ʻO Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - ka mea kākau poʻItalia, mea kākau prose, mea noʻonoʻo, mea kālaiʻike, kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻōlelo Italia a me ka luna politika. ʻO ka mea nāna i hana ke "Comedy Divine", kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka synthesite o ka hopena o ka moʻomeheu medieval.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Dante Alighieri, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Dante Alighieri.
Kawaihae o Dante Alighieri
ʻAʻole maopopo ka lā hānau o ka haku mele. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Dante Alighieri i ka hapa lua o Mei 1265. Wahi a ka moʻomeheu ʻohana, ʻo nā kūpuna o ka mea nāna i hana ka "Comedy Divine" i hoʻomaka ʻia mai ka ʻohana Roma o Elisees, ka mea i komo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Florence.
ʻO ke kumu mua a Dante ka haku mele a me ka ʻepekema ʻo Brunetto Latini, kaulana i kēlā au. Ua aʻo nui ʻo Alighieri i nā puke kahiko a me nā medieval. Eia hou, ua noiʻi ʻo ia i nā aʻo heretical o ia manawa.
ʻO kekahi o nā hoaaloha pili loa ʻo Dante ʻo ka haku mele iā Guido Cavalcanti, nona ka hanohano i kākau ai i nā mele he nui.
ʻO ka hōʻoia pepa mua loa o Alighieri ma ke ʻano he lehulehu i kū i ka makahiki 1296. 4 mau makahiki ma hope mai ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ke kūlana o ka mua.
Palapala
ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kākau moʻolelo a Dante ke ʻōlelo i ka manawa i hoʻomaka pono ai ka haku mele e hōʻike i kahi kālena no ke kākau ʻana i nā mele. I ka makahiki 27 paha ona, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna hōʻiliʻili kaulana "New Life", me nā mele a me nā prose.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, e kāhea nā ʻepekema i kēia hōʻiliʻili i ka autobiography mua ma ka moʻolelo o nā puke.
I ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Dante Alighieri i hoihoi i ka politika, ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ka hakakā i kū ma waena o ka mōʻī a me ka Pope. ʻO ka hopena, ua pili ʻo ia me ka mōʻī, nāna i hoʻonāukiuki i ka huhū o nā kāhuna pule Katolika.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, aia ka mana i ka lima o nā hoa pili o ka Pope. ʻO ka hopena, ua kipaku ʻia ka haku mele mai Florence ma kahi hihia hoʻopunipuni o ke kīpē a me nā anti-state propaganda.
Ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo Dante i kahi kālā nui, a ua hopu ʻia kāna waiwai āpau. Ma hope ua hoʻopaʻi nā luna iā ia i ka make. I loko o kēlā wā o kāna moʻolelo pilikino, aia ʻo Alighieri ma waho o Florence, nāna i mālama i kona ola. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kipa hou aku i kona kauhale, a make pio akula.
A hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, holoholo ʻo Dante a puni nā kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻāina like ʻole, a noho no kekahi manawa ma Palisa. Hana nā hana ʻē aʻe āpau ma hope o "New Life", ua haku ʻo ia i ka wā o ka lawe pio ʻana.
I ka wā o Alighieri ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i nā puke "Feast" a me "On the People's Eloquence", kahi i kikoʻī ai ʻo ia i kona mau manaʻo akeakamai. Eia kekahi, ua mau nā hana a ʻelua. ʻIke loa, no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i kāna mea hana nui - "The Comedy Divine".
He pīhoihoi ia i ka wā mua i kapa aku ka mea kākau i kāna mea i haku ʻia ʻo "Comedy". Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "akua" i ka inoa e Boccaccio, ka mea kākau moʻolelo mua o ka haku mele.
Ua hala ʻo Alighieri ma kahi o 15 mau makahiki e kākau i kēia puke. I loko o ia mea, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia iā ia iho me kahi ʻano kī. Ua wehewehe ka mele i kahi huakaʻi i ka afterlife, kahi i hele ai ʻo ia ma hope o ka make ʻana o Beatrice.
I kēia lā, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo The Divine Comedy kahi encyclopedia medieval maoli, e pili ana i nā pilikia ʻepekema, politika, akeakamai, ʻano moʻomeheu a me ka theological. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka kia hoʻomanaʻo nui o ka moʻomeheu honua.
