ʻO David Gilbert (1862-1943) - Kelemānia makemakika ākea, i hāʻawi nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi o ka makemakika.
ʻO nā lālā o nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa, a me ka laureate o ka. N.I. Lobachevsky. ʻO ia kekahi o nā makemakika poʻokela ma waena o kāna poʻe o ka wā.
ʻO Hilbert ka mea kākau o ka axiomatics piha mua o ka geometric Euclidean a me ke kumumanaʻo o nā wahi Hilbert. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā haʻawina nui i ke kumumanaʻo invariant, algebra laulā, physics physics, nā helu kaulike, a me nā kumu o ka makemakika.
Nui nā mea hoihoi i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Gilbert, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o David Hilbert.
Kawaihae o Gilbert
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo David Hilbert ma ka lā 23 o Ianuali 1862 ma ke kūlanakauhale Prussian o Konigsberg. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka luna kānāwai ʻo Otto Gilbert a me kāna wahine ʻo Maria Teresa.
Ma waho ona, ua hānau ʻia kahi kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Eliza i nā mākua o Dāvida.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻOiai ʻo ke kamaliʻi, he ʻano maʻalahi ko Gilbert i nā ʻepekema pololei. I 1880 ua puka ʻoi aku ʻo ia mai ka hale haʻuki, a ma hope ua lilo ʻo ia i haumana ma ke Kulanui o Konigsberg.
Ma ke kula nui, ua launa ʻo David me Herman Minkowski lāua ʻo Adolf Hurwitz, me lāua i hoʻolilo ai i nā manawa manawaleʻa he nui.
Ua hāpai nā kāne i nā nīnau nui e pili ana i ka makemakika, e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa nā pane iā lākou. Ua lawe pinepine lākou i nā "makemakika helehelena", a ua hoʻomau lākou i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā kumuhana hoihoi iā lākou.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i kēia wā e hiki mai ana ʻo Hilbert, ma ke kauoha, e paipai i kāna mau haumāna e hele i kēlā ʻano huakaʻi.
Ka hana ʻepekema
I ka makahiki 23, ua hiki iā Dāvida ke pale aku i kāna palapala no ke kumumanaʻo o nā invariants, a hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō ma hope ua lilo ʻo ia i polopeka o ka makemakika ma Konigsberg.
Ua hoʻokokoke ke kāne i ke aʻo ʻana me nā kuleana āpau. Ua ʻaʻa ʻo ia e wehewehe i nā mea i nā haumāna e like me ka hiki, a ʻo kahi hopena i loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu maikaʻi loa.
I ka makahiki 1888, ua kūleʻa ʻo Hilbert i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka "Gordan pilikia" a i ka hōʻoia ʻana hoʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kumu no kekahi ʻōnaehana o nā invariants. Mahalo i kēia, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kaulana i waena o nā makemakika ʻEulopa.
I ka piha ʻana iā David ma kahi o 33 mau makahiki, loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ma ke Kulanui o Göttingen, kahi āna i hana ai a kokoke i kona make ʻana.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua paʻi ka ʻepekema i ka monograph "Hōʻike ma nā Helu", a laila "Nā Kumu o Geometry", i ʻike ʻia i ka honua ʻepekema.
I ka makahiki 1900, ma kekahi o nā ʻaha kūkā o ka honua, ua hōʻike ʻo Hilbert i kāna papa inoa kaulana o 23 mau pilikia i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia. E kūkākūkā maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau pilikia e ka poʻe makemakika ma loko o ka 20 mau kenekulia.
Ua komo pinepine ke kāne i ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā intuitionist like ʻole, e like me Henri Poincaré. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he hopena kā kēlā me kēia pilikia makemakika, ma muli o kahi hopena āna i noi ai e axiomatize physics.
Mai ka makahiki 1902, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā Hilbert ke kūlana o ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻopuka makemakika mana loa ʻo "Mathematische Annalen".
