ʻO ka nahele ʻo ia ke kaiaolaola nui loa ma ka Honua. Hāʻawi nā ululāʻau i ka wahie a me ka oxygen, hāʻawi i kahi aniau a me ka momona o ka lepo, a hāʻawi maʻalahi i ke ola maʻamau no nā haneli miliona o ka poʻe. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻihoʻi koke ʻia ka nahele ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai i mea e ʻike ʻia ai kona hoʻohou hou ʻana i ka wā o ke au o hoʻokahi hanauna.
ʻO kēlā wikiwiki e pāʻani i kahi hoʻomake hoʻomāinoino me nā ululāʻau mai kēlā me kēia manawa. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo e lawa ana ka nahele no kā lākou kenekulia, a, ke ʻōwili nei i ko lākou mau lima lima, lawe lākou i ka hāʻule. ʻAneʻane ʻo nā ʻāina āpau e kapa iā lākou iho he makaʻāinana ua hele i loko o nā wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ululāʻau. ʻO ka mea mua, ua luku ʻia nā ululāʻau no ka meaʻai - ulu ka lehulehu a makemake i kahi ʻāina mahi hou. A laila ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pōloli e ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kālā, a ma aneʻi ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā nahele. Ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me Rūsia, ua kanu ʻia he mau miliona heka o ka ulu lāʻau ma ke aʻa. Hoʻomaka lākou e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻihoʻi hou, a laila laila hoʻokamani loa, i ke kenekulia iwakālua wale nō, ke neʻe ʻana o ka lohi i Latin America, ʻApelika a me ʻAsia. ʻO ka haʻi ʻana, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe nā ala he nui e loaʻa koke ai ka waiwai mai ka ululāʻau, i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻopā ʻole ʻana i ke koʻi, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hopohopo e hana i ke ala wikiwiki e uku ai no ka poino i hana ʻia.
1. Nui nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka medieval Europe, e like me ka "innate diligence", "frugality bordering on stinginess", "following the bibible Command", and "Protestant ethics", can be Illustrated in two words: "slipway law". Eia kekahi, he ʻano maʻamau ia no ka hakahaka pani o nā manaʻo, i loko o kēia hui ʻaʻohe nīnau no nā waihona (kūkulu no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā moku), a i ʻole o ke kānāwai i ka manaʻo o "law, Justice". ʻO nā kūlanakauhale Kelemania ma nā kahawai kūpono no ka halihali lāʻau i haʻi ʻia "kuleana slipway". Ua kua ʻia ka lāʻau i nā luna Kelemania a ua lana ʻia nā duchies i Netherlands. Ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻopau wale ʻia ai i nā nui i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia - nā ʻauwaʻa, nā pā wai, ke kūkulu hale ... Eia nō naʻe, hele ka rafting ma waena o nā kūlanakauhale, ka mea i pāpā wale ʻia ma o ka rafting - pili lākou i ke "slipway law". ʻO nā kamaʻāina hana nui o Mannheim, Mainz, Koblenz a me nā kūlanakauhale he ʻumikūmālua mau Kelemania i koi wale ʻia e kūʻai lāʻau i kahi kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa mai nā lumberjacks a kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai aku i hele mai nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka Rhine a me nā kahawai ʻē aʻe, me ka ʻole o ka manamana lima. ʻAʻole anei ma laila ka huaʻōlelo "noho ma nā kahawai"? I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hoʻopoina ka poʻe noho kūlanakauhale i ka ʻauhau ʻauhau no ka mālama ʻana i ke ala muliwai i ke kūlana maikaʻi - ma hope o nā mea āpau, inā ʻaʻole no lākou, ua hāʻule ke ala o ka muliwai i Netherlands. ʻAʻole paʻakikī e koho i ke ala a pau mai ke poʻo o ka Rhine a hiki i ke Kai Akau i hana ʻia e ke kaʻaahi like o nā raftsmen, nona nā ʻeke he peni wale nō. Akā ʻo ka Hale Pule Nui ʻo Baroque o Mannheim, i kūkulu ʻia me ke kālā mai kēia racketeering, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka nui a nani loa ma Central Europe. A ʻo ka hana ponoʻī ponoʻī e wehewehe maʻalahi ʻia i kā Wilhelm Hauff moʻolelo fairy "Frozen": ʻo ka Black Forest ke kālai lāʻau nei i nā Netherlands i ko lākou ola āpau, a loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou hana nui no kahi ʻāpana berena wale nō, e hāmama ana ko lākou waha i ka ʻike maka ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale kahakai nani.
2. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi loa ma Rūsia, ua mālama ʻia nā ululāʻau e like me kahi mea e maopopo ai ka manaʻo, ka mea, a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha - me kahi poʻe liʻiliʻi, ʻo nā wahi o ka nahele me he mea lā he ao kaʻawale ia, kahi e hiki ʻole ai i ke kanaka ke hoʻohuli i kahi ala kūpono. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua o ka nahele e like me ka waiwai i hoʻi mai i ka manawa o Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (waena o ke kenekulia 17). I loko o kāna Code Cathedral, haʻi pinepine ʻia nā ulu lāʻau, akā akāka loa. Ua mahele ʻia nā wao nahele i loko o nā waeʻano - patrimonial, kūloko, mālama ʻia, etc. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili kēia i nā kauā, nā kuleana o ka hina kū ʻole i ke kānāwai e like me ka hana ʻino a ke keikikāne a i ʻole ka patrimony nāna i hopu iā lākou.
3. Hōʻike piha ʻia nā manaʻo o ka poʻe ʻEulopa ma ka ululāʻau i loko o ka puke kaulana o ka Kelemānia Hansajorg Küster “Mōʻaukala o ka nahele. Nānā mai Kelemania ”. I loko o kēia hana piha piha, kuhikuhi ʻia, ka mōʻaukala o ka ululāʻau ʻEulopa ma kona ʻano maoli i hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi o ke kenekulia 18 me nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka hōʻoki ʻana o nā luna i nā ululāʻau no ka hoʻonui ʻana, me ka waiho ʻana i nā mahiʻai me nā lālā e hānai i kā lākou holoholona a me ka hānai hipa no ka uhi ʻana i ko lākou mau home. I kahi o nā ululāʻau, kūkulu ʻia nā kahakai kahakaha - nā ʻāpana gigantic o ka ʻāina i uhi ʻia me ka underbrush mai nā ʻōpala. Ke kaumaha nei i nā ululāʻau i nalowale, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Kuester i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe aristocrats a kanu i nā pāka me nā mile he nui o nā ala pololei. ʻO kēia mau pāka i kapa ʻia he mau ululāʻau i kēia mau lā ʻo ʻEulopa.
4. ʻO Rūsia ka ululāʻau nui loa ma ka honua, me ka ʻāpana o 8.15 miliona mau kilomika kilomika. Nui loa kēia kiʻi e koho ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻole i ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻO nā ʻāina ʻehā wale nō i ka honua (ʻaʻole helu, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Lūkia ponoʻī) aia ma kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ululāʻau Lūkia. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka moku ʻAukekulelia ma mua o nā ululāʻau Lūkia. Eia kekahi, ʻo 8.15 miliona km ka helu2 poepoe i lalo. I mea e hoʻemi ʻia ai ka ʻāina nahele ma Rūsia i 8.14 miliona km2, pono ia e kuni i nā ululāʻau i kahi i like ka like me ka panalāʻau o Montenegro.
5. ʻOiai ke ʻano kūlike ʻole o kāna hana kau kānāwai, ua hana ʻo Peter I i kahi ʻōnaehana kūlike i ke ʻano o ka mālama ululāʻau. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hoʻoponopono pono i ke kua ʻana o nā ululāʻau kūpono no ke kūkulu moku a me nā pono mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe, akā ua hana pū kekahi kino hoʻomalu. ʻO ka lawelawe kūikawā o Waldmeister (mai ka Wald Kelemania - ulu lāʻau) nā mea hui pū ʻia i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa he mau ulu lāʻau. Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i nā mana ākea loa, a hiki i ka noi ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi make i ka poʻe hewa i ka ʻoki lāʻau kū kānāwai. Maʻalahi loa ke kumu o nā kānāwai a Peter - nā lāʻau, nona ka ʻāina ʻaʻole ia, e ʻoki wale ʻia me ka ʻae o ka mokuʻāina. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai nā hihia āpau me ka noho aliʻi o ka noho aliʻi, ʻaʻole i loli kēia ala i nā ululāʻau. ʻOiai, i kekahi manawa, eia pū kekahi, ua uku ʻia ka paʻakikī o ke kānāwai e ke ʻano paʻa ʻole o kāna noi. ʻO ka palena o ka ululāʻau, ma muli o ka nāhelehele, neʻe i kahi mau mile i ke kūkulu ʻākau i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Akā i ka laulā, kūlike ke ʻano o nā luna i nā ululāʻau ma Rūsia a ua hiki, me nā mālama nui, e pale aku i nā kumuwaiwai ululaau ma nā ʻāina mokuʻāina.