Māhele ʻia ka hana i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: "Hell", "Purgatory" a me "Paradise", kahi o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he 33 mau mele (34 mau mele ma ka ʻāpana mua "Hell", ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka nonarmarmony). Kākau ʻia ka mele i nā stanza laina 3 me kahi hoʻolālā rhyme kūikawā - terzines.
ʻO ka Comedy ka hana hope loa i ka moʻolelo moʻomeheu o Dante Alighieri. I loko o ia mea, ua hana ka mea kākau ma ke ʻano he haku mele kahiko loa.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻO ka muse nui a Dante ʻo Beatrice Portinari, ʻo ia kāna mea i hui mua ai i ka makahiki 1274. I kēlā manawa he 9 mau makahiki a ʻoi, a ʻo ke kaikamahine he 1 kona makahiki. I ka makahiki 1283 ua ʻike hou ʻo Alighieri i kahi malihini i male ʻē.
ʻO ia ka manawa i ʻike ai ʻo Alighieri ua aloha aloha ʻo ia iā Beatrice. No ka haku mele, ʻo ia wale nō ke aloha i ke koena o kona ola.
Ma muli o ke ʻano ʻōpio haʻahaʻa a hilahila ʻo Dante, ua hiki wale iā ia ke kamaʻilio me kāna mea aloha ʻelua mau manawa. Maliʻa paha, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kaikamahine ke noʻonoʻo i ka makemake o ka mea haku mele ʻōpio, a ʻoi aku ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ai kona inoa i nā kenekulia ma hope.
Ua make ʻo Beatrice Portinari ma 1290 i ka makahiki 24. Wahi a kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, ua make ʻo ia i ka wā o ka hānau keiki ʻana, a e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi poʻe mai ka maʻi ahulau. No Dante, ka make ʻana o ka "haku wahine o kona mau manaʻo" kahi hahau maoli. A hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, ua noʻonoʻo ka mea noʻonoʻo iā ia wale nō, i kēlā me kēia ala e aloha ai i ke kiʻi o Beatrice i kāna mau hana.
Ma hope o 2 mau makahiki, ua male ʻo Alighieri iā Gemma Donati, ke kaikamahine a ke alakaʻi o ka pāʻina ʻo Florentine Donati, me ka ʻenemi o ka ʻohana haku mele. Me ke kanalua ʻole, ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia kuʻikahi e ka helu ʻana, a, maopopo leʻa, e ka politika. Ma hope mai, he kaikamahine kā lāua, ʻo Anthony, a me 2 mau keiki kāne, ʻo Pietro lāua ʻo Jacopo.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, i ka wā a Dante Alighieri i kākau ai The Divine Comedy, ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ka inoa o Gemma i loko ona, ʻo Beatrice kekahi o nā ki i ka mele.
Make
Ma waenakonu o 1321 Dante, ma ke ʻano he ʻelele o ka luna o Ravenna, i hele i Venice e hoʻopau i kahi kuikahi maluhia me ka Repubalika o St. Mark. Ke hoʻi nei ʻo ia, loaʻa ʻo ia i ka malaria. Ua holo wikiwiki ka maʻi a make ke kāne ma ke ala i ka pō o Sepatemaba 13-14, 1321.
Ua kanu ʻia ʻo Alighieri ma ka Hale Pule Nui o San Francesco ma Ravenna. Ma hope o 8 mau makahiki, kēnā ka cardinal i nā mōneka e puhi i ke koena o ka haku mele hoʻowahāwahā ʻia. Pehea i hoʻokokoke ʻole ai nā mōneka i ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia, akā paʻa mau ka lehu o Dante.
I ka makahiki 1865, ua loaʻa i nā mea kūkulu hale kahi pahu lāʻau i loko o ka paia o ka hale pule nui me ka palapala - "Ua waiho ʻia nā iwi o Dante e ʻAnal Andre i ka makahiki 1677". Ua lilo kēia ʻike i mea puni honua. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā koena o ka mea akeakamai i ka mausoleum ma Ravenna, kahi e waiho ai lākou i kēia lā.
Na Dante Alighieri ke kiʻi
