ʻO ke kūlanakauhale i ka manawa hoʻokahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻokō ʻia a ʻo kekahi o nā hemahema maikaʻi ʻole o ka lāhui kanaka. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, nā kūlanakauhale, keu hoʻi nā kūlanakauhale nui, me nā hoʻokoe kākaʻikahi, pilikia loa i ke ola. ʻO nā pilikia me ka halihali, ke kumukūʻai o ka hale, ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe nui, ka hewa, ka walaʻau - hiki ke helu ʻia nā mea maikaʻi ʻole o nā kūlanakauhale no kahi manawa lōʻihi loa. ʻO ka noho ʻana ma nā kūlanakauhale nui lilo i ola.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi aʻe i haku ʻia i kēia manawa. ʻO nā papahana Utopian e like me ka noho hou ʻana o ka heluna lehulehu o ka US mai ka moana a i ka moana i nā kauhale liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi papahele a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o miliona o ka poʻe mai ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia, ʻo Moscow a me ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, i nā Ural a me ka Hikina Hikina e ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa, akā aneane ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā kākoʻo. Ke ulu mau nei nā kūlanakauhale a ulu e like me ka pauma e huki ana i ka poʻe a me nā kumuwaiwai.
1. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua e noho nei i nā kūlanakauhale, noho lākou ma lalo o 2% o ka ʻāina, a hoʻopau i ʻekolu hapahā o nā kumuwaiwai, a ke piʻi mau nei kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā kūlanakauhale. I ka hana, ke ʻano o kēia ka nohona ma nā kūlanakauhale (ma ka awelika, ʻoiaʻiʻo) ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā kaiāulu.
2. ʻAʻohe kikoʻī, wehewehe piha o ka "kūlanakauhale". I nā manawa like ʻole, i nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa, ua unuhi ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma ke ʻano nui loa, ʻo ke kūlanakauhale "ʻaʻole ia he kauhale," kahi i mahi ʻole ʻia nā kamaʻāina a noho i nā hale o kahi hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka wehewehe nui loa ka limp ma nā wāwae ʻelua - hoʻi i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ua noho nā mea hānai puaʻa ma waenakonu o Ladana, e hānai ana i mau puaʻa he nui, a ua pōloli ʻole ʻo Paris ma muli o ka nele o ka palaoa, akā mai ke anuanu - ʻaʻole nā wili o ke kūlanakauhale ma Seine paʻahau. hana. A ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i nā moa a me nā māla mea kanu i nā hale ponoʻī ma waho o nā kūlanakauhale nui.
3. ʻO ka manawa kikoʻī o ke ʻano o nā kūlanakauhale mua kahi kumu no nā kūkākūkā ʻana me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kekahi mau kaukani kaukani. Akā ua hoʻomaka ka puka ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale ke loaʻa ka manawa kūpono i nā kānaka e hoʻohua i nā huahana mahiʻai keu. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia no kekahi mea pono (nā pono hana, nā mea hana) a i ʻole me ka ʻoluʻolu (nā mea hoʻonaninani). Ua hana kēia kaona i kēia mea pono a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi. I ke kūlanakauhale, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i kāu huahana mahiʻai i kahi ʻē aʻe. No laila ka moʻomeheu tausani makahiki o ke kū ʻana ma nā mākeke ʻaʻole wale o nā helu me nā ukana, akā ʻo nā hale kūʻai kiʻi hoʻi.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Ieriko kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale mua
4. I kēia wā ma Roma kahiko, ua hoʻonui ka lehulehu i nā ʻōlelo e like me "ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa kahi pōʻino kahi e hoʻihoʻi ai ka poʻe i ke ʻano kūlohelohe". No laila ua kākau ʻo Seneca e pili ana i ka poʻe Kelemania kahiko, i noho ma ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.
ʻAʻole makemake nā poʻe āpau i ka noho ʻana ma Roma kahiko
5. Ua kapa aku ke kanaka mahiʻai ʻEnelani a me ka mea hoʻolaha ʻo William Cobbett i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo "pimples", Ladana - "he pimple nunui", a me ka manaʻo kūpono e kāpae i nā pimples a pau i ka maka o ka ʻāina ʻEnelani. ʻO ia ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 19 ...
6. ʻO ka puke kaulana na Adam Smith e pili ana i ka "lima ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka mākeke" - "Ua aʻo ʻia nā noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano a me nā kumu o ka waiwai o nā lāhui" ma hope o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mea kākau i ka lako o nā kūlanakauhale ʻelua: Ladana a me Palisa. Ma ke kapikala ʻEnelani, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nā luna i ka lako, a ua maikaʻi nā mea āpau me ia. Ma Palisa, ua hoʻāʻo nā luna e kaohi i ka lako a me ke kālepa ʻana i nā meaʻai, a ua puka maikaʻi ʻole kēia no lākou, a hiki i nā kipi. ʻO kā Smith hopena, i ka nānā mua ʻana, maopopo leʻa, ʻaʻole wale ia i noʻonoʻo i ka loiloi o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā huahana i nā kūlanakauhale ʻelua - aia ʻo Paris ma kahi o 270 km mai ke kai, a ʻo Ladana ʻo 30 ia.
7. I Palisa hou, i ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lako ma mua o Ladana. Hāʻawi ka mākeke kūʻai nui ʻo Runji i ke ola ʻana o nā kaukani liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma loko o kahi mamao o Parisa. ʻO nā kamaʻāina o Ladana, kahi i aneane ʻaʻohe hale kūʻai kūʻokoʻa i koe, pono e hele i nā supermarkets.
