ʻO Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev (1888 - 1972) kekahi o nā mea hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa i ka moʻolelo o ka mokulele honua. Ua hana ʻo ia i mau ʻano he nui o nā mokulele a me nā mokulele lehulehu. Ua lilo ka inoa ʻo "Tu" i inoa kaulana kaulana honua. Ua hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia nā mokulele o Tupolev i kekahi o lākou e hoʻomau i ka hana ma kahi o ka hapalua kenekulia ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea nāna i hana. I ka honua e hoʻololi wikiwiki nei o ka mokulele, ʻōlelo nui kēia.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka puke moʻolelo a Lev Kassil, ʻo Professor Toportsov, i kope nui ʻia mai A. N. Tupolev. Ua hui ka mea kākau moʻolelo me ka mea hoʻolālā mokulele i ka wā o ka hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana o ka mokulele ANT-14 i ka squadron ʻo Gorky, a ua hauʻoli loa ʻo ia me ke akamai o Tupolev. ʻO ka mea hoʻolālā mokulele ʻaʻole wale ia he keonimana i kāna māla, akā mākaukau hoʻi i ka puke a me ka hana keaka. I ke mele, ʻano maikaʻi ʻole kāna ʻono. I hoʻokahi manawa, ma hope o ka pāʻina hoʻolauleʻa hanohano, i hui pū ʻia me kahi ʻahamele, ʻo ia, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole ʻana i kona leo, kāhea aku ʻo ia i nā limahana iā ia, ʻōlelo lākou, e hīmeni mākou i nā mele kanaka.
ʻO ka mea hoʻolālā ʻo Tupolev ma mua iki o ka poʻe kūʻai aku, ʻo ia paha nā ʻauwaʻa kīwila a i ʻole ka Air Force. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole ia i kali no ka hana "e hana i kahi mokulele o ia a me kēlā me kēia hiki me kēlā a me kēlā ʻikepili wikiwiki", a i ʻole "kahi pōkā pahū hiki ke lawe i nā pōkā N i kahi mamao o NN mau kilomita". Hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mokulele i ka wā e mamao loa ai ka pono no lākou. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kāna ʻike mua e kēia kiʻi: mai 100 mau mokulele i hana ʻia ma TsAGI a me Tupolev Central Design Bureau, 70 i hana nui ʻia.
ʻO Andrei Nikolaevich, kahi mea ʻano ʻole, hui pū ʻia ke tālena a ka mea hoʻolālā a me ka hiki o ka mea hoʻonohonoho. ʻO ka mea hope nona ponoʻī i noʻonoʻo i kahi ʻano hoʻopaʻi. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau hoa: makemake ʻo ia e lālau i kahi penikala a hele i ka papa kaha kiʻi. A pono ʻoe e kau ma ke kelepona, e uhae i nā subcontractors a me nā ʻoihana hana, e kīkē i nā mea e pono ai nā commissariats. Akā ma hope o ka heʻe ʻana o ka keʻena hoʻolālā ʻo Tupolev i Omsk, ua like ka pā ʻana o ke ola i loko a hiki i ka hōʻea ʻana o Andrei Nikolaevich. ʻAʻohe manu ʻona - Ua noi wau i nā limahana o ka muliwai, ua hoʻoilo naʻe, ua hala ka hoʻokele. Anuanu i loko o nā hale aʻo a me nā hale hoʻokipa - ʻelua mau locomotives hewa i lawe ʻia mai mai ka hale hoʻomaikaʻi lokomotif. Mahanahana mākou, a ua hoʻomaka pū ka mīkini uila. 
ʻO ka hoʻopaneʻe ka wā i hana aku ai kekahi inoa o Tupolev. Eia kekahi, ua lohi ʻo ia ma kahi wale nō āna i manaʻo ʻole ai ka pono e noho, a i ka manawa maluhia wale nō. Expression "ʻAe, ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻo Tupolev e lohi!" kani i ke ala o ka People's Commissariat, a laila ke Kuhina ʻoihana ʻoihana mokulele a ma mua o ke kaua, a ma hope, ma mua o ka pae ʻana o Andrei Nikolaevich, a ma hope o ia.
Eia naʻe, he aha ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi? ma mua o kāna mau hana, e haʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kanaka loea ,?
