ʻO Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939) - kumu aʻo honua kaulana, kumu, mea kākau prose a mea kākau hana keaka. Wahi a UNESCO, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea aʻo ʻehā (me Dewey, Kerschensteiner a me Montessori) nāna i hoʻoholo i ke ala o ka noʻonoʻo pedagogical i ka 20 kenekulia.
Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kona ola i ke aʻo hou ʻana i nā ʻōpio paʻakikī, a laila lilo i poʻe kupa mālama kānāwai i kū i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ola.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Makarenko, a mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Anton Makarenko.
Mākala Makarenko
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Anton Makarenko ma ka lā Malaki 1 (13), 1888 ma ke kūlanakauhale o Belopole. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi limahana o ke kahua kaʻaahi Semyon Grigorievich a me kāna wahine ʻo Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Ma hope, he keiki kāne a hoʻokahi kaikamahine a nā mākua o ke kumu e hiki mai ana, i make i ka wā kamaliʻi.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
I ke kamaliʻi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke olakino o Anton. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole pāʻani ʻo ia me nā kāne i ka pā, hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa me nā puke.
ʻOiai he hana maʻalahi ke poʻo o ka ʻohana, makemake ʻo ia e heluhelu, me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi waihona nui. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻomohala ʻo Anton i ka myopia, no ka mea ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e komo i nā aniani.
Hoʻoweliweli pinepine ʻia ʻo Makarenko e kāna mau hoa, e kāhea ana iā ia "bespectacled". I ka makahiki 7, ua hele ʻo ia i ke kula haʻahaʻa, kahi i hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ai kona hiki i nā kumuhana āpau.
I ka makahiki 13 o Anton, ua neʻe ʻo ia a me kona mau mākua i ke kūlanakauhale o Kryukov. Ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻomau ai i kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma kahi kula ʻehā mau makahiki kūloko, a laila hoʻopau i kahi papa hana pedagogical hoʻokahi makahiki.
A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hiki iā Makarenko ke aʻo i ke kānāwai i nā keiki kula.
ʻAglelo Aʻoaʻo
Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana, ua komo ʻo Anton Semenovich i ke Kulanui Kumu Poltava. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā māka kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau, ma ke ʻano he puka ʻo ia i puka mai ke kula nui me ka hanohano.
I kēlā manawa, hoʻomaka ke kākau moʻolelo Makarenko e kākau i kāna mau hana mua. Ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kāna moʻolelo mua "He lā lapuwale" iā Maxim Gorky, e makemake ana e ʻike i kona manaʻo e pili ana i kāna hana.
Ma hope, ua pane ʻo Gorky iā Anton. I kāna leka, ua hoʻohewa nui ʻo ia i kāna moʻolelo. No kēia kumu, ua haʻalele ʻo Makarenko i ke kākau ʻana no 13 mau makahiki.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo e mālama ʻo Anton Semenovich i nā pilina aloha me Gorky i kona ola holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻomaka ʻo Makarenko e hoʻomohala i kāna ʻōnaehana pedagogical kaulana i kahi kolone hana no nā lawehala ʻōpio ma ke kauhale o Kovalevka kokoke i Poltava. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e loaʻa ke ala kūpono loa e aʻo ai i ka poʻe ʻōpio.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ʻo Anton Makarenko i hoʻopaʻa i ka hana a nā kumu he nui, akā ʻaʻohe mea o lākou i ʻoluʻolu iā ia. I loko o nā puke āpau, ua noi ʻia e aʻo hou i nā keiki ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻae i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pilina ma waena o ke kumu a me nā papa.
Lawe i nā lawehala ʻōpio ma lalo o kona ʻeheu, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Makarenko iā lākou i mau hui, a ua mōhai ʻo ia e hoʻolako i ko lākou ola me ko lākou mau lima iho. Ke hoʻoholo nei i kekahi pilikia nui, ua kūkākūkā mau ʻo ia me nā kāne, e hōʻike ana iā lākou he mea nui loa ko lākou manaʻo iā ia.
I ka manawa mua, hana pinepine nā haumāna i kahi ʻano boorish, akā ma hope ua hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻike i ka nui a me ka nui o ka mahalo iā Anton Makarenko. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hana manawaleʻa nā keiki makua i kā lākou lima iho, e aʻo hou ana i nā keiki ʻōpio.
No laila ua hiki iā Makarenko ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana kūpono kahi i lilo ai nā haumāna wiwo ʻole i "kanaka maʻamau" a ʻimi e hoʻoili i ko lākou mau manaʻo i ka hanauna ʻōpio.
Ua paipai ʻo Anton Makarenko i nā keiki e hoʻoikaika e loaʻa kahi aʻo i mea e loaʻa ai kahi ʻoihana kūpono i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua nānā nui ʻo ia i nā hana moʻomeheu. I ke kolone, hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia nā hana, kahi o nā mea hana keaka nā haumāna āpau.
ʻO nā mea i kūleʻa i ka ʻepekema a me ka pedagogical sphere i hoʻolilo ai i ke kanaka i hoʻokahi o nā mea kaulana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka pedagogy honua.
