ʻO St. Mark's Cathedral kahi hale kūkulu hale o Venice a me ʻItalia, kahi hana kūikawā i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he hale hana hale pule o Byzantine. Kāhāhā ia me ka hanohano, ke kū hoʻokahi o ka hoʻolālā, ka hoʻonaninani akamai o nā helehelena, nā mea maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā kūloko a me ka mōʻaukala hoihoi.
Mōʻaukala o ka Hale Pule Nui o St.
ʻO kahi o nā relics o St. Mark the Evangelist a hiki i 828 ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Alexandria. I ka wā o ke kāohi ʻana i ka haunaele o ka mahiʻai i hū i laila, ua luku nā hoʻopaʻi Muslim i nā hale pule Kalikiano he nui a wāwahi i nā hale pule. A laila ua holo aku nā mea kalepa ʻelua mai Venice a i ke kapakai o Alexandria i mea e pale aku ai i nā relics o St. Mark mai ka hana ʻino a lawe iā lākou i ka home. I mea e hele ai i loko o ke dute, ua ʻimi lākou i kahi maʻalea, e hūnā nei i ka hīnaʻi me nā koena o St. Mark ma lalo o nā kupapaʻu puaʻa. ʻO ko lākou manaʻolana e hōʻole nā luna dute Muslim e hilinaʻi i ka puaʻa. Ua kūleʻa lākou i ka palena.
I ka mua, ua hoʻokau ʻia nā relic o ka ʻānela i loko o ka hale pule o St. Theodore. Ma ke kauoha a ka Doge Giustiniano Partechipazio, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi basilica e mālama iā lākou kokoke i ka Doge's Palace. Ua loaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale ka kākoʻo o Saint Mark, kāna hōʻailona i ke ʻano o ka liona eheu gula i lilo i hōʻailona o ke kapikala o ka Repubalika Venetian.
ʻO nā ahi i hoʻopiha iā Venice i nā kenekulia X-XI, ua hana i kekahi mau kūkulu hou ʻana o ka luakini. ʻO kāna hana hou ʻana, kokoke i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia lā, ua hoʻopau ʻia ma 1094. ʻO kahi ahi ma 1231 i hōʻino i ka hale o ka hale pule, ma muli o kahi hopena i lawe ʻia ai ka hana hoʻāla, a ua pau me ka hana ʻana o ke kuahu i 1617. ʻO ka luakini hanohano mai waho a mai loko mai i ʻike ʻia he nani loa ma mua o ka mea i hala, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā kiʻi o nā haipule, nā ʻānela a me nā martyrs nui, nā mea kālai kiʻi kālai o nā helehelena.
Ua lilo ka hale pule i kahua hoʻomana hoʻomana nui o ka Repubalika Venetian. Ua mālama ʻia nā kalaunu ʻo Doges i loko ona, ua loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi i nā luina kaulana, ke hele nei i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi, ua hui pū nā kamaʻāina ma nā lā o nā hoʻolauleʻa a me nā pilikia. I kēia lā lawelawe ia ma ke ʻano he noho o ka Venetian Patriarch a he UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Nā hiʻohiʻona kālaiʻike o ka hale pule
Ua lilo ka hale pule o ʻumikūmālua mau luna i prototype o ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Mark. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna ʻano hoʻolālā i kahi keʻa Greek, i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi dome volumetric i waenakonu o ke kuʻina a me nā kipa ʻehā ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke keʻa. ʻO ka luakini me kahi ʻehā tausani mau mika kuea e piʻi i 43 mau mika.
Hoʻohui kūlike ʻia nā hana hou he nui o ka basilica i kekahi mau ʻano kuhikuhipuʻuone.
Hoʻohui like nā façades i nā kikoʻī marble oriental me Romanesque a me Greek bas-reliefs. ʻO nā kolamu Ionian a me ko Koriano, nā poʻo poʻo Gothic a me nā kiʻi he nui e hāʻawi i ka luakini i kahi hanohano lani.
Ma ke komohana komohana, huki ʻia ka nānā i nā puka komo 5 i hoʻonani ʻia me nā tympans mosaic 18th, nā hana kālai kiʻi mai ka wā kahiko a hiki i ka wā waena. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka piko o ka pā nui me nā nūnū lahilahi i hoʻohui ʻia i 6 mau kenekulia i hala, a ma ke kikowaena ma luna o ka puka komo kahi kiʻi o St. Ma lalo o ia, hoʻomālamalama ke kiʻi o ka liona eheu me ka sheen gula.
Hoihoi ka helehelena hema no nā kolamu o nā kenekulia 5th me nā kālai ʻana i ka kaila Byzantine. Ma ke kihi o waho o ka waihona, nā kiʻi kiʻi o nā luna tetrarch ʻehā o ke kenekulia 4, i lawe ʻia mai Constantinople, e ʻumeʻume ka maka. ʻO nā kālai Romanesque maikaʻi loa mai ke kenekulia 13 e hoʻonani i ka hapa nui o nā paia o waho o ka luakini. Ma loko o nā kenekulia, ua paʻa ka hale me kahi vestibule (XII kenekulia), kahi bapetizo (XIV kenekulia) a me kahi sacristy (Kenekulia XV).
ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻonani o loko
ʻO nā mea hoʻonaninani i loko o ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Mark, i hana ʻia i ke kaila Venetian kuʻuna, hana i ka leʻaleʻa a me ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻuhane mua ʻole. Kupaianaha nā kiʻi o loko me ka wahi nui a me ka nani o nā kiʻi mosaic e uhi ana i nā waihona, ka papa o nā paia, nā kihi a me nā pio. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 1071 a aneane 8 mau kenekulia.
Nā mosaic Narthex
ʻO ka narthex ka inoa o ka vestibule hale pule i mua o ke komo ʻana i ka basilica. ʻO kāna annex me nā kiʻi mosaic e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke Kauoha Kahiko mai nā kenekulia 12th-13th. Eia aʻe i mua o nā maka:
- ʻO ka dome e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka honua, kāhiko ʻia me nā unahi gula a me ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i ka nānā me ke kiʻi o 6 mau lā o ka hana ʻana o ka honua mai ka puke o Genesis.
- ʻO nā laka o nā puka e wehe i ka puka o ka luakini e hoʻowalewale i ka nānā me ka pōʻaiapuni o ka mosaics e pili ana i ke ola o nā kūpuna, kā lākou poʻe keiki, nā hanana o ke kai a Kahinaliʻi a me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona Baibala.
- ʻO nā domes ʻekolu o Iosepa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka narthex hoʻolauna i nā ʻāpana he 29 mai ke ola Baibala a Joseph the Beautiful. Ma nā peʻa o nā kihi, ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi o nā kāula me nā ʻōwili, kahi i kākau ʻia ai nā wānana e pili ana i ka helehelena o ka Mea Hoola.
- Ua pena ʻia ka dome o Mose me nā mosaics o nā hanana 8 o nā hana i hana ʻia e ke kāula ʻo Mose.
Nā kihi o ka mosaics o ka hale o ka hale pule
Ke hoʻomau nei nā mosaics o ka hale pule i nā moʻolelo mosaic o ka narthex e pili ana me ka manaʻo o ke ʻano o ka mesia. Hōʻike lākou i nā hana o ke ola o Iesū Kristo, ke ola o ka Theotokos Hemolele Hemolele loa a me ka Euanelio Mark.
- Mai ka dome ma ka piko waena (ke keʻena elongated o ka hale pule nui), nānā ka Makuahine o ke Akua, hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kāula. ʻO ke kumuhana o ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā wanana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā kiʻi pena mosaic 10 a me nā hanana 4 ma luna o ka iconostasis, i hana ʻia e like me nā kiʻi o ka Tintoretto kaulana i ke kenekulia XIV.
- ʻO nā Mosiko o ka transverse nave (transept), e haʻi ana e pili ana i nā hanana i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke Kauoha Hou a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi o Iesū, lilo i mea hoʻonaninani o nā paia a me nā waihona.
- Hōʻike nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o nā pio ma luna o ka dome kikowaena i nā kiʻi o ka ʻehaʻeha i ʻike ʻia e Kristo, mai ke keʻa i ke alahou a hiki i ke ala hou ʻana. I waenakonu o ka dome, ʻike ka poʻe pāhaina i ke kiʻi o ka Pīkāʻō o ka Mea Ola i ka lani.
- I loko o ka sacristy, ua hoʻonani ʻia ka piko o nā paia a me nā waihona i nā moʻo o nā kenekulia 16, i hana ʻia e like me nā sketches a Titian.
- ʻO kahi hana noʻeau ka papahele o nā kile marble maha-nui, i ʻōnohu ʻia i nā geometric a me nā lau pua e hōʻike ana i nā kamaʻāina o ka honua.
Kuahu gula
ʻO kahi relic waiwai nui o ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Mark a me Venice i manaʻo ʻia ʻo "kuahu gula" - Pala DʻOro, i hana ʻia ma kahi o 500 mau makahiki. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hoʻomana kū hoʻokahi ma luna o 2.5 mau mika, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 3.5 mika. Hoʻopiʻi ke kuahu i ke kiʻi me 80 mau kiʻiona i loko o kahi kiʻi gula, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā pōhaku makamae he nui. Hoʻopiʻi ia i ka manaʻo me 250 mau enamel liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana kūikawā.
Hāʻawi ʻia ke kikowaena o ke kuahu iā Pantokrator - ke aliʻi lani, e noho ana ma ka noho aliʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ua puni ia i nā medallion poepoe me nā alo o nā lunaʻōlelo euanelio. Ma luna o kona poʻo nā medallion me nā archangels a me nā kerubima. Ma nā lālani kiʻekiʻe o ka iconostasis aia nā kiʻi me nā kumuhana euanelio, mai nā kiʻi ma nā lālani haʻahaʻa nā kūpuna, nā martyrs nui a me nā kāula e nānā. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kuahu aia nā kiʻi o nā moʻolelo ola o Saint Mark ma ka ʻaoʻao. Hiki ke loaʻa manuahi nā waiwai o ke kuahu, kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā kikoʻī āpau a leʻaleʻa i ka nani akua.
