Hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai o kēia au i kahi ala hiki ʻole ke hana me ka ʻole o nā panakō. Makaʻu nā mokuʻāina i ka hiolo ʻana o nā panakō nui ma mua o kā lākou mau mea nona, a inā he mea weliweli lākou e kōkua i kēlā mau panakō e ola ma ke kālā kālā ʻana iā lākou. ʻOiai ka namunamu o nā economists e pili ana i kēia, he kūpono paha i nā aupuni e hana i kēia ʻanuʻu. Hiki i kahi pēpē pahū nui ke hana e like me ka domino mua i kahi kolamu o kāna ʻano ponoʻī, e hoʻolei ana i nā lālā āpau o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
Loaʻa nā panakō (inā ʻaʻole maʻamau, a laila ʻole) nā ʻoihana nui loa, waiwai a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia mau. Aia kekahi mau manawa ke mālama pono nā panakō, i kekahi manawa me ka maikaʻi ʻole i kā lākou hana mua - e lawelawe kālā i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā kānaka, e lawe i nā hoʻoili kālā a lilo i waihona o nā waiwai. ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā panakō i kā lākou hana:
1. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka manawa i kū mai ai ka panakō mua, hiki iā ʻoe ke haki i nā kope he nui a waiho ʻia me ka ʻaelike ʻole. ʻIke loa, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe maʻalea e hōʻaiʻē kālā "me kahi loaʻa kālā" kokoke koke me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā a i ʻole nā mea like. I Helene kahiko, ua hoʻomaka mua nā mea kālā kālā e hoʻohiki, a ʻaʻole wale no kēlā me kēia kanaka, akā ʻo nā luakini pū kekahi i hana i kēia. Ma ʻAigupita kahiko, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā uku aupuni a pau, nā mea e hiki mai ana a me waho, i nā panakō mokuʻāina kūikawā.
2. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ukupanee e ka hale pule Katolika Roma. ʻO Papa Alexander III (ʻo ia ke poʻo kū hoʻokahi o ka halepule, nona ka nui o 4 antipodes) i pāpā aku i nā mea hoʻohana kālā e kiʻi i ke kamaʻilio a kanu iā lākou e like me ka ʻaoʻao Kalikiano. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana wale nā luna o ka honua i nā pāpā o ka hale pule ke pono ia iā lākou.
ʻAʻole makemake nui ʻo Pope Alexander III i nā mea lawe kālā
3. Me ke ʻano like o ke ʻano me ka hoʻomana Kalikiano, hōʻahewa lākou i ka uku ukupanee ma Hoʻomana Mohameka. I ka manawa like, lawe wale nā panakō Islam mai ka wā kahiko mai ka mea kūʻai aku ʻaʻole i kahi pākēneka o ke kālā i hōʻaiʻē ʻia, akā ka mahele o ke kālepa, nā ukana, a pēlā aku. ʻO kahi hana kaulana i waena o nā Iudaio e ʻae iā lākou e waiwai, a ma ka manawa like i alakaʻi pinepine ʻia ai i nā pogroms koko, kahi i komo hauʻoli ai nā mea kūʻai mai ʻole o nā mea hoʻohana. ʻAʻole i kānalua ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe loa e komo i nā pogroms. Ua maʻalahi ka hana a nā mōʻī - hoʻokau paha lākou i nā ʻauhau kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kālā kālā Iudaio, a i ʻole hāʻawi wale ʻia e kūʻai i kahi kālā nui.
4. Kūpono paha ke kāhea ʻana i ka panakō mua loa i ke Kauoha o nā Naita Temepela. Ua loaʻa i kēia ʻoihana kālā he kālā nui ma nā hana kālā wale nō. ʻO nā waiwai i ʻae ʻia e nā Temepela "no ka mālama ʻana" (ʻoiai lākou i kākau ai i loko o nā kuʻikahi e pale aku ai i ka pāpā ma luna o ke kuala) komo pū nā lei aliʻi a me nā hoaage, nā sila a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā mokuʻāina. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ma loko o ʻEulopa, ua like nā mea mua o nā Temepela me nā lālā o nā panakō o kēia wā, e uku ana i nā kālā kālā ʻole. Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pālākiō o ka Naita Temepela: ʻo kā lākou loaʻa kālā i ke kenekulia 13 i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 miliona francs i ka makahiki. A ua kūʻai mai nā Temepela i ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa o Kupero me kāna mau ʻike āpau mai nā Byzantines no 100 tausani francs. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka mōʻī Palani ʻo Pilipo Handsome me ka ʻoliʻoli i hoʻopiʻi aku i nā Temepela no nā hewa a pau, hemo i ke kauoha, pepehi ʻia nā alakaʻi a kāʻili ʻia ka waiwai o ke kauoha. No ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala, hōʻike nā luna mokuʻāina i nā panakō i ko lākou wahi ...