Ma hope ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Makarenko e poʻo i kahi kolone hou kokoke i Kharkov. Makemake nā luna e hoʻāʻo inā he kūleʻa kūleʻa kāna ʻōnaehana a i ʻole inā holo maoli.
Ma kahi hou, hoʻokumu koke ʻo Anton Semenovich i nā kaʻina hana i hōʻike mua ʻia. He pīhoihoi ia i lawe pū me ia i kekahi mau keiki alanui mai ke kolone kahiko i kōkua iā ia e hana.
Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Makarenko, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻōpio paʻakikī e alakaʻi i kahi nohona kūpono, e kāpae ana i nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole a me nā mākau ʻaihue. Ua lūlū nā keiki i nā mahina ʻai a ʻohiʻohi i kahi ʻohi waiwai, a ua hana pū kekahi i nā huahana.
Eia kekahi, ua aʻo nā keiki o ke alanui i ka hana ʻana i nā kāmela FED. No laila, hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hānai kūʻokoʻa iā lākou iho, aneane me ka ʻole o ke kālā mai ka mokuʻāina.
I kēlā manawa, kākau ʻo Biograpies a Anton Makarenko i nā hana he 3: "Malaki o 30", "FD-1" a me ka moʻolelo "Poʻomanaʻo Pedagogical". ʻO ka Gorky hoʻokahi nō i hoʻonāukiuki iā ia e hoʻi i ke kākau ʻana.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Makarenko i Kiev i ka pou o ke poʻo kōkua o ka ʻāpana o nā kolone hana. I ka 1934 ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia i ka Union of Soviet Writers. Ma muli o ka "Pedagogical Poem", kahi āna i wehewehe ai i kāna ʻōnaehana hānai i nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, a lawe pū mai i nā mea hoihoi he nui mai kāna puke moʻolelo.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua kākau ʻia kahi hoʻopiʻi e kūʻē iā Anton Semenovich. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia no ka hōʻino ʻana iā Joseph Stalin. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e nā hoa hana ma mua, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Moscow, kahi i hoʻomau ai ʻo ia e kākau puke.
Me kāna wahine, hoʻolaha ʻo Makarenko i kahi "puke no nā mākua", kahi e hōʻike ai i kāna ʻike i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he pono i kēlā me kēia keiki i kahi kime, a ʻo ia ka mea i kōkua iā ia e hoʻomaʻa i ke kaiāulu.
Ma hope, ma muli o nā hana a ka mea kākau, e kī ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e like me "Pedagogical Poem", "Flags on the Towers" a me "Big and Small".
Ke ola pilikino
ʻO ke aloha mua a Anton he kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Elizaveta Grigorovich. I ka manawa o ka hui ʻana me Makarenko, ua male ʻo Elizaveta i kekahi kahuna pule, nāna i hoʻolauna iā lākou.
I ka makahiki 20, aia kahi kāne i kahi pilina weliweli me kāna mau hoa, ma muli o kahi hopena āna i makemake ai e pepehi iā ia iho. I mea e pale aku ai i ke kanaka ʻōpio mai ia ʻano hana, ua nui aʻe i ke kamaʻilio a ke kahuna me ia, e pili ana i kāna wahine ʻo Elizabeth i loko o nā kamaʻilio.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻōpio aia lākou i ke aloha. I ka ʻike ʻana o ka makuakāne o Anton e pili ana i kēia, kipaku ʻo ia iā ia i waho o ka hale. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Makarenko e haʻalele i kāna mea aloha.
Ma hope, e hana ʻo Anton Semyonovich, me Elizabeth, i ke kolone ʻo Gorky. He 20 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ko lākou pilina a ua hoʻopau ʻia e ka hoʻoholo a Makarenko.
Ua komo ke kumu i loko o ka male aupuni i ka makahiki 47 wale nō. Me kāna wahine i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo Galina Stakhievna, ua hui ʻo ia ma ka hana. Ua hana ka wahine ma ke ʻano he luna nānā o ka People's Commissariat for Supervision a hele mai i ke kolone no ka nānā ʻana.
Mai kahi male ma mua, loaʻa iā Galina kahi keikikāne, ʻo Lev, na Makarenko i hānai a hānai iā ia nāna. He kaikamahine hānai kāna, ʻo Olympias, i waiho ʻia mai kona kaikaina ʻo Vitaly.
ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pono o ka White Guard Vitaly Makarenko e haʻalele iā Russia i kona wā ʻōpio. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Palani, a haʻalele i kāna wahine hāpai.
Make
Ua make ʻo Anton Semenovich Makarenko ma ka lā 1 ʻApelila 1939 i ka makahiki 51. Ua hala ʻo ia ma lalo o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē.
Ua make koke ke kanaka ma lalo o nā ʻano maopopo ʻole. Wahi a ka mana mana, ua make ʻo ia i kahi maʻi puʻuwai i loaʻa iā ia i loko o kahi kaʻaahi kaʻaahi.
Eia nō naʻe, nui nā lono e hopu ʻia ʻo Makarenko, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i kona puʻuwai ke kū i ke ʻano kaumaha.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi autopsy i ka puʻuwai o ke kumu i loaʻa ka pōʻino ʻē aʻe i hopena ʻia mai ka lāʻau ʻona. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia o ka lāʻau make.
Nā kiʻi Makarenko