6. Nui nā ʻenemi o nā wao akua, mai ke ahi a i nā mea hoʻomake. A ma Rūsia o ke kenekulia XIX nā ʻona ʻona nā ʻenemi weliweli loa o nā ululāʻau. Ua luku ʻia nā hāloʻe he mau kaona heka. ʻAʻohe o ka mana o ke aupuni - ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokau i luna i kēlā me kēia lāʻau ʻoka, a ʻakaʻaka wale nā mea ʻona i nā pāpā. ʻO kahi ala kaulana o ka "mining" ʻana o kahi wahie he pāʻani no ka naʻaupō, inā pili nā ululāʻau o nā mea nona nā ʻāina me nā mokuʻāina. Ua ʻoki ka mea nona ka ʻāina i ka nahele ma luna o kona ʻāina, a hopu hewa ʻole ʻia i ʻelua haneli mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe meaʻai (kahi hapaʻumi ma mua o ka hectare) o nā kumulāʻau mokuʻāina. ʻAʻole nō i hoʻokolokolo ʻia kēlā mau hihia a ʻano liʻiliʻi loa i ka haʻi ʻia i loko o nā hōʻike a ka luna hōʻoia. A ʻokiʻoki wale nā mea ʻona i kā lākou mau ululāʻau me ka rapture. ʻO ka Society for the Encouragement of Forestry, i hoʻokumu ʻia i 1832, ke hoʻolohe nei i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka luku ʻia o nā ululāʻau ma Central Russia no ʻelua mau makahiki. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka nahele ʻo Murom, nā ululāʻau ʻo Bryansk, nā ululāʻau kahiko ma nā kapa ʻelua o ka ʻOka, a me nā ululāʻau liʻiliʻi ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka mea haʻi ʻōlelo, ʻo Count Kushelev-Bezborodko, i hōʻike me ka manaʻo ʻole: i nā ʻāina momona a lehulehu hoʻi, ua luku ʻia nā ulu lāʻau kokoke i ka honua.
7. Ua hana nui ʻo Count Pavel Kiselev (1788-1872) i ka hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻOihana Ululāʻau ma Lūkia ma ke ʻano he kino mokuʻāina nui no ka mālama ʻana i nā ululāʻau a me ka unuhi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā mai iā lākou. Ua hoʻokō kūleʻa kēia kuhina poʻokela i nā kūlana āpau i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e nā ʻemepela ʻekolu, no laila, ʻo nā kūleʻa i ka hoʻokele ulu lāʻau ʻana i ke aka o ka pūʻali koa (luna koa o ka pūʻali koa Danube), diplomatik (ʻelele nui i Palani) a me ka hoʻomalu (hoʻololi i ke ola o ka poʻe mahiʻai mokuʻāina) kūleʻa. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Kiselyov i ka Oihana Kahulāʻau ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka pūʻali - alakaʻi nā mea ulu lāʻau i kahi nohona paramilitary, loaʻa nā poʻo inoa, ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe. Ua like ke kūlana o ka forester panalāʻau i ke kūlana me ka luna regiment. Hāʻawi ʻia nā poʻo inoa ʻaʻole wale no ke kiʻekiʻe loa, akā no ka lawelawe pū kekahi. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike he mea e pono ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana, no laila, i loko o nā makahiki o ke kauoha a Kiselev, ua ulu nā ʻepekema nahele ulu lāʻau loea i ka Law Service. ʻO ke ʻano i kūkulu ʻia e Kiselyov, i nā huaʻōlelo nui, noho mau i Lūkia a hiki i kēia lā.
8. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine nā wao nahele ʻaʻole e hoʻonui nā kānaka i ke kēkelē o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ke kūlohelohe. ʻO ke ala o ia mea hoʻomanaʻo he maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi - ahi ahi. Hoʻopau lākou i nā ululāʻau ma nā miliona hectares, i ka manawa like e puhi ana i nā wahi noho a lawe i ke ola o nā mea ahi, nā mea manawaleʻa a me nā poʻe maʻamau i hiki ʻole ke haʻalele i nā ʻāina weliweli i ka manawa. Ke huhū nei nā ahi ahi weliweli loa ma Australia. ʻO ke aniau o ka ʻāina liʻiliʻi loa ma ka honua, ka ʻole o nā pale wai nui i ke ahi a me nā ʻāina pālahalaha e hoʻolilo iā Australia i wahi kūpono no nā ahi ahi. I ka makahiki 1939, ma Victoria, ua luku ʻia ke ahi e ka 1.5 miliona mau ʻeka o ka ululāʻau a make he 71 poʻe. I ka makahiki 2003, ke kolu o ka makahiki ma ka mokuʻāina hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ke kūloko o ke ahi i ke ʻano, akā naʻe, ua kokoke loa ia i nā wahi noho. I hoʻokahi lā wale nō i Pepeluali, ua make he 76 mau kānaka. ʻO ka mea ʻiʻini loa i kēia manawa ke ahi i hoʻomaka i ʻOkakopa 2019. Ua pepehi ʻia kāna ahi e 26 mau kānaka a ma kahi o hoʻokahi piliona mau holoholona. ʻOiai ke kōkua nui o ka honua, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ke ahi ma nā palena o nā kūlanakauhale nui.
9. I ka makahiki 2018, ua pae ʻo Lūkia i ka pae ʻelima o ka honua e pili ana i ka ʻohi lāʻau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō, Kina, India a me Brazil. Ua kūʻai ʻia he 228 miliona mau mika cubic. m. ka lāʻau. ʻO kēia kahi moʻolelo i ka 21st kenekulia, akā mamao ia mai ka makahiki 1990, ke ʻoki a hana ʻia ʻo 300 miliona mau mika cubic o ka lāʻau. ʻO 8% wale nō o ka wahie i lawe ʻia (i 2007 - 24%), ʻoiai ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana hana lāʻau. Me ka hoʻonui holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana i nā makahiki makahiki o 7%, hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o nā huna huna e 14%, a me ka fiberboard - e 15%. Ua lilo ʻo Russia i mea hoʻolilo i ka nūpepa. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, lawe mai nā lāʻau a me nā huahana mai laila mai no $ 11 biliona.
10. ʻO Suriname ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau nui loa ma ka honua. Uhi nā ulu lāʻau i ka 98.3% o nā panalāʻau o kēia mokuʻāina ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO nā ʻāina kūkulu, nā mea ulu nui ʻo Pinilana (73.1%), Kuekene (68.9%), Iāpana (68.4%), Malaysia (67.6%) a me Kōlea Hema (63.4%). I Lūkia, noho nā ululāʻau i 49.8% o ka ʻāina.
11. ʻOiai nā holomua ʻenehana o kēia ao, hoʻomau ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ululāʻau i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka ikehu no nā piliona mau kānaka. Hana ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi biliona mau kānaka i ka unuhi ʻana o ka wahie, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka uila. ʻO kēia ka poʻe nāna e kua i ka nahele, hana a hoʻolilo ia i lānahu. Hana ʻo Wood i 40% o ka uila uila hou o ka honua. Hoʻolako ka lā, ka wai a me ka makani i ka ikehu ma mua o ka ulu lāʻau. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia he 2.5 biliona mau kānaka i ka wahie no ka kuke ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana mua ʻana. Ma kahi kikoʻī, ma ʻApelika, ʻelua hapakolu o nā ʻohana āpau e hoʻohana i ka wahie e kuke ai i ka meaʻai, ma ʻAsia 38%, ma Latin America 15% o nā ʻohana. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapalua o nā lāʻau āpau e hana i ka ikehu ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole.
12. ʻAʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia nā ululāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo nā ululāʻau, "nā māmā o ka honua" no ʻelua mau kumu. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka mumū, ma ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea hanu i ke kino. I kā mākou hihia, pono i ka ululāʻau ke hāʻawi i ka ʻāpana o ka liona i ka lewa, ma kahi o 90-95% o ka oxygen. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hāʻawi nā ulu lāʻau i ka nui o 30% o nā oxygen āpau āpau. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke koena e nā microorganism i loko o ka moana. ʻO ka lua, hoʻonui kahi lāʻau hoʻokahi i ka lewa me ka oxygen, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ka nahele kahi holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau, i ka wā o ka palaho a i ʻole ka puhi ʻana, ʻimi i ka oxygen e like me ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kona ola. Inā hele kūlohelohe ke kaʻina o ka ʻelemakule a me ka make ʻana o nā kumulāʻau, a laila hoʻololi nā lāʻau ʻōpio i nā mea kahiko e make ana, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka oxygen i nā nui he nui. Akā i ka hāʻule nui a i ʻole ke ahi, ʻaʻohe manawa o nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio e "hana i ka hōʻaiʻē". Ma luna o 10 mau makahiki o ka nānā ʻana, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ululāʻau ma kahi o ʻelua mau manawa o ke kalapona i komo i loko. Pili ka māhele kaulike i ka oxygen. ʻO ia, hoʻohuli ke kanaka i nā lāʻau olakino i mea hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni.
13. Me ke ʻano morale o ka rafting lāʻau ma nā kahawai, i pāpā ʻia i kēia manawa ma Rūsia, akā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka USSR, heʻumi mau tausani kūbita mika o nā lāʻau i kū ma nā kapa muliwai a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole ia i hoʻonele - ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā lāʻau, ʻoiai me ia mau pohō mai nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka USSR i nā makahiki 1930, i hoʻopakele ai i nā haneli he mau tausani mau kānaka mai ka wī. No nā ʻano hana hou aʻe o ka rafting, a laila ʻaʻohe kālā a me nā kumuwaiwai kanaka. A i nā kūlana o kēia au, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e nānā i ka hysterics o nā kālaihonua, kahi hoʻonui o ka awelika o ka mahana e 0.5 kekelē ma ka ipu wai Dvina ʻĀkau wale nō e hoʻokuʻu ʻia he 300 miliona mau mika cubic o nā lāʻau - ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o ka hana lāʻau i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Russia. ʻOiai e noʻonoʻo nei i ka hōʻino hiki ʻole ke hōʻalo ʻia, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi ma kahi o 200 miliona cubic mau mika o ka lāʻau ʻoihana.
14. No ke ʻano like o ke kani o nā huaʻōlelo "forester" a me "forester", ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o lākou, ʻoiai pili wale i ka nahele, ʻoihana. He kahu kia nahele kahi mea mālama manu, he kanaka nāna e mālama i ke kauoha ma nā wahi o ka nahele i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia. He loea ʻo Forester me kahi aʻo loea i nānā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ululāʻau a hoʻonohonoho i nā hana kūpono e mālama ai. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hoʻohui ka mea wao naʻau me kāna hana i ke kūlana o ka luna o kahi mahiʻai a kahu hānai paha. Eia nō naʻe, ua mau ka huikau o ka wā i hala - me ka lawe ʻia o ka Code Forest ma 2007, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka manaʻo o "forester", a ua kī ʻia nā mea hana nahele āpau.
