua A.D. e ma Kina, aia nā papa inoa o nā hieroglyph e like me nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo o kēia manawa, a me nā hōʻiliʻili o nā mele (ka hoʻomaka o nā phonetics o kēia manawa). Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻike nui ʻana i nā ʻōlelo i nā kenekulia 16 - 17.
2. Pehea ka pololei o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e nā makahiki he nui (a ua hoʻopau ʻia naʻe) nā kūkākūkā kūwaho e pili ana i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO ka inoa wale nō i koe paʻa ʻole i kēia kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana. Ua hōʻole ʻia nā helu helu a me nā helu maʻamau a me nā interjections i ke kuleana e lilo i ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo, ua kākau ʻia nā mea kikoʻī i nā huaʻōlelo, a ua lilo nā gerunds i mau ʻōlelo hoʻohiki. ʻO ka Frenchman Joseph Vandries, me ke ʻano hopohopo ʻole, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻelua wale nō ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo: kahi inoa a me kahi huaʻōlelo - ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka inoa a me ka adjective. ʻO ka loea Lūkini ʻo Alexander Peshkovsky i emi iki kona manaʻo - i kona manaʻo, ʻehā mau ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōlelo. Hoʻohui ʻo ia i kahi huaʻōlelo a me kahi ad adbe i ka inoa a me ka adjective. Ua wae ʻo Academic Viktor Vinogradov i ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka haʻi ʻōlelo a me 5 kekele. A ʻaʻole kēia ma nā hana āpau o nā lā i hala, aia i ke kenekulia iwakālua. ʻO ka mea hope loa, e ʻōlelo ana ka Grammatic Academic o 1952-1954 e pili ana i nā ʻāpana he 10 o ka haʻiʻōlelo, a i ka grammar like o ka hoʻopuka 1980 aia he ʻumi ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo. Ua hānau ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kahi paio? He mea ʻole pehea ia! Kūlike ka helu a me nā inoa o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo, akā ʻauana ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo mai kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
3. E like me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana aia nō he mau ʻāpana, ma kahi o ke kakini o lākou, mai ka linguistics ākea i ka linguistics hōʻeuʻeu. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ala aʻe kekahi mau papa hoʻopaʻi ma ke kuʻina o nā linguistics me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
4. Aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻia. ʻ .lelo loea ʻole. Manaʻo nā luna ʻolelo, "ʻoihana" i kāna adepts amateurs a hoʻohana pinepine i ka huaʻōlelo "pseudos Scientific". Manaʻo ka poʻe adepts iā lākou iho i kā lākou kumumanaʻo wale nō nā mea pololei a hoʻopiʻi i ka poʻe loea i ka pili ʻana i kā lākou mau kumumanaʻo kahiko no kā lākou mau poʻo inoa a me nā kūlana. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā haʻawina ʻōlelo o Mikhail Zadornov i kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōlelo amatir. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā linguist amatir e ka makemake e nānā i nā aʻa Lūkia ma nā ʻōlelo āpau o nā ʻōlelo āpau. Eia kekahi, ke aʻa e pili ana, no ka laʻana, i nā inoa ʻāina o ka wā kahiko, lawe ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Lūkia hou. ʻO kekahi "maʻalea" o ka philology amateur ka ʻimi no ka hūnā, "primordial" manaʻo i nā huaʻōlelo.
ʻO Mikhail Zadornov i nā makahiki hope o kona ola i hana nui i ka ʻōlelo loea. ʻO Lākana "poli ma ka Don"
5. ʻO Chronologically, ka loea mua o ka ʻolelo linguistic amateur ka mea paha ʻo Academician Alexander Potebnya. ʻO kēia theorist nui o ka linguistics o ke kenekulia 19, me nā hana koʻikoʻi i ka grammar a me ka ettyology o ka huaʻōlelo, ʻo ia ka mea kākau o nā hana kahi i wehewehe nui ai ʻo ia i nā kumu o ke ʻano o ka moʻolelo kaʻao a me nā kaʻao. Eia hou, ua hoʻopili ʻo Potebnya i nā huaʻōlelo "hopena" a me "hauʻoli" me nā manaʻo Slavic e pili ana i ke Akua. I kēia manawa ua kāhea haʻahaʻa nā kānaka noiʻi i ka ʻepekema i kahi ʻano kupaianaha wale no ka mahalo ʻole i kāna pono ʻepekema.