1. ʻO ka kaʻa mua i hana ʻia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka mea hoʻolālā mokulele ʻo Tupolev ʻo ... kahi moku. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ANT-1, e like me nā mokulele e hiki mai ana. A ʻo ANT-1 kekahi kaʻa kaʻa hau, kūkulu ʻia e Andrey Nikolaevich. He kumu maʻalahi kēlā ʻano hilahila ʻano ʻē - ua hoʻokolohua ʻo Tupolev me nā metala i kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mokulele. Ma TsAGI, ua poʻo ʻo ia i ke komisina no ke kūkulu mokulele hao. Akā ʻo ke kūlana o kā Zhukovsky hope i kōkua ʻole e haki i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o ka hapa nui o nā limahana TsAGI, ka poʻe i manaʻo he pono ke kūkulu ʻia nā mokulele mai ka wahie a kumukūʻai hoʻi. No laila pono wau e hana pū me nā palliatives i nā kālā palena palena, ke kumu kūʻai o kahi kaʻa hau a me kahi moku. ʻO kēia mau kaʻa a pau, me ka mokulele ANT-1, hiki ke kapa ʻia he hui pū: he lāʻau a me nā leka uila lākou (e like me ke kāhea ʻia ʻana o duralumin i ka USSR) i nā ʻāpana like ʻole.
2. ʻAʻole pili ka hopena o kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka Tu-16 i ka pūʻali koa, pono ʻo Tupolev e hoʻolohe i ka nui o nā hoʻopiʻi ma hope o ka pūʻali koa. Pono lākou e neʻe i nā kahua mokulele a me nā hana hohonu i ka panalāʻau o ka USSR. Mai nā kahua mokulele palena palena i mākaukau, ua lawe ʻia nā anakahi i ka taiga a me nā māla hāmama. Ua heleleʻi nā ʻohana, ua heleleʻi ke aʻo. A laila ua hāʻawi ʻo Tupolev i ka hana e hana i kahi mokulele ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i mākaukau me nā pōhaku unguided. No laila ua kū ʻole ʻia ka Tu-91. I ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua mua, ua lele kekahi mokulele hou i nā missile ma luna o kahi hui o nā moku ʻEleʻele ma ka moku ʻo Feodosia, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā telegram weliweli e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e kekahi poʻe ʻike ʻole ʻia mai nā moku. Ua lilo ka mokulele i mea maikaʻi a hele i ka hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole no ka lōʻihi. ʻO S. Khrushchev, ke ʻike nei i ka hōʻike aʻe kahi mokulele i hoʻokele ʻia e ka propeller ma kahi o nā nani jet, ua kauoha ʻia e kāpae iā ia mai ka hana ʻana.
3. Ua hakakā ʻo Tupolev me Junkers i ka makahiki 1923, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ka lani i kēia manawa. I ka makahiki 1923, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Andrey Nikolaevich a me kāna hui i ka ANT-3. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa i ka Soviet Union, ma lalo o kahi ʻaelike me ka hui Junkers, kahi mea kanu alumini a me kekahi mau ʻenehana mai Kelemania. I waena o lākou ka ʻenehana o ka hao hiki ke hoʻonui i kona ikaika. ʻAʻole ʻo Tupolev a me kāna mau mea kōkua i ʻike i ka hana a me nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna huahana, akā ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻopili i ka hao iā lākou iho. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka ikaika o ka metala i hoʻopili ʻia ʻo 20% ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo "Junkers" i kēia hana amateur - nona ka ʻoihana i kahi palapala Sila Nui no ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua ukali ʻia kahi hoʻopiʻi ma ka ʻaha ʻo Hague, akā ʻo ka poʻe loea Soviet ka mea maikaʻi loa. Ua hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o Tupolev i ka hao i hoʻohana ʻia i kahi ʻenehana ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka huahana i loaʻa he 5% ka ikaika ma mua o ka Kelemania. A ʻokoʻa nā loina a Tupolev o ke komo ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopili ʻia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi a Junkers.
