ʻO Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Hōkū polani, makemakika, mīkini, mea hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mea haipule. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻōnaehana heliocentric o ka honua, nāna i hōʻailona ka hoʻomaka o ka neʻe ʻepekema mua.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Copernicus, a mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Nicolaus Copernicus.
Ka moʻolelo ʻo Copernicus
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Nicolaus Copernicus ma Pepeluali 19, 1473 ma ke kūlanakauhale Prussian o Torun, kahi ʻāpana o Polani hou. Ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻohana kalepa waiwai o Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. a me kāna wahine ʻo Barbara Watzenrode.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
He ʻelua keiki kāne a ka ʻohana Copernicus - Nikolai lāua ʻo Andrey, a me ʻelua mau kaikamahine - ʻo Barbara lāua ʻo Katerina. ʻO ka ulia pōpilikia mua loa i ka moʻolelo pilikanaka o ka astronomer e hiki mai ana i ka makahiki 9, i ka wā i lilo aku kona makuakāne.
Ua make ke poʻo o ka ʻohana mai ka maʻi ahulau i luku ʻia ma ʻEulopa. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua make ka makuahine o Nikolai, a ʻo kahi hopena a kona ʻanakala ʻo Lukasz Watzenrode, kahi canon o ka diocese kūloko, i hānai ʻia.
Mahalo i nā hana a kona ʻanakala, ʻo Nikolai, me kona kaikaina ʻo Andrey, i hiki ke loaʻa i kahi aʻo maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kula, ua komo ʻo Copernicus he 18 ona makahiki i ke Kulanui o Krakow.
I loko o kēlā wā o kona ola, hoihoi ka ʻōpio i ka makemakika, ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻomana. Eia naʻe, hoihoi loa ʻo ia i ka hōkū.
Ka ʻepekema
Ma hope o ke kēkelē ʻana mai ke kula nui, ua hele nā kaikuaʻana Copernican i Italia, a lilo lākou i mau haumāna ma ke Kulanui o Bologna. Ma waho aʻe o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kuʻuna, ua hiki iā Nikolai ke hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hōkū ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a ka mea kilokilo kaulana ʻo Domenico Novara.
I ka manawa like, ma Polani, ua koho ʻia ʻo Copernicus ma ke kaʻawale aku i nā canons o ka diocese. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kēia i nā hana a kona ʻanakala, a ʻo ia hoʻi he pīhopa.
I ka makahiki 1497, ua hana ʻo Nikolai, a me Novara, i kahi nānā kilohana nui. Ma ka hopena o kāna noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e like ka mamao o ka mahina me ka quadrature no ka mahina hou a me ka mahina piha. ʻO kēia mau ʻike no ka manawa mua i koi aku i ka astronomer e hōʻano hou i ke kumumanaʻo o Ptolemy, kahi a ka Lā, a me nā planeta ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohuli ai i ka Honua.
Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Copernicus e haʻalele i kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma ke kula nui, ka mea i aʻo nui i ke kānāwai, nā ʻōlelo kahiko a me nā hoʻomana haipule. Hele ke kāne i Roma, kahi, e like me kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e aʻo no ka lōʻihi.
Ma hope, ua komo nā kaikuaʻana Copernican i ke Kulanui o Padua, kahi a lākou i aʻo nui ai i ka lāʻau. Ma 1503 ua puka ʻo Nikolai mai ke kulanui a ua loaʻa ka doctorate ma ke kānāwai canon. No nā makahiki 3 e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma Padua.
A laila hoʻi ua kāne nei i ka home i Polani. Ma ʻaneʻi ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka astronomy ma kahi o 6 mau makahiki, e akahele ana i ka neʻe a me kahi o nā mea lani. I ke kūlike me kēia, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma Krakow, he kauka a he kākau ʻōlelo hoʻi i ka ʻanakala ponoʻī.
I ka makahiki 1512, make ʻo ʻanakala Lukash, a laila hoʻohui ʻo Nicolaus Copernicus i kona ola me nā hana ʻuhane. Me ka mana nui, ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kahu waiwai nui a noho aliʻi hoʻi i kahi diocese holoʻokoʻa ke huhū ʻo Bishop Ferber.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole haʻalele ʻo Copernicus i ka hōkū. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia i hoʻolako i kekahi o nā hale kiaʻi o ka hale paʻa ʻo Frombork no kahi hale kiaʻi.
