ʻO Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Lūkia a me Palani biologist (microbiologist, cytologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist a me pathologist). Laureate o ka Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu i ka embryology evolution, ka mea i ʻike i ka phagocytosis a me ka digestion intracellular, ka mea nāna i hana i ka pathology hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻowahāwahā, ke kumumanaʻo phagocytic o ka pale ʻana, ke kumumanaʻo o phagocytella, a me ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka gerontology ʻepekema.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Ilya Mechnikov.
Kawaihae o Mechnikov
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Ilya Mechnikov ma ka lā 3 o Mei (15), 1845 i ke kauhale ʻo ʻIvanovka (ka moku ʻo Kharkov). Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi lawelawe a me ka mea nona ka ʻāina, ʻo Ilya Ivanovich, a me kāna wahine ʻo Emilia Lvovna.
Ma waho o Ilya, he ʻehā mau keiki hou a kona mau mākua.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Ilya i kahi ʻohana waiwai. ʻO kona makuahine ke kaikamahine a kahi waiwai Iudaio waiwai nui a mea kākau, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke ʻano o "nā puke Lūkini-Iudaio", ʻo Lev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich.
He kāne pāʻani kālā ka makuakāne o Mechnikov. Ua lilo kāna dowry a kāna wahine, ʻo ia ke kumu i neʻe ai ka ʻohana hōʻino i ka waiwai ʻohana ma ʻIvovka.
Ma ke ʻano kamaliʻi, ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Ilya a me kona mau kaikaina a me nā kaikuahine e nā kumu home. I ka makahiki 11 o ke keiki, ua komo ʻo ia i ka papa 2 o ka hale haʻuki kāne Kharkov.
Ua loaʻa iā Mechnikov nā māka kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau, ma ke ʻano he puka i puka mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe me ka hanohano.
I kēlā mau moʻolelo biograpies, hoihoi nui ʻo Ilya i ka biology. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Kharkov, kahi āna i hoʻolohe ai me ka hauʻoli nui i nā haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ka anatomy a me ka physiology.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i hiki i ka haumāna ke hoʻokele i ka papa kuhikuhi ma 4 mau makahiki, akā ma 2 wale nō.
Ka ʻepekema
Ma hope o ke puka 'ana mai ke kulanui, ua noho' o Mechnikov ma Kelemania, kahi i hana kūikawā 'ia me ka zoologists Kelemania Rudolf Leuckart a me Karl Siebold.
I ka makahiki 20, haʻalele ʻo ʻIlya i Italia. Ma laila ʻo ia i launa nui ai me ke kālaolaola ʻo Alexander Kovalevsky.
Mahalo i nā hana like, ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ʻōpio ka Makana Karl Baer no nā mea i loaʻa i ka embryology.
I ka hoʻi ʻana i ka home, pale aku ʻo Ilya Ilyich i ka puke kākau a kāna haku, a ma hope o kāna pepa kauka. I kēlā manawa he 25 mau makahiki ona.
Ma 1868 ua lilo ʻo Mechnikov i mea kōkua polopeka ma ke Kulanui ʻo Novorossiysk. I kēlā manawa i kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka mana nui me kāna mau hoa hana.
ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema mai kahi ʻae loa i ʻae koke ʻia e ke kaiāulu ʻepekema, ʻoiai ʻo nā manaʻo o Mechnikov i hoʻohuli i lalo i nā loina i ʻae ʻia i ka mahele o ke kino o ke kanaka.
ʻIke ia ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka pale ʻana o phagosittic, no Ilya Ilyich i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Nobel Prize ma 1908, ua hoʻohewa pinepine ʻia.
Ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o Mechnikov, ua manaʻo ʻia he leukocytes i ka passive i ke kaua kūʻē ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomāinoino a me nā maʻi. Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia i nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kuleana nui i ka pale ʻana i ke kino, e luku ana i nā mea ʻino weliweli.
Ua hōʻoia ka ʻepekema Lūkia ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahana ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hopena o ka paio o ka pale ʻana, no laila, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia e lawe i lalo i kahi pae.
I ka makahiki 1879 ua ʻike ʻo Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov i kahi hana koʻikoʻi o ka digestion intracellular - phagosittic (cellular) immune. Ma muli o kēia ʻike, hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi ʻano olaola no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu mai nā ʻāpala like ʻole.
I ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻi ka meaolaola i kona ʻāina hānau, a noho i Odessa. Ua hoʻomaka koke ʻo ia e laulima pū me ka epidemiologist Palani ʻo Nicholas Gamaleya, ka mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma lalo o Louis Pasteur.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua wehe nā ʻepekema i ke kahua bacteriological 2 o ka honua e hakakā i nā maʻi maʻi.
I ka makahiki aʻe, haʻalele ʻo Ilya Mechnikov no Palisa, kahi i loaʻa ai kāna hana ma ka Pasteur Institute. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe biographers ua haʻalele ʻo ia iā Rūsia ma muli o ka inaina o nā luna a me kāna mau hoa hana.
Ma Palani, hiki i kahi kāne ke hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka keʻakeʻa, me nā kūlana kūpono āpau no kēia.
I loko o ia mau makahiki, ua kākau ʻo Mechnikov i nā hana nui no ka maʻi ahulau, maʻi palu, typhoid a me cholera. Ma hope, no nā lawelawe ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ke poʻo i ke keʻena.
He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo aku ua kākau like ʻo Ilya Ilyich me nā hoapili Lūkini, e like me ʻIvana Sechenov, Dmitry Mendeleev a me ʻIvan Pavlov.
He mea hoihoi ka hoihoi o Mechnikov ma ka ʻepekema kikoʻī wale nō, akā me ka akeakamai a me ka hoʻomana. I ka wā ʻelemakule, ua lilo ʻo ia i hoʻokumu i ka gerontology ʻepekema a hoʻolauna i ke kumumanaʻo o orthobiosis.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Ilya Mechnikov e piʻi ka ola o ke kanaka i 100 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. I kona manaʻo, hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻolōʻihi i kona ola ma o ka meaʻai kūpono, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka nānā maikaʻi i ke ola.
Eia hou, ua wae ʻo Mechnikov i ka microflora ʻōpū ma waena o nā kumu e hoʻopili ana i ke ola. He mau makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i nā pono o nā huahana waiū hū.
Ua wehewehe ka ʻepekema i kāna mau manaʻo i nā hana "Studies of Optimism" a me "Studies of Human Nature".
Ke ola pilikino
He ʻano naʻau ʻo Ilya Mechnikov a ʻano hoʻohuli i ka huliau o ka naʻau.
I kona wā ʻōpio, hāʻule pinepine ʻo Ilya i ke kaumaha a i kona mau makahiki makua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ke kūlike me ke kūlohelohe, a nānā pono i ka honua a puni iā ia.
Ua male ʻelua ʻo Mechnikov. ʻO Lyudmila Fedorovich kāna wahine mua, a ua male ʻo ia iā 1869.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo kāna mea i wae ʻia, ka mea i loaʻa i ka maʻi pehu, nāwaliwali loa a i ka wā o ka male male e noho ʻo ia i kahi noho lima.
Lana ka ʻepekema hiki iā ia ke hoʻōla i kāna wahine mai kahi maʻi weliweli, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa kāna mau hoʻāʻo ʻana āpau. 4 mau makahiki ma hope o ka male ʻana, ua make ʻo Lyudmila.
ʻO ka make ʻana o kāna mea aloha he puʻupuʻu ikaika loa na Ilya Ilyich i hoʻoholo ai e hoʻopau i kona ola. Ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi lāʻau nui o ka morphine, a ʻo ka hopena ka luaʻi. Mahalo wale i kēia, ua ola ke kāne.
ʻO ka lua o ka manawa, ua male ʻo Mechnikov iā Olga Belokopytova, he 13 kona mau makahiki ma mua ona.
A makemake hou ke biologist e pepehi iā ia iho, ma muli o ka maʻi o kāna wahine, ka mea i loaʻa i ka typhus. Ua ʻimi ʻo Ilya Ilyich iā ia iho me nā maʻi bacteria o ka hoʻā hou.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka maʻi nui ʻana, ua ola ʻo ia, ʻoiai, ʻo kāna wahine.
Make
Ua make ʻo Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ma Palisa ma Iulai 15, 1916 i ka makahiki 71. Ma mua iki o kona make ʻana, ua ʻeha ʻo ia i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai.
Ua hoʻoilina ka ʻepekema i kona kino i ka noiʻi olakino, a ukali ʻia e ka cremation a me ke kanu ʻana ma ka ʻāina o ka Pasteur Institute, i hana ʻia.
Nā Kiʻi ʻo Mechnikov