4. I ka makahiki 1937 ua hopu ʻia ʻo Tupolev. E like me nā loea loea i kēlā mau makahiki, ua ʻaneʻane ʻaneʻane hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo ia i kahi keʻena hoʻolālā paʻa, i ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, "sharashka". I loko o ka "sharashka" Bolshevo, kahi a Tupolev i lilo ai i alakaʻi, ʻaʻohe lumi kūpono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi laulā piha o ka mokulele "Project 103" (ma hope e kapa ʻia kēia mokulele ʻo ANT-58, ʻoiai ʻo Tu-2). Ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi ala maʻalahi wale i waho: i ka nahele kokoke, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūpono a hōʻuluʻulu i kahi hiʻohiʻona ma luna. I kekahi lā aʻe ua kuhi ʻia ka nahele e nā koa o ka NKVD, a ua holo wikiwiki kekahi mau kaʻa o nā hoa kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻike ka pailaka lele i ke k modelkohu a ua hōʻike aku i ka honua e pili ana i ka ulia pohō. Me he mea lā ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kūlana, akā naʻe ua kuhi ʻo Tupolev he hōʻailona kēia o kahi mokulele hou. Ua lohe ka NKVD-shniki i kēia, koi aku e kuni koke i ke k modelkohu. ʻO ka hoʻopili wale ʻana o ke alakaʻi "sharashka" i mālama i ka mokulele pseudo - ua uhi wale ʻia me ka ʻupena camouflage.
Hana i ka "sharashka". Kuhi ʻia e kekahi o nā limahana o Tupolev ʻo Alexei Cheryomukhin.
5. Ua kāhea ʻia ʻo "Project 103" no laila ʻaʻole loa no ka mea ua hoʻokō ʻia nā papahana 102 ma mua o ia. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mokulele o ka sharashka i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻOihana loea kūikawā" - kahua lawelawe. A laila ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pōkole i kahi helu, a hoʻomaka nā papahana e hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻikepili "101", "102", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. "Project 103", i lilo i Tu-2, i manaʻo ʻia he mokulele ʻoi loa o ke Kaua Honua ʻelua. ʻO ia i ka lawelawe me ka Air Force China hoʻi i ka waena o 1980s.
6. ʻO nā inoa o Valery Chkalov, Mikhail Gromov a me ko lākou mau hoa i hana i nā mokulele haki kope mai Moscow a i USA ua ʻike ʻia i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua lawe ʻia nā mokulele lōʻihi loa ma nā mokulele ANT-25 mākaukau kūikawā. ʻAʻohe Pūnaewele i kēlā manawa, akā ua lawa nā ʻōpio (ma muli o ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo) nā mea ʻokiʻoki. Ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala i ka puke pai Pelekane "Airplane", ka mea kākau o ia mau mea i hōʻoia me nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia me ke kaupaona i hoʻomaka ʻia, ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wahie, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā huakaʻi ʻelua. ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ka whistleblower i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ʻano lele me kahi mana ʻenekema piha ʻole, hoʻemi ka ʻai wahie, a i ʻole ke emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o nā mokulele i ka pau ʻana o ka wahie. Ua hoʻopahu ʻia ka papa hoʻoponopono o ka makasina me nā leka huhū e nā Pelekane ponoʻī.
ʻO ka mokulele ʻo Mikhail Gromov i United States
7. I ka makahiki 1959, ua kipa ʻo N. Khrushchev i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma luna o kahi mokulele ʻo Tu-114. Ua lanakila ka mokulele i kekahi mau makana hanohano, akā ua hopohopo ka KGB i kona kūpaʻa. Hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea kaʻa kiʻekiʻe e haʻalele koke i ka mokulele. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hoʻomākeʻaka nui o ke keʻena ohua i loko o ka loko nui i ʻauʻau ai nā lālā o ke aupuni. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā noho i ke k modelkohu, hoʻomākaukau iā ia me nā pale ola a me nā kaupena. Ma ka hōʻailona, kau nā mea kaʻa i nā kapa komo, hoʻolei i nā kaupoku i loko o ka wai a lele iā lākou iho. ʻO nā kāne male wale nō o nā Khrushchevs a me Tupolevs i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka lele ʻana (ʻaʻole naʻe mai ke aʻo ʻana). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau, e like me ka Hope Pelekikena o ka ʻAha Kūkā o nā Kuhina o ka USSR Trofim Kozlov a me ka lālā o ka Politburo o ke CPSU Central Committee Anastas Mikoyan, unsinkable me nā kākau ʻōlelo āpau āpau, lele i loko o ka wai a piʻi i luna o nā kaola.
ʻO Tu-114 ma USA. Inā ʻoe e nānā pono, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi hiʻohiʻona hou o ka Tu-114 - kiʻekiʻe loa ka puka. Pono nā poʻe hele i ke alaloa ma kahi alapiʻi liʻiliʻi.