Ua manaʻo ʻo Alexander Potebnya iā ia iho he Lūkini Nui, a he dialect ka ʻōlelo Lūkini Little. I Ukraine, ʻaʻole pilikia kēia i kekahi, no ka mea, hana ʻo Potebnya ma Kharkov, ʻo ia hoʻi he Ukrainian ʻo ia
6. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kani o ka ʻōlelo e phonetics. ʻO kēia maʻamau he lālā hoʻomohala maikaʻi o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO ka mea hoʻokumu i nā phonetics Lūkini i manaʻo ʻia he ʻepekema me kahi inoa phonetically nani no ka pepeiao o kahi kanaka Lūkini ʻo Baudouin de Courtenay. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka inoa o ke kākāʻōlelo nui ma Lūkini: ʻo ʻIvan Alexandrovich. Ma waho o nā phonetics, ua akamai ʻo ia i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōlelo Lūkia. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi mana hou o ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a Dahl no ka paʻi ʻana, ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo hōʻino kolohe i loko ona, a no ia mau mea i hōʻino ʻia ai e nā hoa hana - ʻaʻole lākou i noʻonoʻo i nā hoʻoponopono kipi. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Baudouin de Courtenay, ua hana kahi kula ʻepekema holoʻokoʻa, kahi i hehi nui i ke kahua o nā phonetics. No laila, no ke ola pono, pono i nā ʻepekema o kēia ao e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā phenomena maikaʻi i loko o kahi ʻōlelo e hoʻolaha i nā huaʻōlelo e like me "ʻākauA", "southernA", "hiki", a pēlā aku, ma ke ʻano he linguistic norm - hana ka poʻe, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina.
7. He mea hoihoi wale ke ola o I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay ma muli wale nō o kāna hana nui i ka ʻōlelo. Ua komo ikaika ka ʻepekema i nā hana politika. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia no ka noho pelekikena o Polani kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā koho balota, i mālama ʻia ma 1922 i loko o ʻekolu puni, ua eo ʻo Baudouin de Courtenay, akā no ka mea ʻoi loa - pepehi koke ʻia ka pelekikena i koho ʻia ʻo Gabriel Narutovich.
I. Baudouin de Courtenay
8. Ke aʻo nei ʻo Grammar i nā loina o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo me kekahi. Ua paʻi ʻia ka puke mua e pili ana i ka grammar o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini e ka Kelemania Heinrich Ludolph ma ka Lākina. Ke aʻo nei ʻo Morphology pehea e loli ai ka huaʻōlelo i "kūpono" i nā ʻōlelo hoalauna. Hoʻohui ʻia ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo i nā hanana nui (nā māmalaʻōlelo a me nā ʻōlelo) e aʻo i ka syntax. A ʻo ka pela ʻana i ka pela (spelling), ʻoiai i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa he ʻāpana o ka linguistics, he ʻāpana o nā lula i ʻāpono ʻia. Ua wehewehe ʻia a kūkulu ʻia nā loina o ka grammar hou o ka ʻōlelo Lūkia ma ka puke 1980.
9. Pili ka Lexicology i ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana. Ma loko o ka lexicology aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 7 mau "-logies", akā ʻo ka stylistic wale nō ka mea nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻImi kēia ʻāpana i nā ʻano manaʻo - ka manaʻo hūnā a paʻa o nā huaʻōlelo. ʻAʻole loa kahi mea hoʻopili o ka lālani Lūkini - me ke kumu ʻole - kāhea i ka wahine "moa" a i ʻole "hipa", ʻoiai ma Lūkini kēia mau huaʻōlelo i loaʻa i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā wahine - hūpō, hūpō. E kāhea aku nō hoʻi ka stylist Kina i ka wahine "moa" inā pono loa. I ka hana ʻana pēlā, e noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i ke kuleana kaiāulu haʻahaʻa o ka mea i wehewehe ʻia. "Hipa" ma ka ʻōlelo Kina ka hōʻailona o ka nani maikaʻi loa. I ka 2007, ke poʻo o kekahi o nā ʻāpana ma Altai, ka ʻike naʻaupō o nā stylistic, ua kūʻai ʻia he 42,000 rubles. Ma ka hālāwai, ua kāhea ʻo ia i ke poʻo o ka ʻaha kūkā kauhale he "kao" (ʻōlelo ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo: "ʻo kekahi o nā holoholona mahiʻai, nona ka inoa he ʻano manaʻo hoʻopailua"). Ua māʻona ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ke poʻo o ka ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina e ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, a ua loaʻa i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia he 15,000 no ka hōʻino kino, ka mokuʻāina - 20,000 uku hoʻopaʻi, a ua māʻona ka ʻaha me 7,000 rubles no nā koina.
10. Hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Lexicology he pili ʻilihuna ma ka ʻohana o nā lālā o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO nā Phonetics a me ka grammar he ʻohana pili paʻa e kau ana ma kahi o nā lani kiʻekiʻe - nā phonetics theoretical a me ka grammar theoretical, pākahi. ʻAʻole lākou e kūlou i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o nā banal stresses a me nā hihia. ʻO kā lākou hailona ka wehewehe ʻana pehea a me ke kumu o ka huli ʻana o nā mea āpau i ka ʻōlelo. A, concurrently, ka headache o ka hapanui o nā haumāna philology. ʻAʻohe lexicology manaʻo.
11. ʻO ka mea ʻepekema Lūkia nui ʻo Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ʻaʻole i hana wale i nā ʻike i ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe. Ua ʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho i ka ʻōlelo. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, i ka "grammar Russian" ʻo ia ka linguist mua e huki i ka manaʻo i ka mahele o ka wahine ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkia. ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau i kēlā manawa ke hāʻawi i nā mea ola ʻole i ka genus waena (a ʻo ia ka holomua, no ka mea aia he 7 mau kāne i ka grammar o ka Smotritsa genus). ʻO Lomonosov, ka mea i hōʻole i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻōlelo i loko o nā papahana, i manaʻo ʻia i ka hāʻawi ʻia o nā inoa o nā mea i nā kāne i unmotivated, akā ʻike ʻo ia i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻōlelo.