15. I ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni "ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka wahi hālāwai," hoʻoweliweli ke ʻano o Vladimir Vysotsky i ka lawehala e hoʻouna iā ia "i kahi wahi ʻāpana a i ʻole i Magadan sunny". ʻAʻole i hāpai ʻo Magadan i nā nīnau mai kahi kanaka Soviet, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e komo pū nei nā tausani o nā pio i ka lāʻau. No ke aha ka weliweli o ka "ʻoki ʻāina", a he aha ia? I ka wā o ke kālai lāʻau ʻana, hoʻoholo nā mea ulu lāʻau i nā wahi o ka nahele kūpono no ke kālai ʻana. Kapa ʻia ia mau manaʻo he "plots". Hoʻāʻo lākou e kau a hana iā lākou i mea e pono ai ke ala no ka hemo ʻana i nā lola. Eia nō naʻe, i ka waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, i nā kūlana o ka mīkini haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka lawe mua ʻana o nā lāʻau nui he hana kino paʻakikī. Ua kapa ʻia kahi wahi e kua ana he wahi ululāʻau kahi i ʻoki ʻia ai nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO ka hana paʻakikī loa i koe - e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā pahu nui mai nā lālā a me nā lālā a ʻaneʻane hoʻouka iā lākou i kahi skidder. ʻO ka hana ma ka ʻāpana ʻoki ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī a weliweli loa i nā hoʻomoana lāʻau, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻohana ai ʻo Zheglov i ka ʻoki me he scarecrow
16. ʻO nā wao nahele ma ka Honua he ʻano like ʻole ia, akā ʻo ka hapanui o lākou he ʻano like ko lākou ʻano - he mau ʻōpuʻu o nā pahu me nā lālā e ulu ai nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo (me nā mea kākaʻikahi ʻole). Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ululaau ma ka honua honua e kū kū nei i waho o ka lālani laulā. ʻO kēia ka Ululaau Ulaula, aia ma kahi mamao aku mai ka hale hana nukelea Chernobyl.ʻO nā kumulāʻau larch e ulu ana i loko ona ua loaʻa kahi mahele kūpono o ka pāhawewe, a kū ʻulaʻula i kēia makahiki āpau. Inā no nā kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe ke kala melemele o nā lau i ka maʻi a i ʻole wilting kau, a laila no nā lāʻau i ka Ululaau Ulaula he maʻamau maʻamau kēia kala.
17. Ulu ulu nahele kekeʻe ma Polani. ʻO nā kumu o nā lāʻau i loko, ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mai ka honua, e huli like i ka lepo, a laila, e hana i kahi piʻo maʻalahi, hoʻi i ke kū i luna. ʻO ka hopena anthropogenic i ka nahele i kanu ʻia e nā Kelemania i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II ua maopopo, akā no ke aha e maopopo ʻole ai ka ulu ʻana o ia mau kumu lāʻau. Maliʻa paha he hoʻāʻo kēia e hana i nā hakahaka lāʻau i kūlou mua ʻia o ke ʻano i makemake ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, maopopo leʻa ke kumu kūʻai o nā hana no ka hana ʻana o ia mau hakahaka i ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā koina hana e koi ʻia ai e kiʻi i nā kiko huʻupuʻu mai nā lāʻau sawn pololei.
18. I ka Curonian Spit National Park ma ka Kaliningrad Region, ulu nā pine i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole naʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i ka Wao Kanikau. ʻO ka lawehala o ka hulahula ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻano butterflies, nona nā ʻenuhe e ʻūnū i ka pua apical mai nā wana o ka pine. ʻAe ka lāʻau i ke kī nui ma waena o ka pihi lateral, ma muli o ke kūlou ʻana o ka pahu i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa ke ulu.
19. ʻO ka nahele pōhaku ma ke komohana hema o Kina, ʻaʻole ia he ulu lāʻau. ʻO kēia puʻu o ka pōhaku lime a hiki i 40 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka nahele ma hope o kahi ahi ikaika. Ua hana ʻo Erosion i nā sediment karst no nā makahiki he mau miliona, no laila inā he manaʻo ʻoe i nā lāʻau pōhaku, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā silhouette like ʻole. ʻO kahi ʻaneʻane kokoke i 400 km2 ua hoʻololi ʻia ka nahele pōhaku i pāka nani me nā wailele, nā ana, nā lau nahele i hana ʻia a me nā wahi o ka nahele maoli.
20. Ke ʻano o ke kanaka i ka lāʻau a me nā huahana i hana ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka pupule o ka mea kūʻai aku aia nō kekahi mau mokupuni o ka manaʻo maʻamau. I nā ʻāina kūkulu, ua hana ʻia ma mua o ka hapalua o ka nui o ka nui o ka pepa mai ka pepa neoneo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. ʻOiai ʻo 30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻano like o 25% i kahi breakthrough koʻikoʻi o ka nohona. ʻO ka lāki hoʻololi i ka ʻai ʻana o nā lāʻau sawn, nā paneli lāʻau a me nā paneli hoʻi he mea kupaianaha. I ka makahiki 1970, ua like ka hana ʻana o ka lāʻau sawn "maʻemaʻe" me ka fiberboard a me ka particleboard i hui pū ʻia. I ka makahiki 2000, ua pae kēia mau ʻāpana, a laila ua alakaʻi ke kinipōpō a me ka huna honua. I kēia manawa ʻaneʻane pālua kā lākou ʻai ʻana o ka sawnwood maʻamau.