8. ʻO Tupolev lāua ʻo Polikarpov i ka makahiki 1930 e hoʻomohala nei i ka mokulele ʻoi loa ʻo ANT-26. Ua manaʻo ʻia he kau kaupaona o 70 tone. He 20 ka poʻe luina, ʻo kēia helu me 8 mau kī pana mai nā pū mīkini a me nā pūkuniahi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻouka i nā ʻenekini 12 M-34FRN ma ia kolosus. 95 paha mika ke ʻano o ka ʻēheu. ʻAʻole maopopo inā paha ua ʻike nā mea hoʻolālā iā lākou iho i ka pono ʻole o ka papahana, a i ʻole ua haʻi ʻia e kekahi mai luna aʻe ʻaʻole pono ke hoʻolilo kālā microscopic mokuʻāina ma ia colossus, akā ua hōʻemi ʻia ka papahana. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha - ʻoiai ka An-225 Mriya nui loa, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1988, nona ka eheu o 88 mau mika.
9. ʻO ka bombt ANT-40, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Sb-2 i ka pūʻali koa, i lilo i mokulele ʻoi loa ʻo Tupolev ma mua o ke kaua. Inā ma mua o ka nui o ka holo ʻana o nā mokulele āpau i hoʻolālā ʻia e Andrei Nikolaevich i ʻoi aku i ka 2000, a laila ʻo ka Sb-2 wale nō i hana ʻia he 7,000 ʻāpana. ʻO kēia mau mokulele kekahi ʻāpana o ka Luftwaffe: ua kūʻai aku ʻo Czech Republic i kahi laikini e hana ai i nā mokulele. Ua ʻākoakoa lākou he 161 mau kaʻa; ma hope o ke pio ʻana o ka ʻāina, ua hele lākou i ka poʻe Kelemania. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo Sb-2 ka pōkā nui o ka Pūʻali Koa.
10. ʻElua hanana hanana i ka manawa hoʻokahi i kahakaha i ke ala hakakā a me ka hana o ka mokulele TB-7. I loko o ka wā paʻakikī loa o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, i ʻAukake 1941, ua hoʻopahū ʻia ʻelua mau squadrons TB-7 iā Berlin. He mea ʻole ka hopena o ka pōkā, akā ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi i nā pūʻali koa a me ka lehulehu. A i ʻApelila 1942, ka Commissar o ka Lehulehu no nā ʻāina ʻē o ka USSR, ʻo Vyacheslav Molotov, i ka wā o kipa ʻana i ʻEnelani a me ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hele a puni ka honua i ka TB-7, a ua mālama ʻia kahi hapa o ka lele ma luna o ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e nā pūʻali koa Nazi. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ʻike ka pale kaua Kelemania i ka lele TB-7.
Bombed Berlin a lele i USA
11. I ka makahiki 1944 - 1946 ua kope ʻia ka bomber B-29 ʻAmelika i loko o ka Soviet Tu-4, ua kupu mai ka pilikia o ka hakakā o ke ana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīniha, nā paona, a pēlā aku. I ka Soviet Union, hoʻohana ʻia ka metric system. ʻAʻole i hoʻonā ʻia ka pilikia e ka mahele maʻalahi a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana - paʻakikī loa ka mokulele i kahi ʻōnaehana. ʻAʻole wau e hana wale me ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā, akā, no ka laʻana, me ke kūʻē kūʻē ʻana o ka uea o kekahi ʻāpana. Ua ʻoki ʻo Tupolev i ka knot Gordian ma o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana ʻAmelika. Ua kope ʻia ka mokulele, a ua kūleʻa nō. Ua kani ke kani o kēia kope no nā manawa lōʻihi ma nā wahi āpau o ka USSR - he nui nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i hele i nā kapuaʻi kūwae a me nā ʻīnika cubic.
