ʻAʻohe hale ʻē aʻe e like me kēia e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoihoi i waena o nā ʻepekema, nā mākaʻikaʻi, nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā astronauts e like me ka Pā Nui o Kina. ʻO kāna kūkulu ʻana i hāpai i nā lono a me nā kaʻao he nui, lawe i ke ola o nā haneli haneli mau kānaka a lilo i ka nui o nā kumukūʻai kālā. I loko o ka moʻolelo e pili ana i kēia hale nunui, e hoʻāʻo mākou e hōʻike i nā mea huna, hoʻonā i nā nane a hāʻawi pokole i nā pane i nā nīnau he nui e pili ana iā ia: ʻo wai a no ke aha i kūkulu ai ia mea, mai ia mea i pale aku ai i ka poʻe Kina, ma hea kahi pūnaewele kaulana loa o ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻike ʻia mai kahi ākea
Nā kumu o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Pā Nui o Kina
I loko o ka wā o ka States Warring States (mai ka 5th a hiki i ka 2 kenekulia BC), komo nā aupuni nui Kina i nā mea liʻiliʻi me ke kōkua o nā kaua o ka naʻi. No laila ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mokuʻāina hui ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Akā ʻoiai e hoʻopuehu ʻia, ua hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā aupuni kūʻokoʻa e ka poʻe nomadic Xiongnu kahiko, i hele mai i Kina mai ka ʻākau. Ua kūkulu kēlā me kēia aupuni i nā pā pale i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o kona mau palena. Akā ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāina maʻamau ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai, no laila ua holoi ʻia nā pale kaua i ka maka o ka honua a ʻaʻole i hiki i ko mākou manawa.
ʻO Emperor Qin Shi Huang (III kenekulia BC), ʻo ia ka mea i lilo i poʻo no ke aupuni hui mua o Qin, i hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu ʻana i paia pale a pale pale hoʻi ma ka ʻākau o kāna panalāʻau, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā paia hou a me nā hale kiaʻi, e hui pū nei me nā mea e kū nei. ʻO ke kumu o nā hale i kūkulu ʻia ʻaʻole wale no ka pale ʻana i ka lehulehu mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, akā e hōʻailona pū hoʻi i nā palena o ka mokuʻāina hou.
Ehia mau makahiki a pehea ka hana ʻia o ka paia
No ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Pā Nui o Kina, ua pili ka hapalima o ka heluna lehulehu o ka ʻāina, aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka i 10 mau makahiki o ke kūkulu nui ʻana. ʻO nā mahiʻai, nā koa, nā kauā a me nā lawehala āpau i hoʻouna ʻia ma aneʻi e like me ka hoʻopaʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he limahana.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻike o nā mea kūkulu hale i hala, hoʻomaka lākou e waiho i ka honua i ka kumu o nā paia, akā nā palaka pōhaku, e pīpī iā lākou me ka lepo. Ua hoʻonui aʻe nā mākaʻi Kina ma hope mai nā moʻokūʻauhau Han a me Ming. E like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pōhaku pōhaku a me nā pōhaku lepo, hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kāpili laiki me ka hoʻohui o ka limu hydrated. ʻO ia nō kēlā mau ʻāpana o ka paia i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā o ka moʻokūʻauhau Ming i nā kenekulia XIV-XVII e mālama pono ʻia.
Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e heluhelu e pili ana i ka Pā Komohana.
Ua hele pū ke kaʻina hana me nā pilikia he nui e pili ana i ka meaʻai a me nā kūlana hana paʻakikī. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku i ka 300 tausani mau kānaka e pono e hānai a hoʻoinu ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki kēia i nā manawa kūpono, no laila, ʻo ka nui o nā kānaka i hōʻeha ʻia i ka ʻumi, a i nā haneli haneli. Aia kekahi kaʻao i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mea make a make a pau i waiho ʻia ma ke kumu o ka hale, ʻoiai he mau pōhaku maikaʻi ko lākou iwi. Kāhea ka poʻe i ka hale, "kahi hale kupapaʻu lōʻihi loa o ka honua." Akā hōʻole nā ʻepekema o kēia au a me nā archeologists i ka mana o nā ilina nui, malia paha, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kino o ka poʻe make i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻohana.