ʻO Bell Tower o Saint Mark
Ma kahi kokoke i ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Mark e kū nei ʻo Campanile - he hale kia bele ma ka hale kiaʻi square. Hoʻopau ʻia e kahi kāʻei kāʻei kau ʻia me kahi nuku, kahi e kau ʻia ai kahi kiʻi keleawe o ka ʻAkela Mikaela. ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hale kia bele he 99 mau mika. Kāhea aloha nā kamaʻāina o Venice i ka hale kia bele o St. Mark "ka haku wahine o ka hale." Ma loko o kāna mōʻaukala lōʻihi e pili ana i ka kenekulia 12, ua lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he hale kiaʻi, hale kukui, hale kiaʻi, belfry a me kahi papa nani e nānā ai.
I ka hāʻule ʻana o 1902, ua hiolo koke ka hale kia bele, a ma hope o ia wale nō ka ʻaoʻao kihi a me ka balekona 16 kenekulia me ka kinikini a me nā mea keleawe i ola. Ua hoʻoholo nā luna o ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻihoʻi i ka Campanile i kāna ʻano kumu. Ua wehe ʻia ka hale kia bele i ka makahiki 1912 me nā bele he 5, ua hala kekahi o ia mea mai ke kumu, a ʻehā i hāʻawi ʻia e Pope Pius X. Hāʻawi ka hale bele i kahi panorama kupaianaha o Venice me nā mokupuni kokoke.
Nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka Hale Pule Nui o St.
- ʻO ke kūkulu nui ʻana o ka Halepule o San Marco i hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau kaukani larch, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma lalo o ka mana o ka wai.
- Ma mua o 8000 sq. M. uhi ʻia me nā mosaics ma ke kāʻei kua. m nā waihona, nā paia a me nā wahi o ka luakini.
- Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka "Golden Altar" me nā momi 1,300, 300 emeralds, 300 sapeiro, 400 garnet, 90 amethysts, 50 rubi, 4 topaza a me 2 kope. Ke waiho nei nā relics o St. Mark i kahi hilinaʻi ma lalo o ia.
- ʻO nā medallion enamel a me nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻonani i ke kuahu i wae ʻia e ka poʻe crusaders ma ka monaseri Pantokrator ma Constantinople i ka wā o ka hoʻokūkū ʻehā a hōʻike ʻia i ka luakini.
- Hōʻike ka waihona kālā o ka hale pule i kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā relic Karistiano, nā makana mai nā pope a ma kahi o 300 mau mea i loaʻa i nā Venetians i ka wā o ka lanakila ʻana o Constantinople i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 13.
- ʻO kahi quadriga o nā lio keleawe, i hoʻolei ʻia i ke kenekulia 4 BC e nā mea kālai Helene, mālama ʻia i ka waihona o ka basilica. Aia kahi kope maʻalea o lākou ma ka piko o ka alo.
- ʻO kahi o ka basilica ka hale pule o St. Isidore, mahalo ʻia e nā Venetians. I loko o ia mea, ma lalo o ke kuahu, hoʻomaha ai ke koena o ka poʻe pono.
Aia i hea ka hale pule nui, e wehe ana i nā hola
Piʻi ka Hale Pule Nui o Saint Mark ma Piazza San Marco ma waenakonu o Venice.
Nā hola wehe:
- Hale Pule Nui - Nowemapa-Malaki mai 9:30 a 17:00, ʻApelila-ʻOkakopa mai 9:45 a 17:00. Manuahi ke kipa. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nānā ma mua o 10 mau minuke.
- Wehe ʻia ka "Golden Altar" i ka lehulehu: Nowemapa-Malaki mai ka 9:45 am a ka 4:00 pm, ʻApelila-ʻOkakopa mai ka 9:45 am a ka 5:00 pm. Kumukuai kūʻai - 2 euro.
- E wehe ka waihona o ka luakini: Nowemapa-Malaki mai 9:45 a 16:45, ʻApelila-ʻOkakopa mai 9:45 a 16:00. Loaʻa nā tikika i 3 euro.
Paipai mākou e nānā iā St. Peter's Cathedral.
Ma nā Lāpule a me nā lā nui lehulehu, wehe ka hale pule i nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi mai 14:00 a 16:00.
E kūlou i nā relic o St. Mark, e ʻike i nā frescoes o ke kenekulia 13, nā relic mai nā hale pule o Constantinople, i lilo i mau ʻāpana o nā hoʻoili kaua a nā crusaders, aia nā kahawai pau ʻole o nā mea manaʻoʻiʻo a me nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi.