Ua laki ka ʻepekema i kāna mau hana i hoʻopau wale ʻia i nā makahiki hope o kona ola, a ua paʻi ʻia nā puke ma hope o kona make ʻana. No laila, ua hiki iā ia ke pale i ka hoʻomaʻau mai ka hale pule no nā manaʻo kūlike ʻole a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana heliocentric.
E hoʻomaopopo ia ma ka hoʻohui o ka hōkū, ua hoʻokō ʻo Copernicus i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Wahi a kāna papahana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana kālā hou ma Polani a kūkulu ʻia kahi mīkini uila e hāʻawi i ka wai i nā hale noho.
ʻŌnaehana Heliocentric
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻokalakupua maʻalahi loa, ua hiki iā Nicolaus Copernicus ke kiʻi a hōʻoia i ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻōnaehana heliocentric, ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao kūlike ʻole o ke kuhi Ptolemaic o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
Ua ʻōlelo ke kāne ʻaʻole pili ka Lā a me nā paneta ʻē aʻe i ka Honua, a kūlike ʻole nā mea āpau. I ka manawa like, ua kuhi hewa ʻo ia i nā hōkū mamao a me nā luminaries e ʻike ʻia mai ka Honua mai ka paʻa ʻana i kahi sphere kūikawā e hoʻopuni ana i ko mākou honua.
Ma muli o ka nele o nā pono ʻenehana maikaʻi. ʻAʻohe hoʻokahi teleskopa ma ʻEulopa ia manawa. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka pololei ʻole o ka astronomer i kāna mau hopena.
ʻO ka hana nui a ʻaneʻane wale nō ka hana a Copernicus ka hana "Ma ke kaʻapuni o nā ʻāpana lani" (1543). ʻIke e, ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki i hala e kākau i kēia hana - a hiki i kona make ʻana.
Aia i loko o ka puke nā ʻāpana 6 a piha i kekahi mau manaʻo kipi. He mea kupaianaha loa ko Copernicus mau manaʻo no kāna manawa i kekahi manawa makemake ʻo ia e haʻi e pili ana iā lākou wale nō i nā hoa aloha.
Hiki ke koho ʻia ʻo Copernicus 'heliocentric ʻōnaehana i kēia mau ʻōlelo aʻe:
- ʻAʻohe o ke kikowaena pōkā o nā poepoe a me nā ʻāpana lani;
- ʻAʻole ke kikowaena o ka honua ke kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa;
- neʻe nā panalāʻau āpau i nā pōʻai a puni ka lā, ma muli o kēia hōkū ke kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa;
- neʻe wale ka neʻe ʻana o ka lā o ka Lā, a ma muli wale o ka hopena o ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka Honua a puni kona axis;
- Hoʻopuni ka Honua a me nā honua ʻē aʻe i ka Lā, a no laila nā neʻe ʻana, e like me ka mea e hana nei, ko mākou hōkū, hana wale ʻia e ka hopena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka Honua.
ʻOiai kekahi mau pololei ʻole, ua nui ka hopena o ko Copernicus hiʻohiʻona o ka honua i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻia ʻana o ka astronomy a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Ke ola pilikino
Ua ʻike mua ʻo Nikolai i ke ʻano o ke aloha i kona makahiki 48. Ua aloha ʻo ia i ke kaikamahine ʻo Ana, ke kaikamahine a kekahi o kāna mau hoaaloha.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā kāhuna Katolika e mare a pili i ka pilina me nā wahine, ua hoʻokau ka ʻepekema i kāna mea i aloha ai ma kona home, a hōʻike iā ia ma ke ʻano he hoahānau mamao a kahu hale.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua koi ʻia ʻo Anna e haʻalele i ka hale o Copernicus, a ma hope haʻalele loa i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO kēia ka mea i haʻi ʻia e ka pīhopa hou iā Nicholas ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa ʻia kēia ʻano e ka hale pule. ʻAʻole i male ka astronomer a haʻalele i kāna keiki.
Make
I ka makahiki 1531 ua hoʻomaha ʻo Copernicus a ua hoʻomau i ka kākau ʻana i kāna hana. I ka makahiki 1542, ua emi loa kona olakino - ua hiki mai ka maʻi palaka o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kino.
Ua make ʻo Nicolaus Copernicus ma ka lā 24 o Mei 1543 i ka makahiki 70. O ke kumu o kona make ana he hahau.
Nā kiʻi Copernicus