ʻAʻole hiki ke pane i ka nīnau no nā makahiki ehia i kūkulu ʻia ai ka Pā Nui o Kina. Ua lawe ʻia nā kūkulu nui he 10 mau makahiki, a mai ka hoʻomaka a ka hope loa ma kahi o 20 mau kenekulia.
Nā Ana o ka Pā Nui o Kina
Wahi a nā helu hope loa o ka nui o ka paia, ʻo 8.85 tausani km kona lōʻihi, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi me nā lālā i nā kilomita a me nā mika i helu ʻia i nā ʻāpana āpau i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma Kina. ʻO ka loiloi o ka lōʻihi o ka hale, me nā ʻāpana i ola ʻole, mai ka mua a ka hope ʻo 21.19 tausani km i kēia lā.
ʻOiai ʻo ka wahi o ka paia e hele nui ana ma ka ʻāina mauna, holo ʻelua ma nā kuahiwi a ma lalo o nā awawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia kona laulā a me kona kiʻekiʻe i nā helu kaulike. ʻO ka laulā o nā paia (mānoanoa) aia ma waena o 5-9 m, ʻoiai ma ke kumu aia ma kahi o 1 m ka laulā ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao luna, a ʻo ka awelika o ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 7-7.5 m, i kekahi manawa piʻi i 10 m, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka paia waho nā pākahā kaulike a hiki i ka 1.5 m kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa he mau hale kiaʻi pōhaku a pōhaku paha me nā puka lou i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, me nā waihona mea kaua, nā papa nānā a me nā lumi no nā kiaʻi.
I ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Pā Nui o Kina, e like me ka hoʻolālā, kūkulu ʻia nā hale kiaʻi i ke kaila like a ma ka mamao like mai kekahi me kekahi - 200 m, e like me ka pae lele o ka pua. Akā i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūnaewele kahiko me nā mea hou, ʻoki nā hale kiaʻi o kahi hopena hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa i kekahi manawa i ka lauana o nā paia a me nā hale kiaʻi. Ma kahi mamao o 10 km mai kēlā me kēia ʻē aʻe, kōkua ʻia nā hale kiaʻi e nā hale kiaʻi hōʻailona (nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe me ka mālama ʻole o loko), kahi e kiaʻi ai nā kiaʻi kiaʻi i nā wahi a puni, a inā he mea weliweli, pono lākou e hōʻailona i ka hale kiaʻi hou me ke ahi o ke ahi lapalapa.
ʻIke ʻia ka paia mai ka lewa?
Ke papa inoa nei i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i kēia hale, haʻi pinepine kēlā me kēia kanaka ʻo ka Pā Nui ʻo Kina kahi hale i hana ʻia e ke kanaka i hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai kahi ākea. E hoʻāʻo e ʻike inā pēlā maoli kēia.
ʻO nā manaʻo e ʻike ʻia kekahi o nā mea hoihoi nui o Kina mai ka mahina i hōʻike ʻia i mau kenekulia i hala. Akā ʻaʻole hoʻokahi astronaut i nā hōʻike lele i hōʻike i kona ʻike ʻana iā ia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Manaʻo ʻia he hiki i ka maka o ke kanaka mai kahi mamao ke ʻike i nā mea me ke anawaena o 10 km, a ʻaʻole 5-9 m.
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike iā ia mai ka honua a puni me ka ʻole o nā lakohana kūikawā. I kekahi manawa ua kuhihewa nā mea i ke kiʻi mai kahi ākea, lawe ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana, no nā kahakaha o ka paia, akā ke hoʻonui ʻia e ʻike ʻia he mau kahawai, pae mauna a i ʻole ke Kanal Nui. Akā hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka paia ma o nā binocular i ka wā maikaʻi inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi e nānā ai. ʻO nā kiʻi satellite nui e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka pā ma kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā hale kiaʻi a me nā huli.
Pono ʻia kahi paia?