Ma ka mākeke Runji ma Palisa
8. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana o ka lako wai kūʻokoʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka Baibala. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia nā wai wai Roma kahiko i nā mea āpau. I nā kūlanakauhale Medieval ʻEulopa, e like me Rūsia, ʻike nui ʻia nā paipu wai i nā kenekulia XII-XIII.
Kū mālie nō nā wai wai o Roma
9. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana sewerage mua ma ke kūlanakauhale India o Mohenjo-Daro i ka III millennium BC. e ʻO kahi ʻōnaehana humuhumu nui i lawelawe ʻia ma Roma kahiko. A ma Nu Ioka, ua wehe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokahe wai i 1850, ma Ladana i 1865, ma Moscow i 1898.
I loko o kahi humuhumu Lākana, kenekulia 19
10. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala kaʻawale i ka makahiki 1980 ma nā kūlanakauhale o Holani.
11. Ua ʻike ʻia ka metro mua ma Ladana i ka makahiki 1863. ʻO ka muli loa ke alaloa o ke kūlanakauhale Kazakh o Alma-Ata - ua wehe ʻia ma 2011. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pūnaewele metro nui loa ma Shanghai - 423 km, ka pōkole loa - ma Haifa (Israel), ʻo 2 km wale nō kona lōʻihi. Ma Dubai, holo nā kaʻaahi metro unmanned ma 80 mau laina lōʻihi.
12. He paionia ʻo Ladana i ka lawelawe kaʻa ʻōhua maʻamau. Ma ke kapikala Pelekane, ua hoʻomaka lākou i ka makahiki 1903. Akā ma Lūkia, ua lilo nā kamaʻāina o Arkhangelsk i poʻe holo mua o kahi kaʻa kaʻa holo i 1907.
13. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻaahi lawe lio mua ma Baltimore (USA) i ka makahiki 1828. Ua hoʻomaka ka debut o ka tram uila ma 1881 ma Berlin. ʻO ka makahiki aʻe e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kaʻaahi mua ma Kiev aupuni ma Lūkia.
14. Ua wehe ʻia ka laina trolleybus mua ma Berlin i ka makahiki 1882. I Moscow, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lawelawe trolleybus ma 1933.
ʻO kekahi o nā trolleybuse mua loa ma Moscow
15. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lawelawe kaʻa kaʻahua mua i ka makahiki 1881 ma Vienna. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi lawelawe like ma Moscow ma 1898. Ma ʻaneʻi a ma laila ke kumu ka pōpilikia me nā mea make he nui: ke ahi ma ka hale keaka ʻo Vienna a me ka haki nui iā Khodynka.
16. Ma waena o ke kūlanakauhale ʻEnelani o Letchworth (33 0 00 poʻe noho) a me ka Volgograd Lūkini (ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 miliona mau kānaka) ʻaʻole loa he pilina i ʻike nui ʻia. Kūkulu ʻia ʻo Letchworth ma ke kahua paʻa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua ma ke ʻano he "kūlanakauhale māla" mua: kahi hui o nā pono kūlanakauhale a me ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea kākau Lūkia ʻo Vladimir Semyonov i komo i ka hana, nāna i hoʻohana i kekahi mau manaʻo mai Letchworth i ka wā e hoʻolālā ana i kahi hoʻolālā no Stalingrad ma hope o ke kaua.
17. ʻO Slab City wale nō ke kūlanakauhale ma ka honua nona nā kamaʻāina e hana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomalu kūlanakauhale, nā mākaʻi a me nā pono hana. Ma kahi kahua pūʻali koa i haʻalele ʻia me ka lehulehu o nā bunkers a me nā hale ʻē aʻe, nā mea hoʻomaha, nā poʻe home ʻole a me nā mea aloha wale i kahi ola manuahi e ʻākoakoa. Aia kahi hale pule ma Slab City, kahi kuhi kumu kula no nā keiki, lawe ʻia ka uila mai nā mea hana, aia nā kumu wai o ka wai o ka honua a me nā loko iʻa - noho ka poʻe i kahi ola maʻamau ʻole, akā maʻamau no ka hapanui o mākou.
Slab City - kahi kūlanakauhale kahi e hauʻoli ai kēlā me kēia me ke ola
18. Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 7 mau kūlanakauhale i nā ʻāina ʻelua i ka manawa hoʻokahi. I ka hapanui o lākou, pili ka palena - kuhikuhi ʻia e nā māka alanui a i ʻole nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā moena pua. Akā kiaʻi ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka palena i nā Nogales ʻAmelika-Mekiko e like me ke ʻano o nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma Derby Line / Stansted (Kanada), ʻoi aku ka palupalu o ke aupuni palena, akā pono ʻia kahi passport, a no ka hōʻeha ʻana i ke kaʻe o ka palena palena, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻea i $ 5,000 i nā uku.
ʻO Nogales - kahi kūlanakauhale kūlike ʻole
19. Kūkulu ʻia kahi kope kikoʻī o ke kūlanakauhale Austrian o Hallstatt ma Kina. No 940 miliona mau kālā, ke kākoʻo o ka papahana, he bilionaire Kina, i hana i kahi hoʻolaha akamai no ʻAukekulia - ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kope, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe Kina e kipa iā ʻAturia mau manawa he 10 mau manawa.
ʻO kēia ke kumu
A he kope Kina pipiʻi kēia.
20. Wahi a nā wānana o nā loea o UN, ma ka makahiki 2050, e noho ana ka 3/4 o ko ka honua heluna kanaka i nā kūlanakauhale. Eia kekahi, e ulu ulu ʻole nā kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka heluna nui o ke kapikala o Côte dʻIvoire, ʻo Yamoussoukro, e ʻaneʻane pālua ʻia, ma Kina Jinjiang he hapahā ka nui o nā kamaʻāina, akā e ulu iki ka heluna o Tokyo a me Lākana - e 0.7 - 1%.