Tu-4. Kūlike ʻole i nā ʻōlelo caustic, ua hōʻike ʻia ka manawa - ʻoiai kope, ua aʻo mākou e hana i kā mākou iho
12. ʻO ka hana o ka mokulele ʻo Tu-114 ma nā ala kūwaho i hōʻike ʻia me ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka paʻakikī a N. Khrushchev i hiki ai ke hoʻoholo pono i nā hoʻoholo kulekele ʻē aʻe. I ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e pale ākea i nā lele o ka Tu-114 mai Moscow a hiki i Havana, ʻaʻole i hele ʻo Khrushchev i ka pilikia. Ua hele mākou ma nā ala a hiki i ka maopopo ʻana iā mākou ke ala ʻoi loa ʻo Moscow - Murmansk - Havana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole kūʻē ka poʻe ʻAmelika inā, i loko o kahi poʻo poʻo, ua lele ka mokulele Soviet no ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana i ka wahie ma ka kahua mokulele ma Nassau. Hoʻokahi wale nō kūlana - uku kālā. Me Iapana, me ka ʻaʻohe kuʻikahi maluhia, hana pū kahi hui like: ua kau ʻia ka logo o ka mokulele Kepani ʻo "Jal" i nā mokulele ʻehā, ʻo nā wahine Kepani he mau ukali lele, a ʻo nā pailaka Soviet kahi pailaka. A laila ʻaʻole mau ka ʻāpana o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi o ka Tu-114, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau noho coupe.
13. Ua hele mua ʻo Tu-154 i ka moʻo a ua hana ʻia i ka nui o 120 mau ʻāpana, ke hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻeheu a hana hewa ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū aʻe i ka lawe ʻana i 20,000 a me nā pae ʻana. Hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia nā ʻeheu a hoʻonoho ʻia ma nā mokulele hana a pau.
Tu-154
14. Ua hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala o ka mokuahi Tu-160 "White Swan" me kekahi mau hanana hoʻomākeʻaka ʻelua. I ka lā mua loa, i ka wā i ʻōwili ʻia ai ka mokulele i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mai ka hangar, paʻi ʻia e kahi satelite ʻAmelika. Ua pau nā kiʻi i ka KGB. Ua hoʻomaka nā kaha ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau. E like me ka maʻamau, ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei nā keʻena hoʻokolohua i nā kiʻi, ma ke kahua mokulele ma Zhukovsky, ua hoʻoluliluli ʻia nā limahana i hōʻoia ʻia i nā manawa he nui. A laila, akā naʻe, ua maopopo iā lākou ke ʻano o ke kiʻi a pāpā i nā mokulele e ʻōwili i ka lā. ʻO ke Kākauʻōlelo ʻo US Defense Frank Carlucci, ka mea i ʻae ʻia e noho i loko o ka ipukukui, ua haki i kona poʻo ma ka papa kuhikuhi, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka "Carlucci dashboard." Akā pale kēia mau moʻolelo āpau i mua o ke kiʻi hihiu o ka luku ʻia o "White Swans" ma Ukraine. Ma lalo o nā uila o nā kāmela, ma lalo o nā ʻakaʻaka hauʻoli o nā ʻelele a me nā ʻelele ʻAmelika, ua ʻoki wale ʻia nā mīkini mana nui hou, ʻo ia ka mea kaumaha a wikiwiki hoʻi i waena o nā mea i hana nui ʻia, i ʻāpana me nā ʻāpana neila nui.
Tu-160
15. ʻO ka mokulele hope loa i hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻolana i loko o ka moʻo i ke ola o A. Tupolev ʻo Tu-22M1, nā hoʻāʻo lele a i hoʻomaka i ke kauwela o 1971. ʻAʻole hele kēia mokulele i nā pūʻali koa, ʻo ka hoʻololi M2 wale nō ka "lawelawe", akā ʻaʻole ʻike ka mea hoʻolālā kaulana iā ia.
16. Ua hoʻomohala kūleʻa ʻia ʻo Tupolev Central Design Bureau i nā kaʻa lewa kuahiwi ʻole. I ka makahiki 1972, ua hoʻomaka ka Tu-143 "Holo" e komo i nā pūʻali koa. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka UAV ponoʻī, ke kaʻa lawe ukana, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ke kaohi mālama i loaʻa nā ʻano maikaʻi. Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu, ma kahi o 1,000 mau mokulele i hoʻopuka ʻia. Ma hope iki, ua hele ka hana ʻoi loa ʻo Tu-141 "Strizh" complex i ka hana. I loko o nā makahiki perestroika a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka USSR, ʻaʻole i luku wale ʻia nā backlog ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana nui a nā mea hoʻolālā Soviet. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā loea o ka keʻena hoʻolālā ʻo Tupolev i waiho (a he nui i kaʻawale ʻole) iā ʻIseraʻela, e hāʻawi ana i kēia ʻāina i kahi lele pahū i mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana no ka hana a me ka hana ʻana o nā UAV. Ma Lūkia, eia naʻe, kokoke i 20 mau makahiki, ua paʻahau maoli kēlā ʻano ʻike.