Ua hana ʻo M.V. Lomonosov i kahi grammar kūpono maoli o ka ʻōlelo Lūkia
12. ʻO ka hana a nā loea kākāʻī kūikawā loa i wehewehe ʻia ma kā George Orwell dystopia "1984". Aia ma waena o nā kino aupuni o ka ʻāina fiction kahi keʻena nona nā tausani o nā limahana i kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻoneʻe i nā huaʻōlelo "pono ʻole" mai nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo. ʻO kekahi o ka poʻe e hana nei i kēia ʻoihana i wehewehe pono i ka pono o kāna hana e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pono ka ʻōlelo i ka nui o nā synonyms o ka huaʻōlelo, no ka laʻana, "maikaʻi". No ke aha kēia "mea mahalo", "hanohano", "noʻonoʻo", "exemplary", "adorable", "kūpono", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, inā hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi maikaʻi o kahi mea a kanaka paha i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo "plus"? Hiki ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka mana a i ʻole ka manaʻo o kahi maikaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo e like me "maikaʻi" a i ʻole "maikaʻi" - e ʻōlelo wale "plus-plus".
1984: He maluhia ke kaua, he kauā ke kauā, a he nui nā huaʻōlelo kūpono ʻole i ka ʻōlelo
13. I nā makahiki 1810 mua, ua kū kahi kūkākūkā hahana i loko o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini, ʻoiai he kakaikahi loa nā loea ʻōlelo i kēlā manawa. Hoʻokani ʻia ko lākou kuleana e nā mea kākau. Hoʻomaka ʻo Nikolai Karamzin e hoʻolauna i nā huaʻōlelo i haku ʻia e ia i ka ʻōlelo o kāna hana, e kope ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo like mai nā ʻōlelo haole. Na Karamzin i haku i nā huaʻōlelo "coachman" a me "sidewalk", "ʻoihana" a me "kanaka", "papa mua" a me "kuleana". ʻO kēia mau hoʻomāʻewaʻewa i ka ʻōlelo Lūkini i huhū ai nā mea kākau he nui. Ua hana pū ka mea kākau a me ka adimarala Alexander Shishkov i kahi kaiāulu kūikawā e kūʻē i nā hana hou, e pili ana i kahi mea kākau kākau e like me Gabriel Derzhavin. ʻO Karamzin, ua kākoʻo ʻia e Batyushkov, Davydov, Vyazemsky a me Zhukovsky. ʻIke ʻia ka hopena o ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia lā.
Nikolay Karamzin. He paʻakikī e manaʻoʻiʻo i ka huaʻōlelo "refinement" i hōʻike ʻia i ka Lūkini wale nō mahalo iā ia
<14. ʻO ka mea nāna i haku ka puke wehewehe "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" ʻo Vladimir Dal ʻaʻole ia he loea i ka ʻoihana, ʻaʻole hoʻi he kumu aʻo palapala, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā haʻawina Lūkini ma ke ʻano he haumāna. I ka manawa mua, ua lilo ʻo Dahl i luna no ka moku, a puka ʻo ia mai ke kumu lapaʻau o ke Kulanui o Dorpat (ʻo Tartu i kēia manawa), ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kauka, he kauā kīwila, a hoʻomaha wale i ka makahiki 58. ʻO kāna hana ma ka "Explanatory Dictionary" i hala 53 mau makahiki. [caption id = "attachment_5724" align = "aligncenter" width = "618"]
ʻO Vladimir Dal ka mea e hana ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi moe o Pushkin e make ana a hiki i ka minuke hope loa [/ caption]
15. ʻO nā unuhi kūpaka i hana ʻia e nā mea unuhi o kēia wā pinepine ʻole i pololei ʻole a no laila ʻaʻole he ʻakaʻaka nā mea āpau no ka hana pololei ʻole o ka mea unuhi a i ʻole no ka nele i ka mana helu. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūpono ʻole e ka waihona wehewehe hemahema o nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo hou. ʻO ka haku ʻana i nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo e wehewehe piha ana i nā huaʻōlelo, nā hana āpau a me nā hoʻohana he hana nui. I ka makahiki 2016, ua paʻi ʻia ka puke ʻelua o ka "Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary" ma Moscow, kahi i wehewehe ʻia ai nā huaʻōlelo me ka piha loa. ʻO ka hopena, ma muli o ka hana o kahi hui nui o nā linguists, ua hiki ke wehewehe i nā huaʻōlelo 203. Ua wehewehe ʻia kahi puke wehewehe Palani e like me ka piha ʻana, i paʻi ʻia ma Montreal, i 500 mau huaʻōlelo i komo i loko o 4 puke.
ʻO ka hewa ka hewa o ka poʻe no ka pololei ʻole i ka unuhi ʻana o ka mīkini