Ua hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻole nā Temepela
5. I ke au waena, ʻo ka uku paneʻe ma ka liʻiliʻi he hapakolu o ka nui i lawe ʻia, a ua hōʻea pinepine i ʻelua hapakolu o ka makahiki. I ka manawa like, ʻoi loa ka helu o nā waiho kālā ma mua o 8%. ʻAʻole hāʻawi nui kēlā mau ʻokiʻoki i ke aloha i makemake nui ʻia no ka poʻe mālama kālā waena.
6. Ua ʻae nā mea kalepa Medieval i nā bila o ka hoʻololi mai nā hoapili a me nā hale kalepa, i mea e lawe ʻole ai i nā kālā he nui me lākou. Eia hou, ua hiki i kēia ke mālama i ka hoʻololi o ke kālā, a nui a lehulehu i kēlā manawa. ʻO kēia mau pila he prototypes o nā kaha panakō, kālā pepa, a me nā kāleka panakō i ka manawa like.
I kahi panakō medieval
7. I ke kenekulia 14, ua hoʻolako kālā nā hale waihona kālā ʻo Florentine o Bardi a me Peruzzi i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka manawa hoʻokahi i ke kaua Anglo-Farani haneli mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, ma ʻEnelani, ma ka hapanui, aia nā kālā mokuʻāina āpau i kā lākou lima - a ʻo ka mōʻī wahine hoʻi i loaʻa ka kālā ʻeke i nā keʻena o nā panakō Italia. ʻAʻole hoʻi i uku ka Mōʻī Edward Edward a me ka Mōʻī Charles Charles VII i kā lākou ʻaiʻē. Ua uku ʻo Peruzzi iā 37% o nā kuleana i ka panakalupa, Bardi 45%, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopakele kēia iā ʻItalia a me ko ʻEulopa a pau mai kahi ulia pōpilikia nui, ua komo hohonu ka hale o nā hale panakō i ka hoʻokele waiwai.
8. ʻO ka Riksbank, ke panakō kikowaena o Suedena, ʻo ia ka panakō aupuni ʻelemakule kahiko loa o ka honua. Ma waho o kāna kumu i ka makahiki 1668, ua kaulana pū ka Riksbank no ka mea ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka mākeke kālā o ka honua me kahi lawelawe kālā kū hoʻokahi - kahi waihona i ka uku paneʻe maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ia, hoʻopiʻi ka Riksbank i kahi liʻiliʻi (no kēia manawa?) Mahele o nā kālā a ka mea kūʻai aku no ka mālama ʻana i nā kālā a ka mea kūʻai aku.
Hale hou o Riksbank
9. I ke aupuni Lūkini, ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ka Bank Bank e Peter III i 1762. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokahuli koke ʻia ka mōʻī, a poina ʻia ka panakō. Ma 1860 wale nō kahi Bank State State piha me ke kapikala o 15 miliona rubles i kū i Rūkia.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana o ka Bank Bank of the Russian Empire ma St.
10. ʻAʻohe panakō a mokuʻāina paha ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hana ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻokele e ka Federal Reserve System - kahi hui o 12 nui, ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000 mau panakō liʻiliʻi, ka Papa Kiaʻāina a me nā ʻano kūkulu ʻē aʻe. I ke kumumanaʻo, hoʻomalu ʻia ka Fed e ka hale haʻahaʻa o ka US Senate, akā ʻo nā mana o ka ʻahaʻōlelo i kaupalena ʻia i 4 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ua koho ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā no nā wā lōʻihi.
11. Ma 1933, ma hope o ka Great Depression, pāpā ʻia nā panakō ʻAmelika e hana kūʻokoʻa i nā hana no ke kūʻai mai a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā palekana, hoʻopukapuka a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe ʻole o ka panakō. Ua kāpae ʻia kēia pāpā, akā ua ʻimi maʻamau lākou e hoʻokō i ke kānāwai. I ka makahiki 1999, ua hāpai ʻia nā kapu i nā hana o nā panakō ʻAmelika Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokomo kālā a hāʻawi kālā i ka waiwai, a ma 2008 i ukali ʻia kahi pilikia kālā a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, e hoʻopili ana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. No laila ʻaʻole ʻo nā panakō wale nō nā hōʻaiʻē a me nā waihona kālā, akā hāʻule pū kekahi a me nā pilikia.
