Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - English physicist, makemakika, mīkini a me ka astronomer, kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu i ka physics physics. ʻO ka mea kākau o ka hana nui "Matematika Kumumanaʻo o Philosophy Kūlohelohe", kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo ia i ke kānāwai o ka gravitation ākea a me nā 3 kānāwai o ka mīkini.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka calculus pāʻālua a me ka integral, ke kumumanaʻo kala, hoʻokumu i nā kumu o nā optics kino hou a hana i nā makemakika a me nā kumumanaʻo.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Newton, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Isaac Newton.
Kahu o Newton
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Isaac Newton ma ka lā 4 o Ianuali, 1643 ma ke kauhale o Woolstorp, aia ma ke kalana ʻEnelani o Lincolnshire. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mahiʻai waiwai, ʻo Isaac Newton Sr., i make ma mua o ka hānau ʻana o kāna keiki.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻO ka makuahine o ʻIsaʻaka, ʻo Anna Eiskow, i hoʻomaka i ka hānau mua ʻole, ma muli o ka hānau mua ʻole ʻana o ke keikikāne. Nawaliwali loa ke keiki a ʻaʻole manaʻolana nā kauka e ola ʻo ia.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokele ʻo Newton e lele a ola i kahi ola lōʻihi. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ke poʻo o ka ʻohana, ua loaʻa i ka makuahine o ka ʻepekema e hiki mai ana he mau haneli mau ʻeka ʻāina a he 500 mau paona, a ʻo ia manawa he nui ia.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, male hou ʻo Anna. ʻO kāna mea i koho ʻia he kāne 63 ia a ua hānau ʻia he ʻekolu keiki.
I kēlā manawa i kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ua hoʻonele ʻia ʻo ʻIsaaka i ka manaʻo o kona makuahine, ʻoiai ʻo ia i mālama i kāna mau keiki ʻōpio.
ʻO ka hopena, hānai ʻia ʻo Newton e kona kupuna wahine, a ma hope e kona ʻanakala ʻo William Ascoe. I loko o kēlā manawa, makemake ke keikikāne e noho kaʻawale. Kūleʻa ʻo ia a hoʻi i hope.
I kona mau manawa manawaleʻa, ua hauʻoli ʻo ʻIsaʻaka i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā puke a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mea pāʻani like ʻole, e like me ka uaki wai a me kahi wili. Eia naʻe, hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka maʻi pinepine.
I ka makahiki 10 paha o Newton, ua hala kona makuakāne. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hele i kahi kula kokoke iā Grantham.
Loaʻa i ke keikikāne nā māka kiʻekiʻe i nā aʻo āpau. Eia hou, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e haku mele, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā palapala like ʻole.
Ma hope, ua lawe ka makuahine i kāna keiki kāne 16 mau makahiki i ka waiwai, a hoʻoholo e hoʻohuli i nā kuleana waiwai iā ia. Eia naʻe, ua lawe wiwo ʻole ʻo Newton i ka hana kino, makemake ʻo ia iā ia i nā puke heluhelu like a pau a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
Ua hiki i ke kumu kula ʻo ʻIsaʻaka, kona ʻanakala ʻo William Ascoe a me kahi hoalauna o Humphrey Babington, e hoʻohuli iā Anna e ʻae i ke kanaka ʻōpio loea e hoʻomau i kāna aʻo ʻana.
Mahalo i kēia, ua hiki i ke kanaka ke puka kūleʻa mai ke kula ma 1661 a komo i ke Kulanui o Cambridge.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi ʻoihana ʻepekema
Ma ke ʻano he haumana, aia ʻo ʻIsaaka i ke kūlana sizar, i ʻae iā ia e loaʻa i ke aʻo manuahi.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻihoʻi, koi ʻia ka haumāna e hana i nā hana like ʻole ma ke kula nui, a me ke kōkua ʻana i nā haumāna waiwai. ʻOiai ʻo kēia kūlana o nā hihia i hoʻonāukiuki iā ia, no ke aʻo ʻana, ua mākaukau ʻo ia e hoʻokō i nā noi.
I kēlā manawa i kāna moʻomeheu, makemake ʻo Isaac Newton e alakaʻi i kahi nohona kaʻawale, me ka ʻole o nā hoa aloha.
Ua aʻo ʻia nā haumāna i ke akeakamai a me ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe e like me nā hana a Aristotle, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i kēlā manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā mea i loaʻa iā Galileo a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
E pili ana i kēia, ua hana ʻo Newton i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia iho, e nānā pono ana i nā hana a ka mea like o Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler a me nā ʻepekema kaulana ʻē aʻe. Ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ka makemakika, physics, optics, astronomy a me ke mele mele.
Hana nui ʻo ʻIsaaka i ka maʻi pinepine a me ka hiamoe ʻole.
I ka makahiki 21 o ke kanaka ʻōpio, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noiʻi i kāna iho. Ua lawe koke mai ʻo ia i 45 mau pilikia i ke ola kanaka a me ke kūlohelohe i loaʻa ʻole nā hopena.