17. Kāhea ʻia ʻo Tu-144 i kahi mokulele me kahi hopena pōʻino. ʻO ka mīkini, ma mua o kāna manawa, i hana i kahi pīpī i ka honua o ka mokulele. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mokulele weliweli ma Palani ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopili i nā loiloi maikaʻi o ka mokulele mokulele jet supersonic. A laila, no kekahi kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, hāʻule ka Tu-144 i ka honua i mua o nā ʻumi tausani mau mea nānā. ʻAʻole wale ka poʻe ma luna o ka moku i make, akā ʻo ka poʻe i laki ʻole e noho ma ke kahua o ka pōʻino ma ka honua. Ua komo ʻo Tu-144 i ka laina Aeroflot, akā ua hemo koke iā lākou ma muli o ke kūpono ʻole - ua hoʻopau ka nui o ka wahie a pipiʻi ke mālama. ʻO ka kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā ma ka USSR i ka hopena o nā 1970 he mea paʻakikī ia, a he aha ke ʻano o ka hoʻi ʻana mai ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele ʻoi loa i ka honua. Akā hoʻi, ua lawe mua ʻia ka liner maikaʻi mai nā lele ʻana, a laila mai ka hana ʻana.
Tu-144 - ma mua o ka manawa
18. Ua lilo ka Tu-204 i ka nui hope loa (43 mokulele i 28 mau makahiki) mokulele o ka inoa Tu. ʻO kēia mokulele, i hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana ma 1990, kū hewa i ka manawa hewa.I loko o kēlā mau makahiki luʻuluʻu, he haneli mau mokulele i kū aʻe mai kahi mea ʻole i hele ma nā ala ʻelua: ua hoʻopau paha lākou i ka hoʻoilina nui o Aeroflot i loko o ka ʻōpala, a kūʻai paha i nā hoʻohālikelike o nā mokulele haole i hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia. No ka Tu-204, me kāna mau pono āpau, ʻaʻohe wahi i kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻana. A i ka wā i hoʻoikaika ai nā mokulele a hiki ke kūʻai i nā mokulele hou, ua lawe ʻia ka mākeke e Boeing a me Airbus. ʻAʻohe hiki ke lana wale ʻo "204" i nā kauoha a ke aupuni a me nā ʻaelike kūlike ʻole me nā ʻoihana mai nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ka honua.
Tu-204
19. He ʻano loli ko ka Tu-134 i kapa ʻia ʻo Tu-134 CX. Ma kahi o nā noho ohua, ua piha ka hale i nā pono like ʻole no ke kiʻiona hoʻolele kiʻi o ka ʻili o ka honua. Ma muli o nā lakohana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua mōakāka nā informa a me ka ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, makemake ʻole ʻia ka "carcass" mahiʻai me ka hoʻokele o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai. Ua hōʻike maʻalahi ʻo ia i ka nui o nā wahi i mahi ʻia, a ua makaʻala ka poʻe mahiʻai hui i kēia pilikia mai ka makahiki 1930. No laila, hōʻole lākou e lele iā Tu-134SH e like me ka hiki iā lākou. A laila hele mai perestroika, a ʻaʻohe manawa o nā aviators e kōkua ai i ka mahiʻai.
Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia ʻo Tu-134SX e ke kau ʻana i nā ipu me nā pono ma lalo o nā ʻeheu
20. Ma waena o nā mea hoʻolālā Lūkia - Soviet, hoʻonohonoho ʻo Andrey Tupolev i ka helu 6 ma ka nui o nā mokulele i hana ʻia me ka serial. ʻO Tupolev Central Design Bureau ka lua o nā keʻena hoʻolālā o A. Yakovlev, N. Polikarpov, S. Ilyushin, Mikoyan a me Gurevich, a me S. Lavochkin. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā hōʻailona uila, no ka laʻana, aneane 64,000 i hana i nā mīkini ma Yakovlev a ma kahi o 17,000 ma Tupolev, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ua kūkulu nā mea hoʻolālā ʻelima mua i nā mea hakakā a lele i nā mokulele. Heʻuʻuku lākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me ka mea pōʻino, nalowale pinepine pū ʻia me nā pailaka, ke hoʻohālikelike loa ʻia me nā mokulele kaumaha a Tupolev i makemake ai e hana.
