ʻO Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792-1856) - Lūkini makemakika, kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu i ka geometry non-Euclidean, kahi ʻano i ka hoʻonaʻauao kulanui a me ka hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu. Kumu ʻEpekema i ka ʻepekema.
No 40 mau makahiki ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke Kula Nui ʻo Imperial Kazan, me 19 mau makahiki ma ke ʻano he rector.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Lobachevsky, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Nikolai Lobachevsky.
Kawaihae o Lobachevsky
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Nikolai Lobachevsky ma Nowemapa 20 (Kekemapa 1), 1792 ma Nizhny Novgorod. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi luna, ʻo Ivan Maksimovich, a me kāna wahine, ʻo Praskovya Alexandrovna.
Ma waho o Nikolai, ua hānau hou he mau keikikāne ʻelua i loko o ka ʻohana Lobachevsky - ʻo Alexander lāua ʻo Alexey.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua nalowale ʻo Nikolai Lobachevsky i kona makuakāne i kona wā kamaliʻi, i kona wā i make ai i ka maʻi maʻi i ka makahiki 40.
ʻO ka hopena, ua hānai ka makuahine i ʻekolu mau keiki wale nō. I ka makahiki 1802, ua hoʻouna ka wahine i kāna mau keikikāne a pau i ka hale haʻuki ʻo Kazan no ka "state raznochinsky maintenance."
Ua loaʻa iā Nikolai nā mākia kiʻekiʻe i nā aʻo āpau. Maikaʻi loa ʻo ia i nā ʻepekema pololei, a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōlelo haole.
I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Lobachevsky e hōʻike i ka hoihoi nui i ka makemakika.
Ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo Nikolai i kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui ʻo Kazan. Ma waho o nā ʻepekema a me nā makemakika, ua makemake ka haumāna i ke kemika a me ka lāʻau.
ʻOiai ʻo Lobachevsky i manaʻo ʻia he haumāna ikaika loa ʻo ia, akā ua lilo ʻo ia i kekahi manawa i nā haʻaheo like ʻole. Aia kekahi hihia i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ʻo ia, a me kāna mau hoa, i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻopaʻi no ka hoʻouka ʻana i kahi pōhaku homemade.
I ka makahiki hope o kāna aʻo ʻana, ua makemake lākou e kipaku iā Nikolai mai ke kula nui no ka "hoʻolohe ʻole, nā hana kolohe a me nā hōʻailona o ke akua ʻole."
Eia nō naʻe, ua hiki nō iā Lobachevsky ke puka me ka hanohano mai ke kulanui a loaʻa iā ia ke kekelē laeoʻo ma ka physics a me ka makemakika. Ua waiho ka haumāna kālena i ke kula nui, eia naʻe, koi lākou i ka hoʻolohe piha iā ia.
ʻO ka hana ʻepekema a me ka hana pedagogical
I ke kauwela o 1811, ua nānā ʻo Nikolai Lobachevsky, me kahi hoa hana, i ke kometa. ʻO ka hopena, he mau mahina ma hope mai ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna noʻonoʻo, āna i kāhea ai - "Ke kumumanaʻo o ka neʻe elliptical o nā kino lani."
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Lobachevsky e aʻo i nā haumāna i ka helu a me ka geometry. I ka makahiki 1814, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo ia i mea hoʻohui o ka makemakika maoli, a ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai ua lilo ʻo ia i polofesa koʻikoʻi.
Mahalo i kēia, ua hiki iā Nikolai Ivanovich ke aʻo hou aku i ka algebra a me ka trigonometry. I kēlā manawa, ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā mākau hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi, a ʻo kahi hopena i koho ʻia ai ʻo Lobachevsky i luna no ke kumu o ka Physics a me ka makemakika.
Ke leʻaleʻa nei i ka mana nui ma waena o nā hoa a me nā haumāna, hoʻomaka ka makemakika e hōʻino i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao ma ke kula nui. He ʻano maikaʻi ʻole kāna i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻike ʻia o nā ʻepekema kikoʻī i hope, a ua kau ʻia ka nānā nui i ka theology.
I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hana ʻo Nikolai Lobachevsky i kahi puke aʻo kumu e pili ana i ka geometry, kahi āna i hoʻohana ai i ka ʻōnaehana metric. Eia hou, i loko o ka puke, ua haʻalele ka mea kākau mai ka canon Euclidean. Ua hoʻohalahala nā Censors i ka puke, pāpā iā ia mai ka paʻi ʻana.
I ka manawa i hele ai ʻo Nicholas i ka mana, ua kāpae ʻo ia iā Mikhail Magnitsky mai ke kūlana kahu o ke kula nui, e hoʻokau ana iā Mikhail Musin-Pushkin i kona wahi. Kaulana ka mea hope loa no kona ʻoʻoleʻa, akā i ka manawa like he kanaka haipule a haʻahaʻa ia.
I ka makahiki 1827, i kahi balota huna, ua koho ʻia ʻo Lobachevsky i rector o ke kula nui. Ua mālama ʻo Musin-Pushkin i ka makemakika me ka mahalo, e hoʻāʻo nei ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i kāna hana a me ka ʻōnaehana aʻo.