Ma hope mai, ua launa ʻo Newton i ka makemakika poʻokela ʻo Isaac Barrow, a lilo ʻo ia i kumu a me kekahi o nā hoa aloha. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua nui ka hoihoi o ka haumāna i ka makemakika.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua ʻike ʻo ʻIsaaka i kāna ʻike koʻikoʻi mua loa - ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka binomial no kahi exponent rational arbitrary, a ma laila ʻo ia i hele mai ai i kahi hana kūikawā o ka hoʻonui ʻana i kahi hana i loko o kahi moʻo ʻole. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi ua hāʻawi ʻia i kēkelē laepua.
I ka makahiki 1665-1667, ke huhū nei ke ahulau ma ʻEnelani a hoʻoili ʻia kahi kaua koʻikoʻi me Holland, ua noho ka ʻepekema i kahi manawa ma Woustorp.
I loko o kēia wā, ua aʻo ʻo Newton i nā optika, e hoʻāʻo nei e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke kukui. ʻO ka hopena, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i kahi kkupuna, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka mālamalama ma ke ʻano he kahawai o nā huna huna i hoʻoili ʻia mai kahi kumu kukui kikoʻī.
ʻO ia ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia ai e ʻIsaaka Newton, kāna mea i kaulana loa ai - ke Law of Universal Gravity.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ka moʻolelo i pili me ka ʻāpala i hāʻule ma ke poʻo o ka mea noiʻi he kaʻao. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hele nei a kokoke ʻo Newton i kāna ʻike.
ʻO ka mea akeakamai kaulana ʻo Voltaire ka mea kākau o ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka ʻāpala.
Kaulana ʻepekema
I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1660, ua hoʻi ʻo Isaac Newton i Cambridge, kahi i loaʻa ai iā ia kahi kekelē laeoʻo, kahi noho kaʻawale a me kahi hui o nā haumāna, āna i aʻo ai i nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa.
I kēlā manawa, kūkulu ke physicist i teleskopa hōʻike, a hoʻohanohano iā ia a ʻae iā ia e lilo i lālā no ka Royal Society o Ladana.
Ua hana ʻia kahi heluna nui o nā ʻike hōkū koʻikoʻi me ke kōkua o ka mea hōʻike.
I ka makahiki 1687, ua hoʻopau ʻo Newton i kāna hana nui, "Nā Manaʻo Makemakika o ke akeakamai maoli." Ua lilo ʻo ia i poʻokela o nā mīkini pono a me nā ʻepekema maoli makemakika.
Aia i loko o ka puke ke kānāwai gravitation o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, 3 mau kānāwai o ka mīkini, ka ʻōnaehana heliocentric o Copernicus, a me nā ʻike nui ʻē aʻe.
Ua piha kēia hana me nā hōʻike kikoʻī a me nā formulate. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kekahi o nā manaʻo abstract a me nā wehewehe vague i ʻike ʻia ma mua o Newton.
Ma 1699, i ka wā e mālama ai ka mea noiʻi i nā kūlana hoʻomalu kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻomaka ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana o ka honua e ia ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge.
ʻO kā Newton mau mea i hoʻouluulu ʻia he physicists ka nui: Galileo, Descartes, a me Kepler. Eia hou, mahalo nui ʻo ia i nā hana a Euclid, Fermat, Huygens, Wallis a me Barrow.
Ke ola pilikino
I kona ola a pau ua ola ʻo Newton ma ke ʻano he bachelor. Ua nānā wale ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema.
A hiki i ka hopena o kona ola, aneane ʻaʻole paʻa ke aniani i ka physicist, ʻoiai he myopia liʻiliʻi kāna. ʻAkaʻaka ʻo ia, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole pau ka huhū a kāohi ʻia i ka naʻau.
ʻIke ʻo ʻIsaʻaka i ka moʻohelu kālā, akā ʻaʻole naʻe pelapela ʻo ia. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoihoi i ka haʻuki, ke mele, keaka keaka a i ʻole ka huakaʻi.
Pau kāna manawa kaʻawale Newton i ka ʻepekema. Hoʻomanaʻo kāna mea kōkua ʻaʻole ʻae ka ʻepekema iā ia iho e hoʻomaha, me ka manaʻoʻiʻo e lilo kēlā me kēia minuke manuahi me ka pōmaikaʻi.
Ua huhū ʻo ʻIsaaka no ka nui o kona manawa e hiamoe ai. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i mau rula a me nā kaohi ʻana iā ia iho, āna i mālama mau ai.
Ua mālama ʻo Newton i nā hoahānau a me nā hoapili me ka mehana, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻimi e hoʻomohala i nā pilina aloha, makemake i ka mehameha iā lākou.
Make
I kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ke kino o Newton e hōʻino, no ka hopena ua neʻe ʻo ia i Kensington. Ma ʻaneʻi i make ai ʻo ia.
Ua make ʻo Isaac Newton ma Malaki 20 (31), 1727 i ka makahiki 84. Ua hele mai ʻo Lākana āpau e ʻōlelo i ka ʻepekema nui.
Nā kiʻi ʻo Newton