ʻAʻole manaʻo ka Pake iho pono lākou i ka paia. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, no nā kenekulia he nui i lawe i nā kāne ikaika i ke kahua kūkulu, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā loaʻa kālā a ka mokuʻāina i hele i kāna kūkulu a mālama ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka mōʻaukala ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i kahi pale kūikawā i ka ʻāina: ʻo ka poʻe nomion Xiongnu a me nā Tatar-Mongols i hele maʻalahi i ka laina pale i nā wahi i wāwahi ʻia a i ʻole nā ala kūikawā. Eia hou, ua hoʻokuʻu nā mea kiaʻi he nui i ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua me ka manaʻolana o ka pakele a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi makana, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona i nā hale kiaʻi kokoke.
I ko mākou mau makahiki, mai ka Pā Nui o Kina ua hana lākou i hōʻailona o ke kūpaʻa o ka poʻe Kina, i hana ʻia mai iā ia ke kāleka kipa o ka ʻāina. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i kipa aku iā Kina e ʻimi e hele i kahi huakaʻi i kahi pūnaewele hiki ke kiʻi ʻia.
ʻO ka mokuʻāina a me kahi mea hoʻokipa
Pono ka hapa nui o ka pā i kēia lā i ka hoʻihoʻi piha a hapa paha. He kaumaha loa ka mokuʻāina ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o Minqin County, kahi e luku ai a hoʻopiha ai hoʻi nā ʻino one ikaika. Hoʻokau ka poʻe iā lākou iho i ka hōʻino nui i ka hale, hoʻohiolo i kāna mau mea no ke kūkulu ʻana i ko lākou mau hale. Ua wāwahi ʻia kekahi mau pūnaewele e ke kauoha a nā luna e hana i ke ala no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui a i ʻole nā kauhale. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi vandal hou e pena i ka paia me kā lākou graffiti.
Ke ʻike nei i ka nani o ka Great Wall o Kina no nā mea mākaʻikaʻi, hoʻihoʻi nā luna o nā kūlanakauhale nui i nā ʻāpana o ka paia kokoke iā lākou a kau i nā ala huakaʻi iā lākou. No laila, kokoke i Beijing, aia nā ʻāpana Mutianyu a me Badaling, i lilo i ʻaneʻane i nā wahi hoihoi i ke kapikala.
Aia ka pūnaewele ma 75 km mai Beijing, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Huairou. Ma ka ʻāpana Mutianyu, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kahi ʻāpana 2.25 km me 22 mau wati kiaʻi. ʻO ka pūnaewele, aia ma ka piko o ka pali, ʻike ʻia e ka hana kokoke loa o nā hale kiaʻi kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka wāwae o ka pali kahi kauhale kahi e kū ai ka lawe pilikino a me ka huakaʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i luna o ka pali i ka wāwae a i ʻole ma ke kaʻa uila.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao Badalin ka mea kokoke i ke kapitala; hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e 65 km. Pehea e hele ai i aneʻi? Hiki iā ʻoe ke hele mai ma ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana a i ʻole kahi kaʻaahi maʻamau, kaʻaahi, kaʻa pilikino a kaʻaahi kaʻaahi paha. 3.74 km ka lōʻihi o ka pūnaewele i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia a hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ma kahi o 8.5 m ke kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ala, ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa "Badalin" ma ke ʻano "hāʻawi i ke komo i nā ʻaoʻao āpau." I loko o nā pāʻani 'Olumepika 2008, ʻo Badaling ka laina hoʻopau o ka heihei holo kaʻa kaʻa hui. I kēlā me kēia Mei, mālama ʻia kahi marathon kahi e holo ai nā mea komo i 3800 kekelē a lanakila i nā piʻi a me nā lalo, e holo ana ma ka pali o ka paia.
ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka Pā Nui o Kina i ka papa inoa o "ʻEhiku mau mea kupaianaha o ka Honua", akā ua hoʻokomo ka lehulehu i kēia manawa i ka papa inoa o "Nā Mea Kupaianaha Hou o ke Ao" I ka 1987, ua lawe ʻo UNESCO i ka paia ma lalo o kāna pale ʻana ma ke ʻano he World Heritage Site.