I kona kūlana hou, ua hoʻokō ʻo Nikolai Lobachevsky i kekahi mau hoʻoponopono hou i nā wahi like ʻole. Ua kauoha ʻo ia i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā limahana, kūkulu i nā hale aʻo, a ua lako pono hoʻi i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, nā hale nānā a hoʻopiha hou i ka waihona.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo Lobachevsky i hana nui me kona mau lima ponoʻī, e hana ana i kekahi hana. Ma ke ʻano he rector, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka geometry, ka algebra, ke kumumanaʻo kūpono, ka mīkini, ka physics, ka astronomy a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i ke kāne ke pani maʻalahi i nā kumu a pau, inā ʻaʻole ia no kekahi kumu a me kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe.
I kēia manawa o ka moʻolelo pilikino, ua hoʻomau ʻo Lobachevsky i ka hana ikaika ma ka non-Euclidean geometry, ka mea i hoʻāla i kona hoihoi nui.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻopau ka makemakika i ka papa hana mua o kāna kumumanaʻo hou, e hāʻawi ana i kahi haʻiʻōlelo "A Concise Exposition of the Principle of Geometry." I nā makahiki 1830 mua, ua hoʻohewa nui ʻia kāna hana ma ka geometry non-Euclidean.
Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua lūlū ʻia ka mana o Lobachevsky i nā maka o kāna mau hoa a me nā haumāna. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 1833 ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i rector o ke kula nui no ke kolu o ka manawa.
I ka makahiki 1834, ma ka papahana a Nikolai Ivanovich, ua hoʻomaka ʻia e paʻi ka puke pai "Scientific Notes of Kazan University", a ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i kāna mau hana hou.
Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano maikaʻi ʻole nā Kumu St. Petersburg āpau i nā hana a Lobachevsky. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pale aku i kāna palapala kākau.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ua kākoʻo ʻo Musin-Pushkin i ka rector, ma muli o ka hopena ua emi iki ke kaomi iā ia.
I ka wā i kipa aku ai ka mōʻī i ke kulanui i 1836, ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i ka mokuʻāina o nā hihia, a no laila ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā Lobachevsky i ke kauoha hanohano a Anna, kekelē ʻelua. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ua ʻae ʻia kēia kauoha i kahi kāne e loaʻa ka hanohano hoʻoilina.
Ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Nikolai Ivanovich i ka hanohano a hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kapa kila me ka huaʻōlelo - "no nā lawelawe i ka lawelawe a me ka ʻepekema."
Ua alakaʻi ʻo Lobachevsky i ke Kulanui ʻo Kazan ma kāna moʻomeheu mai 1827 a 1846. Ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi mākaukau, ua lilo ke kula aʻo i mea ʻoi loa a mākaukau hoʻi ma Lūkia.
Ke ola pilikino
I ka makahiki 1832 ua male ʻo Lobachevsky i ke kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Varvara Alekseevna. He pīhoihoi ka mea i koho ʻia o ka makemakika he 20 mau makahiki ma mua ona.
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei nā mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka helu maoli o nā keiki i hānau ʻia ma ka ʻohana Lobachevsky. Wahi a ka moʻolelo record, ua ola 7 keiki.
Nā makahiki i hala a me ka make
I ka makahiki 1846, ua hoʻoneʻe ke Kuhina iā Lobachevsky mai ke kūlana rector, a ma hope iho ua koho ʻia ʻo Ivan Simonov i poʻo hou no ke kula nui.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua hele mai kahi kahakaha ʻeleʻele i ka moʻolelo pilikino o Nikolai Ivanovich. Ua hōʻino loa ʻia ʻo ia i koi ʻia e kūʻai aku i ka hale a me ka waiwai o kāna wahine. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua make kāna hānau mua ʻo Alexei i ka maʻi kō.
Ma mua iki o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Lobachevsky e maʻi pinepine a ʻike maka ʻole paha. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna hana hope loa "Pangeometry", i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka dictation o kāna poʻe ukali.
Ua make ʻo Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ma Pepeluali 12 (24), 1856, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka mahalo ʻia mai kāna mau hoa hana. I ka manawa o kona make ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe o kona manawa ke hoʻomaopopo i nā manaʻo nui o ka mea akamai.
Ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki, e mahalo ka kaiāulu ʻepekema honua i ka hana a ka makemakika Lūkia. E unuhi ʻia kāna mau palapala i nā ʻōlelo nui a pau o ʻEulopa.
ʻO nā haʻawina a Eugenio Beltrami, Felix Klein a me Henri Poincaré i hana nui i ka ʻae ʻia o nā manaʻo o Nikolai Lobachevsky. Ua hōʻoia lākou i ka hana ʻaʻole kūʻē ko kā geometry Lobachevsky.
I ka ʻike ʻana o ka honua ʻepekema aia kahi ala ʻē aʻe i ka geometry Euclidean, ua alakaʻi kēia i ka puka ʻana o nā kumumanaʻo kū hoʻokahi i ka makemakika a me ka physics.