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻolauna ʻo David i kahi kumumanaʻo i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahi Hilbert, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia i ka wahi ʻo Euclidean i ka hihia palena ʻole. Ua kūleʻa kēia manaʻo ʻaʻole wale i ka makemakika, akā i nā ʻepekema kikoʻī ʻē aʻe.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Honua (1914-1918), ua hoʻohewa ʻo Hilbert i ka hana a ka pūʻali koa Kelemania. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i haʻalele i kona kūlana a hiki i ka hopena o ke kaua, no ka mea i loaʻa iā ia ka mahalo mai kāna mau hoa hana a puni ka honua.
Ua hoʻomau ka hana a ka ʻepekema Kelemania i ka hana ikaika, ka paʻi ʻana i nā hana hou. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua lilo ke Kulanui o Göttingen i kikowaena nui o ka makemakika ma ka honua.
I ka manawa o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hōʻemi ʻo David Hilbert i ke kumumanaʻo o nā invariants, ke kumumanaʻo o nā helu algebraic, ke kumu ʻo Dirichlet, i hoʻomohala i ke kumumanaʻo Galois, a ua hoʻoholo pū kekahi i ka pilikia Waring ma ka helu helu.
I nā 1920s, ua hoihoi ʻo Hilbert i ka loiloi makemakika, e hoʻomohala nei i kahi kumumanaʻo hōʻoia hōʻoia kūpono. Eia naʻe, ua ʻae ʻo ia ma hope e pono ana kāna kumumanaʻo i ka hana koʻikoʻi.
Ua manaʻo ʻo David e pono ana ka makemakika i ka formalisation piha. I ka manawa like, ua kūʻē ʻo ia i nā hoʻāʻo a ka poʻe intuitionist e kau i nā kapu ma ka makemakika (e laʻa me ka pāpā ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo a me ke koʻi o ke koho).
ʻO ia mau ʻōlelo a ka Kelemania i hoʻokumu ai i kahi hopena kolohe i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema. Ua kūhewa ka hapa nui o kāna mau hoa i kāna kumumanaʻo o nā hōʻike, e kāhea nei he pseudos Scientific.
I ke kālaikūlohea, kākoʻo ʻo Hilbert i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi axiomatic. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau manaʻo nui loa i ka physics i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka derivation o nā kaulike kahua.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia nō ka hoihoi o kēia mau hoʻohālikelike iā Albert Einstein, ma muli o ka hopena o ka hana a ka ʻepekema ʻelua. Eia kekahi, i nā pilikia he nui, he mana nui kā Hilbert iā Einstein, ka mea e hana i kāna kumumanaʻo kaulana o ka pilina.
Ke ola pilikino
I ka piha ʻana o Dāvida iā 30 makahiki, ua lawe ʻo ia iā Kete Erosh i wahine nāna. I loko o kēia male, hānau ʻia ke keiki kāne hoʻokahi, ʻo Franz, ka mea i loaʻa i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo ʻole i hōʻike ʻole ʻia.
Ua hopohopo nui ʻo ka ʻike haʻahaʻa a Franz iā Hilbert, a ʻo kāna wahine hoʻi.
I kona wā ʻōpio, he lālā ka ʻepekema no ka hale pule ʻo Calvinist, akā ma hope ua lilo i agnostic.
Nā makahiki i hala a me ka make
I ka wā i hele ai ʻo Hitler i ka mana, hoʻomaka ʻo ia a me kāna mau henchmen e kāpae i nā Iudaio. No kēia kumu, he nui nā kumu a me nā ʻepekema me nā aʻa Iudaio i koi ʻia e holo i waho.
I kekahi lā, ua noi aku ʻo Bernhard Rust, ke Kuhina Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Nazi iā Hilbert: "Pehea ka makemakika ma Göttingen i kēia manawa, ma hope o kona hemo ʻana i ka mana Iudaio?" Pane kaumaha ʻo Hilbert: “Makemakika ma Göttingen? ʻAʻole ʻo ia i koe. "
Ua make ʻo David Hilbert ma Pepeluali 14, 1943 i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke Kaua Honua II (1939-1945). ʻAʻole i hala he ʻumikūmālua mau kānaka i hele mai e ʻike i ka ʻepekema nui i kāna huakaʻi hope loa.
Ma ka pōhaku kupapaʻu o ka makemakika kāna ʻōlelo punahele: “Pono kākou e ʻike. E ʻike kāua. "
ʻO Gilbert kiʻi
